Health Risk Analysis

4-15

Authors: N.V. Zaitseva, I.V. May, D.A. Kiryanov

We present scientific-methodological approaches to defining risk categories of economic entities which are subject to surveillance in the sphere of consumer rights protection. Risk is suggested to be assessed as a product of violations frequency comprising violations of separate provisions of the law on consumer rights protection detected in the course of scheduled and unscheduled inspections; a number of claims per one detected violation which were satisfied by courts in favor of consumers; each separate case of harm accepted by court in money terms (as a sum of physical and moral damage to health and damage to property); and coefficient of a potential impact scope which differentiates risks for economic entities belonging to micro-, small, medium-sized and large business. Our information sources are official statistic data obtained due to realization of state control in the sphere of consumer rights protection and court practice collected in all the RF regions over 2012–2016. It is shown that a share of economic entities with extremely high risk potential which can cause total material damage to consumers in sums greater than 10 million rubles per year amounts to about 0.15 % of the total number of economic entities (both juridical persons and private entrepreneurs); economic entities with high risk potential account for about 2 %. Such groups are made of companies involved in financial markets, share construction services, insurance and tourism. About 23 % of juridical persons and private entrepreneurs can be classified as having low risk potential and they can be excluded from scheduled inspections. Economic entities structure in general corresponds to world practices. It is shown that risk-oriented surveillance model development requires improvements in keeping registers of juridical persons and private entrepreneurs as such registers should contain comprehensive information; it is necessary for correct risk category (or hazard category) determination. It is also vital to work out a regulation on registering cases of moral and property damage to citizens caused by violations of obligatory requirements in the sphere of consumer rights protection. Other ways of protecting consumer rights are becoming especially important; here we first of all mean preventive and procedural ones. Such ways are to be developed and implemented especially widely for spheres of activities which are "risky".

26-36

Authors: I.V. May, N.V. Nikiforova, V.A. Khoroshavin

The article deals with an issue related to risk assessment as a criterion of durable consumer goods safety for population health; construction materials and finishing materials are a very relevant example of such goods. We showed that legislative and methodological grounds for assessing such risks were not sufficient. So we developed approaches to risk assessment on the basis of evolution models which allowed to examine risks growth under chronic exposure. We revealed that even if certain goods con-formed to sanitary standards set forth by technical regulations they could still cause unacceptable health risks for consumers. And the risks tended to grow dramatically when several goods with similar or identical hazardous effects were consumed together. We performed epidemiologic and profound medical-biological examinations and obtained authentic mathematical de-pendencies of correlation between exposure and consumer health disorders; these models are adequate to the data taken from relevant scientific literature. We tested methodological approaches to application of the detected "dose - effect" dependencies for evolution modeling. These approaches were tried out in real-life situations when certain construction and finishing materials were used in precast frame low-rise housing construction. We proved that long living in houses which were built with the use of 7–8 and more polymer-containing materials formed unacceptable risks for citizens' health after 10-12 years. The results we obtained helped to justify a decision that people should moved houses as it was unacceptable to live in them any longer; it was also considered inadvisable to use newly-built and still uninhabited houses of the studied lines for constant living. Basically, these methodical approaches can be applied in assessing risks caused by a wide range of durable consumer goods.

47-56

Authors: K.P. Luzhetskiy

It is vital to develop systems of preventing risk-associated pathology due to constantly high levels of endocrine diseases in children exposed to chemicals with trophic effects on endocrine system (lead, cadmium, manganese, chromium, nickel, benzene, phenol, formaldehyde, benzpyrene, chlorine-organic compounds, and nitrates). Applying risk management techniques is one of the most promising trends in prevention of diseases related to environmental impacts. We offer methodical approaches based on system combination of activities at various management levels aimed at improving risk-oriented model of surveillance and control. These approaches enable allowing for detected thropic risk factors in regional social-hygienic monitoring programs, implementing algorithms of case monitoring over exposed children population, and applying contemporary prevention technologies. Social-hygienic monitoring improvement at territorial level implies stricter control and more comprehensive lists of monitored components. This can be achieved by studying compounds which form risks for endocrine system, by working out scientific-methodological grounds for accounting chemical compounds which are trophic for endocrine system, as well as by refining volumes and contents of scheduled inspections performed at high risks objects together with laboratory examination of chemical compounds including those thropic for endocrine system. Local level includes algorithms and schemes of prevention activities aimed at early detection of endocrine disorders related to chemicals impacts. When we give grounds for personified technologies of endocrine diseases prevention (alimentary disorders, physical retardation and obesity related to impacts exerted by chemicals which are trophic for endocrine system) we should remember that individual programs choice is based not only on their capacity to eliminate priority compounds determining total chemical load on a person faster but also on possibility to correct basic pathophysiological and pathomorphological disorders.

