Health Risk Analysis

13-20

Authors: Sedusova E.V. , Kleyn S.V., Mai I.V., Nikiforova N.V.

Analysis of judicial practice on established cases of injuries caused by the negative impact of atmospheric air and indoor air and compensation of damages for the past 10 years has been made. The most common causes of complaints of citizens to the court with a request for compensation for damage to health due to the negative impact of air pollution are revealed. The most common causes are: the presence of odors in the implementation of the production activities of enterprises and organizations; violation of hygienic standards in residential areas; location of residential buildings within the boundaries of the sanitary protection zone; mismatch of construction, decoration materials and furniture requirements of the legislation; implementation of industrial activity in a residential area in violation of the law; and the deterioration of human health caused by the described violations. It has been shown that more than half of the requests for compensation for harm caused by the air pollution are not to be fulfilled. The compensation of damage is denied due to lack of evidence of noncompliance of air quality to hygienic requirements, the causal link between the activities of the entity and violation of the right to a healthy environment, and / or failure to prove the fact of harm to public health or the threat of such damage.

28-35

Authors: Luzhetskiy K.P., Shur P.Z., Ustinova О.Yu. , Dolgikh О.V., Kiryanov D.А., Chigvintsev V.М.

The article provides an individual risk assessment of metabolic disorders in the child population, consuming drinking water with elevated levels of chloroform. Contingents of children threatened by the development of metabolic disorders are revealed, with a variation of the serotonin receptor gene AG (HTR2A), with increased susceptibility to oral exposure to environmental organochlorines. It was found that children with the gene variation AG HTR2A have the content of serotonin functionally associated with this gene variation reduced by 1.3 times in the blood serum, relative to the comparison group. Individual risk of adverse effects (metabolic abnormalities: excess food and obesity E66.0 E67.8) in these persons is higher (1.32•10 -4 and 1.12•10 -4 , respectively) than in the general population, living in the exposure to chloroform (HQ 1.72).

44-49

Authors: Ulanova T.S., Gileva О.V., Volkova М.V.

The results of the studies of working area air in mining operations on the content of micro and nanoparticles are presented. In eight of the nine workplaces the excess is detected to the control of fine dust fraction PM 10 content from 4 to 13 times, fractions RM 4,0 and PM 2,5 from 4 to 9 times, fraction RM 1,0 from 3.5 to 9.5 times, wherein the fine fraction RM 1,0 is from 53 to 85 %. During the workplace study a significant excess of nanoparticles is found directly during the production process in relation to the control from 5 to 68 times.

62-72

Authors: Andreeva Е.Е. , Shur P.Z., Klimenko А.R. , Fokin V.А.

On the base of the comparison of pollutional indexes in the environmental media of the Russian Federation and Moscow city the priority pollutants in ambient air and in water from centralized drinking water supply of Moscow have been established. A hygienic study of the population in Moscow was conducted to assess health risk related to chemical pollution of the ambient air and water from the systems of the centralized drinking water supply. The results of hygienic characteristics of the habitat’s pollution and health risk assessment among the population in Moscow have revealed that the priority risk factors negatively effecting the population are: benzene, nitrogen dioxide, weighed substances, formaldehyde, nitrogen oxide, ozone – for ambient air, and also arsenic and chrome (IV) – for water from the systems of the centralized drinking water supply.

79-90

Authors: Ustinova O.Yu., Luzhetskiy K.P. , Valina S.A. , Ivashova Y.A.

A study of the seasonal provision of children attending pre-school organizations that implement the standard artificial diet fortification with vitamins A, C, D, E, В 6 and B 12 was performed. It was found that 75–85 % of children have a yearround vitamin deficiency and 40 % cases have the status of polyhypovitaminose. In autumn and winter the provision of children with vitamins corresponds to the physiological needs, but in the spring months 70 % of children have a deficit in vitamin C, and 15 % – in vitamin A. Even in autumn, every third child has a deficiency in vitamin B6, and every tenth – in vitamin D; in the spring the number of children with insufficient provision of these vitamins increases in 1.8–6.3 times. Half of the children, who attend pre-school organizations, have year-round vitamin B12 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamins up to 3 times increases the risk of developing disorders of physical development of children, dysfunction processes of vascular tone regulation and autonomic reactivity, and the incidence of chronic diseases of children is increased in 1.3–2.2 times.

