Health Risk Analysis

10-18

Authors: Lebedeva-Nesevrya N.A.

The study offers an algorithm and methods for semi-quantitative assessment of health risk associated with impact of beha-vioral factors that have scarce data for quantitative parametrization of the “factor – response” relation. Some of these factors include, first of all, irresponsible medical and hygienic behavior, violations of work and rest, sleep and wakefulness schedule. It was shown that the semi-quantitative risk assessment assumes the development of private mark scales for each estimated beha-vioral factor, as well as a choice of an integration way of scores, a choice of a way for establishing the negative effects’ severity, formation of risk matrix. For example, the factor "irresponsible health behavior" demonstrates the method of the mark characte-ristics of the risk taking potential of separate risk components to be used in calculating of the individual and integrated indexes of health deterioration probability. The following components have been taken into account: a) timeliness of visiting a doctor, b) the practice of preventive examinations, c) compliance (commitment to the treatment appointed by a doctor), d) reception of medicines without appointment of the doctor, e) the request for the recommendation of medicines and methods of treatment to someone, except the doctor. The study offers a logical scheme of the behavioral risk factor analysis at the individual level for using on a stage of the exposure evaluation. It was shown that the tools used for exposure characterization must assume the possibility for assessment of the typicality and stability of behavioral patterns realized by individuals or a group. It is recommended to apply the matrix for semi-quantitative assessment of health risks associated with the activity of behavioral factors. The matrix combines two types of descriptors that both characterize a semi – quantitative probability assessment and assess the adverse effect severity.

28-35

Authors: Ivanov V.Yu., Shubochkina E.I., Ibragimova E.M.

The aim of this study is to investigate the employment characteristics and its impact on lifestyle and health of adolescents as well as to develop preventive recommendations. The objects of the study are the employment, life quality and health of adolescents working in their spare time. Materials and methods: the surveys were conducted among 575 persons at the age from fourteen till eighteen (senior pupils – 331 people, students of vocational schools – 244 people) in Moscow. The life quality was assessed using the standardized questionnaire MOS SF-36. Results. A number of teens working in free time from their study is 37.7 %. The predominance of informal employment was revealed. The structure of employment of senior pupils and vocational school students is represented. In the group of the working adolescents there is a higher prevalence of the behavioral factors of risk (smoking, drinking of alcoholic beverages and addiction to drugs). The effect of the employment of high school pupils on health is shown, health risks due to employment are determined: increase in complaints of headaches and increase in the group of the “frequently ill”. The most evident negative influence of the factor of employment is established in the group of vocational school students: the high risk of back pain, pain in the legs (in healthy individuals), undifferentiated complaints, poor physical form, deterioration of quality of life (in individuals with chronic pathology). In secondary schools and vocational schools there is the need to implement educational programs on health protection of adolescent workers, raise the level of preparedness to enter the labour market, the choice of the work type taking into account health status.

45-59

Authors: Zaykova Z.А.

The situation with alcohol mortality for the years 2010–2014 in the Irkutsk region has been monitored and analyzed. It was established that due to the statistics the percentage of people having died in the region from all causes related to alcohol consumption, amounted to about 2.5 % of the total number of deaths. According to expert estimates, this share can be up to 15 %. The territory “at risk” for alcohol mortality is defined. Among risk groups there are men 30–79 years old and women 35–49 years old. For the 2010–2014 male mortality due to alcohol was higher than the same in women, on average, by 2.5 times. “Alcoholic” mortality of rural population compared to urban was higher – 16.6 %. However, the decline of the indicator by 1.4 times from the total population is reported in 2014, including the able-bodied population. Rating of the Irkutsk region among 85 subjects of the Russian Federation in 2014 indicates a relatively satisfactory state for all causes of death caused by harmful use of alcohol. During the years 2010–2014 the volume of absolute alcohol consumption by the population of the Irkutsk region decreased from 9.3 to 8.4 liters. The significant changes in the structure of alcohol consumption was revealed: in 2014 the first place in the structure of consumption was taken by beer and light alcohol drinks – 47.4 against 40.7 %. It is shown that the supervision of the implementation of alcohol products, monitoring the scale of harm caused by alcohol, and promoting healthy lifestyles and raising the permitted age of onset of drinking alcohol from 18 to 21 years are still relevant strategies for prevention of premature mortality

68-75

Authors: Ryazanova E.А.

This article offers a method for the typology of riskogenic behavior of employees. The method is based on the identification of the common patterns of behavior in terms of alcohol consumption, smoking, access to medical care, nutrition and physical activity. Three types of behavior, characterized by different levels of self-preservation, self-destructive activities and the degree of riskogenics, are given in this study. The first type is "low level of riskogenics, passive", that combines low levels of physical activity, high culture of consumption of alcoholic beverages, absence of smoking experience and correct eating habits. The second type – "average level of riskogenics, active" assumes daily exercises or sport activities, long walks in the fresh air, absence of dependence on alcohol beverages at severe nicotine dependence and absence of proper nutrition practices. A third type is "high level of riskogenic, passive" that involves systematic abuse of alcohol, heavy smoking, very poor nutrition and lack of exercise. The proposed typology was tested in an industrial plant producing rubber products for industrial and national consumption. The continuous sociological survey of employees of working specialties (n = 63) has been conducted. The parameterization of the behavioral practices of the respondents in the field of health (the indicators reflecting the average daily consumption of alcohol, nicotine uptake, integral index of food and motor activity were calculated) as well as the cluster analysis have been performed. The riskogenics first type comprises 30 % of responded employees, the second – 52 %, the third – 18 %. For each type a social portrait has been composed. The analysis of relations between the type of riscogenic behavior of the employees and their health status indexes has been conducted.

84-92

Authors: Andreeva E.E.

When estimating of health risks of workers for planning tasks of audits of compliance with health legislation on facilities of Moscow, it is found that most often non-compliances with requirements for working conditions are registered in industrial enterprises, among other, on wood-shaving material production facilities; air and water transport facilities, and in a number of communication facilities. The most serious consequences of breach of statutory requirements for working conditions are typical for activity in the sphere of motor transport and industrial production. It is defined by the structure of the types of deterioration of health among which there are traumas, diseases of a cardiovascular and nervous system. Analysis of more than 35.5 thousand facilities of sanitary and epidemiological supervision showed that the highest levels of health risks for workers are formed on industrial facilities (the risks are classified as “average”, “significant” and “high”), in construction («significant» or «moderate»), on a number of manufacturing activities and in energy engineering. For the mentioned facilities the risks to workers can define the main class of an object based on the risk of infliction of harm, in general, the audits must be based on profound analysis of working conditions and include a complete complex of laboratory researches. When checking of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, carrying out such kinds of activity as chain retailing, provision of services health care, education, etc., the highest risks are formed for consumers of goods and services. On these facilities the control in the sphere of occupational hygiene can occupy a smaller share in a total volume of a scheduled activity. Relevant direction of further perfection of the risk-based surveillance is formation of an exhaustive list of the statutory requirements for working conditions with differentiation of these requirements on levels of severity of negative consequences of their non-compliance.