65-72

Authors: V.V. Suchkov, S.A. Khotimchenko, O.V. Sazonova, D.O. Gorbachev, T.K. Ryazanova, E.A. Semaeva

The article deals with the problem of soil contamination with benzpyrene within sanitary-hygienic zone of an oil refinery plant. We proved that benzpyrene penetrated into soils due to oil-containing wastes and sedimentation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from powder-gas discharges on soil surface. Benzpyrene concentration detection at the boundary of a sanitary-hygienic zone provides guidelines for determining discharges spread into the atmosphere from stationary sources; it also serves as an indirect parameter characterizing soil self-purification intensity. We treated benzpyrene content in soils as an informative indicator showing soil horizon contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy oil fractions. Over 2015–2016 66 soil samples were taken and analyzed. We detected benzpyrene concentration with Agilent Technologies 7820A GC System «Maestro» gas chromatograph with mass-selective detector Agilent Technologies 5975 Series MSD in full conformity with ISO 18287: 2006. We compared actual benzpyrene concentrations with maximum permissible concentration (MPC = 0.02 mg/kg), confirmed by Hygienic Standard 2.1.7.2041-06. The results of analyzing the samples as per benzpyrene content revealed that it was higher than maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in all of them. Share of samples with benzpyrene content higher than 1.5 MPC varied from 54.5 % to 90.9 % in different seasons. Some places within sanitary-hygienic zone had high benzpyrene concentration in soils reaching 9.85 MPC. High benzpyrene content in soils proves there is persistent soil horizon contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soil self-purification slows down. And this, in its turn, causes carcinogenic health risk occurrence (1.0810–3 – 6.5510–3).

88-95

Authors: T.N. Govyazina, Yu.A. Utochkin

1–3 year students attending medical and preventive faculty of a medical university were our research object. Our research had many stages, and at the first one our goal was to examine and to assess basic behavioral risks for reproductive health of students attending medical and preventive faculty of a medical university. We conducted a sociological examination via questioning. 428 students were questioned as per materials collecting program which included 74 parameters; they accounted for 91.6 % out of the overall official number of students, 45.0 % male students and 40.0 % female students combined work and studies. We detected that, as per questioning results, the specific weight of students who took care of their health amounted to 79.2 % boys and 95.2 % girls. However, the students tended to have bad habits, i.e. constant alcohol intake or smoking. And although information on diseases prevention and on how to pursue healthy lifestyle was perfectly available to them, students didn't try to use it and preserve their health. All the respondents said they were against abortion. Girls were likely to adopt a complex approach when choosing a contraceptive, they resorted to hormonal agents, and, with their partners' consent, to condoms. But they often took hormonal agents without any consultations with a gynecologist or an endocrinologist. Contraceptives were rather rarely applied, and students appeared to have no knowledge on risk factors causing reproductive health deterioration. They also tended to be negligent and too self-confident when it came to reproductive health protection. A risk of abortions was very high for girls who didn't use contraceptives, and also all students ran rather high risk of catching sexual diseases. Sexual education is needed to correct contraceptive behavior; medical workers are a main source of information on reproductive health of young people in 7–10 % cases only. We need to create interactive educational programs on health protection at university level and to involve specialists from health centers and antenatal clinics to participate in them.