96-104

Authors: Plotnikova E.B., Barg A.O., Markova Y.S.

The article presents an analysis of the occupational risks communication in industrial enterprises of Perm Region. According to the results of sociological research three models of dissemination of information on the health risks at industrial enterprises (limited parity; paternalistic; formal) have been distinguished. Each one differs in the degree of involvement of employees in the process, used channels and forms of risk communication. It is concluded that these models are not of the nature of communicative dialogue. They are characterized by the dominant of the formal channels, the limited information provided about the risks, the low degree of involvement of workers in the discussion of sources, levels and ways to reduce health risks. On the basis of data typing and evaluation of existing models the transition to interactive occupational risk communication model was grounded. The interactive model is capable to improve the efficiency of the employee health management at industrial enterprises.

13-18

Authors: Fedorenko E.V.

Health risk analysis methodology is an internationally recognized tool for ensuring food safety. Three main elements of risk analysis are risk assessment, risk management and risk communication to inform the interested parties on the risk, are legislated and implemented in the Eurasian Economic Union and the Republic of Belarus. There is a corresponding organizational and functional framework for the application of risk analysis methodology as in the justification of production safety indicators and the implementation of public health surveillance. Common methodological approaches and criteria for evaluating public health risk are determined, which are used in the development and application of food safety requirements. Risk assessment can be used in justifying the indicators of safety (contaminants, food additives), and evaluating the effectiveness of programs on enrichment of food with micronutrients.

27-32

Authors: Buzinov R.V. , Averina E.A., Unguryanu T.N.

The descriptive epidemiological study on the prevalence of “school” pathology in the child population and the influence of the conditions of educational environment in kindergartens and schools in the Arkhangelsk Region was performed. It was found that the main health problems detected during preventive medical examinations of the children and adolescents of school age are the violation of posture, scoliosis and impaired visual acuity. The highest frequency of posture disorders found in children in the transition to subject teaching, the intensity of scoliosis and impaired visual acuity are the most pronounced in the age group of 15 years. The association between measuring light levels, not meeting hygienic standards and the frequency of scoliosis in children before entering school is revealed (rs=0,472; p=0,048); between measurements of furniture, not meeting sanitary requirements in school computer classes and the violation of visual acuity in children of 10–11 years (rs=0,529; p=0,024); and between measurements of furniture, not meeting sanitary requirements in kindergartens and the violation of posture in children one year before admission and just before entering school (rs=0,601; p=0,008 and rs=0,90; p=0,037, respectively).

33-49

Authors: Korochkina Yu.V. , Perekusikhin M.V. , Vasilyev V.V. , Panteleev G.V.

Assessment of the carcinogenic risk from air pollution, the chemical composition of the drinking water and the content of contaminants in food showed that the total cancer risk for both inhalation and oral routes of administering priority pollutants and contaminants into the body of Penza children and adolescents complies with the maximum permissible level. The greatest risk of non-carcinogenic impact associated with air pollution is generated in respect of the respiratory system, eyes and immune system. The maximum hazard indices associated with the consumption of drinking water, are set for blood, hormone system and kidneys. The risk of negative impacts associated with the receipt of food contaminants is observed in respect of the hematopoietic and cardiovascular systems. Application of risk assessment methodology to study the effects of chemicals polluting the environment on health has allowed to justify preventive measures aimed at reducing the risk to the health of children and adolescents, as well as increased monitoring researches of environmental objects to isolate areas of high risk to children's health.

47-54

Authors: Bezrukova G.A., Novikova T.A., Shalashova M.L. , Raikin S.S.

Based on the results of the hygienic assessment of working conditions in the domestic agricultural machinery of old and new models when performing the main types of seasonal agricultural work during the annual production cycle and analysis of accumulated occupational diseases’ nosology structure in agricultural workers of the Saratov region over the period from 2004 to 2014, the estimation of professional risk diseases of the peripheral nervous system in tractor drivers – machine operators of agricultural production is given. Professional risk assessment carried out under the procedure set forth in P2.2.1766-03 has shown that the category of a priori risk to their health during an annual production cycle ranged from high to very high (unbearable). It was revealed that the most important factors shaping the harmful working conditions when working on agricultural machinery that can act as a trigger in the formation of vertebral diseases of the peripheral nervous system, are general and local vibration, adverse micro-climatic conditions, long uncomfortable static working posture and physical stress. The risk of diseases in the peripheral uneven system in machine operators of agriculture was attributed to the high risk category with an index of professional diseases (IPD) equal to 0,5 %.