102-112

Authors: S.I. Ereniev, O.V. Plotnikova, V.G. Demchenko, N.V. Rudakov

We have studied sanitary-hygienic characteristics of working conditions, charts with results of sanitary-epidemiologic examination performed in a zoogenous nidus, outpatient clinic cards and questionnaires filled in by 202 patients living in Omsk region and suffering from occupational brucellosis. The disease usually prevails among stock-breeders, veterinaries and workers employed at meat-processing enterprises. Our goal was to detect risks of occupational, production-induced and general pathology evolvement. Working conditions which all the examined people had to work in corresponded to hazardous (3.3) or even dangerous (4) category as per occurrence of contacts with infectious agents and parasites (biological risk). Apart from biological factor, a number of workers were under complex exposure to ammonia concentrations (higher than MPC), noise higher than MPL, vibration, cooling microclimate, uncomfortable lighting environment, labor process hardness and intensity. There were several factors causing epidemiologic risks as well. Disinfectants were absent or their quantity was not sufficient; industrial and amenity rooms were not well-organized; there was no central hot water supply or shower rooms, separate rooms for meals, specialized implements for removing abortus and stillborn fetuses and afterbirths, correctly organized burial grounds, or first aid kits. Hygienic health risks were caused by insufficient cleaning agents supply, absence of centralized protecting clothing laundering, and insufficient provision with personal protection means. Occupational health risks resulted from absence of preliminary medical examinations in standard recruitment procedures, irregularity and low quality of periodical medical examinations. Our qualitative assessment of behavioral health risks revealed that a lot of workers tended to have irresponsible medical and hygienic behavior, there were disorders in their work and rest regime (shift work with shifts rotation), nutrition, sleeping and waking. We also found out that the examined workers didn't pursue self-preserving lifestyle as they drank alcohol, smoked, underestimated the importance of being vaccinated against brucellosis and of having medical examinations, and didn't apply for medical aid in due time. We detected the third type of risk-genous behavior, "high risk-genous level, passive" in 28.22 % of our respondents

119-127

Authors: N.F. Izmerov , N.I. Izmerova, I.V. Bukhtiyarov, M. Khodzhiev

The article gives the results of determining peculiarities which are characteristic for adaptation in female migrants de-pending on a period of their staying in Moscow region. Adaptation was assessed as per variants of functional stress status and functional abilities of circulatory system. We detected that female migrants during their adaptation to impacts exerted by neuro-emotional factors, social-psychological factors, and physical (muscular) loads which varied in their intensity and length, had signs of stress syndrome. This syndrome was apparent through physiological parameters, namely increase in index of functional changes in circulatory system, and changes in heart rate variability as per regulatory systems activity parameter (PARS). If female migrants stayed in Moscow region for less than 3 years than the most specific weight of migrants with unsatisfactory adaptation was detected among Russians and it was equal to 36.04%; adaptation mechanisms were strained among Tadjiks women (62.08 %). If they stayed for longer than 3 years, then unsatisfactory adaptation parameter grew among Tadjiks women by 12.4 % and it indicated that the body's functional reserves were mobilized and it could lead to adaptation failure. When ad-aptation was satisfactory, β-adrenoactivity of erythrocytes membranes was within the physiological changes standards regardless of a period of staying. When adaptation mechanisms were strained and adaptation itself was unsatisfactory, the greatest growth in this parameter was detected among Tadjiks women in any period of staying. Preservation of female labor migrants health and prolongation of their working capacity period requires a system of med-ical and social support. Activities aimed at primary prevention of health disorders should include general physical training, tempering, autogenous training, and elimination of hazardous communal and occupational risk factors. Secondary prevention activities are systematic medical surveillance over migrants' health, including preliminary and periodic medical examinations.

136-141

Authors: L.A. Chesnokova, I.V. Mikhailova, S.I. Krasikov, V.M. Boev

Our research goal was to study influence exerted by Fe2+ and Cr6+ cations on oxidative stress signs during an experiment on Wistar rats. We detected that when these metals were introduced into animals it caused free radical oxidation activation which became apparent through changes in chemiluminescense intensity in blood serum, in increased malonic dialdehyde and diene conjugants concentrations in blood serum and tissues (liver and pancreas), and in depression of antioxidant enzymes of superoxide dismutase and catalase erythrocytes. We showed that Fe2+ introduction with drinking water in a dose equal to maximum permissible concentration (MPC) could cause moderate activation of free radical oxidation as iron was a key element in active particles generation in biological media, including superoxide-anion-radical and most reactive hydroxyl radical. As we studied possible influence exerted by another redox-active metal, namely Cr6+, in concentration equal to 1 MPC we also detected enhanced free radical processes in blood serum which became more intense as exposure duration grew. Luminescence sum representing total antioxidant blood serum activity was almost 2.5 times higher as per two experimental periods when Cr6+ was introduced in comparison with intact animals. Processes activation under chromium cations effects is determined by its direct influence on free-radical mechanisms. Cr6+ ions recover to Cr3+in biological media; one-electron recovery process with intermediates forming at intermediate oxidation levels involves occurrence of active oxygen forms; it results in free radical processes enhancement.