61-67

Authors: Dolgikh О.V. , Krivtsov А.V., Starkova К.G., Luchnikova V.А., Bubnova О.А., Dianova D.G., Bezruchenko N.V., Vdovina N.A.

The evaluation of immunological markers in schoolchildren exposed to strontium is performed. It is shown that under the conditions of increased administration of strontium with drinking water the indication of spontaneous and induced levels of neurotransmitters in vitro allows to detect early functional disorders of the immune system. It was found that the following markers of specific hypersensitivity and mediators of intercellular immune regulation (IgG specific to strontium, cytokines IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, α-TNF, GM-CSF, spontaneous and specifically stimulated, RANKL, OPG( may be proposed for the identification of health risk as early markers of immune disorders in school children living in areas of strontium geochemical provinces.

73-82

Authors: Efimochkina N.R., Bykova I.B., Korotkevich Yu.V., Markova Yu.M., Minaeva L.P. , Sheveleva S.A.

The species-specific composition of microbial contaminants of vegetable raw materials and equipment used in the production of biotechnological products and beverages fermentation are studied. 85 enterobacteria strains was isolated and investigated, 46 strains of the genera Enterobacter, Pantoea, Citrobacter, Serratia, Escherichia, Cronobacter was identified to the species level; the most frequently detected bacteria of the genera Enterobacter and Pantoea (about 50 %). For the first time developed and tested chromogenic in vitro model based that allows to quantify the degree of inhibition of gram-negative microflora under the influence of antimicrobial agents depending on the concentrations of biocides and density of bacterial populations. A comparative analysis of the tolerance of Enterobacteriaceae strains from different biotopes was conducted. Sensitivity to the treatment of chlorine-containing biocides in 26 strains of enterobacteria from plant material and 9 strains of Escherichia coli from the intestine of male rats of Wistar line was tested. Enterobacteria from vegetable raw materials and swabs were more resistant to antimicrobial action of chlorine, than the representatives of the populations of the normal intestinal microbiota. It is established that the active chlorine concentration of 50–100 mg/dm 3 , the most commonly used in the processing of vegetable raw materials, is not effective for Enterobacteriaceae, if the density of the microbial population is 10 5–7 cells/cm 3 and above. At an initial level of contamination with Enterobacteriaceae not more than 10 3 cells/cm 3 processing solutions with a concentration of active chlorine of 75 to 100 mg/dm 3 can provide effective disinfection of raw materials, equipment, or inventory. Experimental chromogenic in vitro model proposed to assess the impact of chlorine-based biocides on the degree of the enterobacteria inhibition, can be used to justify the selection and doses of antimicrobial agents, effective against other groups of microbial contaminants. This will optimize the use of modes of decontamination of raw materials and sanitizing equipment in the food industry.

12-23

Authors: Onishenko G.G., Zaitseva N.V., Shur P.Z., Kirianov D.A., Chigvintsev V.M., Khasanova A.A., Balashov S.Yu.

Results of safety assessment for population of the Russian Federation due to consumption of the Far East region commercial fish contaminated in consequence of the Fukushima nuclear disaster are presented. Estimation of radionuclide level in certain commercial fish species taking into account maximum 137 Cs contamination rate of ocean water on the migration path was performed. Authors worked out 3 fish products consumption scenarios and calculated respective annual 137 Cs intakes. Assessment of health risk associated with 137 Cs in fish products for Russian population was carried out. It was determined that in 2014 maximum 137 Cs dose received with fish products was no more than 365 Bq/year and considered as permissible health risk level. Cancer risk evolution modeling showed that lifetime cancer risk level is minimal. Hence, monitoring of associated with 137 Cs water pollution health risk had to be continued till complete elimination of consequences of Fukushima-1 accident.

31-37

Authors: Aydinov G.Т., Marchenko B.I., Sinelnikova Yu.А.

The article presents the results of the case follow-up of the frequency, structure and dynamics of the malignant tumors in the course of the regional social hygienic monitoring. We have considered the unified research principles and technologies of epidemiological type with the use of modern methods of retrospective analysis, prediction and the real risk assessment. It is shown that in the period 1999-2013 at the downward trend in cancer mortality in Rostov Region, the primary cancer incidence had a stable growth trend. Among the priority locations an unfavorable upward trend of the frequency of malignancies in children under 14 years old was formed, namely: malignant tumors of the esophagus, colon, rectum, melanoma of skin, breast, cervix and uterus, malignant lymphoma. On the basis of the regional criteria risk of morbidity of the population in Rostov region, the amount of malignant tumors and cancer-related deaths within the period 1999-2013 years was assessed as moderate. The increased risk for a specified period was detected only in relation to cancer incidence in the cities of the regional subordination, among which are priority cities: Volgodonsk, Taganrog and Azov.

45-51

Authors: Sivochalova О.V., Fesenko М.А., Golovanova G.V., Morozova Т.V., Gromova Е.Yu.

The article represents the legal documents, the requirements that are aimed to protect female workers’ reproductive health. The basic requirements of domestic documents, that are aimed to prevent the reproductive disorders, adverse pregnancy outcomes and neonatal health, are reported. It is shown that in the legal documents of the Russian Federation, the prevention of reproductive health of workers occupied in hazardous industries, in particular women, has been covered enough, and if compare with the international standards on this issue, the prevention is carried out in sufficient volume, except for certain provisions. We have developed the proposals for the revision of a number of legal instruments in order to preserve the reproductive health of female workers of the harmful and hazardous industries, as well as improving the health of future generations.

61-67

Authors: Badamshina G.G., Valeeva О.V., Daukaev R.А., Karimov D.О., Aslaev А.N.

The study is devoted to solution of the problems of the early changes detection in a body on the stages, when only the conditions for the pathology formation were created. The analysis of peripheral blood in the workers, occupied in petrochemical production, allowed us to diagnose the changes that testify the body defenses’ decrease that occurs under exposure to chemicals. It is shown that in the initial period of exposure to harmful substances the body's reaction to a toxic irritant contain both specific and nonspecific components. The first working years is characterized by the reduction of the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Over the next years the gradual stabilization is presented, and then the moderate and persistent increase in red blood indices occur, what indicate on the adaptive nature of the condition. It was established, that in dependence of the tropism, mechanism of action and the hazard class of hazardous substances, the diverse hematological changes in the body workers are revealed.

82-88

Authors: Kamaltdinov M.R.

Modern methods of health risk assessment are based on the representation of individual and public health as a dynamic process of “evolution”, which describes a continuous course of negative (and positive) changes in the condition of the body. The article presents a conceptual diagram of multilevel health risk evolution modeling under the influence of environmental factors. The main aspects associated with the simulation of digestive processes in the “meso level” are considered. Some results of solving the problem of the flow in the digestive tract antroduodenal area taken into account tract motility. Further development ways of the model are outlines – account of biochemical reactions, secretory and absorptive functions tract. The proposed approach will enable not only to predict the risk of digestive system functional disorders, but also take into account basic physiological processes, mechanisms of income, distribution, excretion of chemicals.

12-18

Authors: Goleva O.I., Shur P.Z.

There are some general approaches to assessment of economic losses associated with mortality and morbidity. However these methods are utilitarian and population is considered as labor forces. That is why incapacitated persons are not frequently included in such calculations. Authors offer to take Russian methodology as a basis and correct it taking into account a fact that population is not only a present day labor forces. In prospect an individual is able to renew labor forces. Other words not only future work but “future children” should be considered in economic assessment of losses associated with child mortality. Besides individuals not only “produce” but “consume”. Growth of consumption increases demand and leads to GDP growth. In the same time expenditures increase production volume more than amount of expenditures. Ripple effect activates – ability of expenditures to induce returns growth more than expenditures associated with this growth.

28-36

Authors: Tonko О.V., Loginova А.Yu., Kolomiets N.D.

We studied the frequency of non-standard swabs taken within the production microbiological control and under the epidemic indications at the oncologic in-patient department. The assessment of the impact of hospital environment factors on the infectious diseases formation is conducted. It was detected that the frequency of samples with potentially pathogenic and pathogenic micro flora under the epidemic indications exceeded by several times the share of non-standard samples during the investigation of the external environment objects. The highest frequency of non-standard samples within the production control was detected in the operating rooms and dressing rooms of the departments of surgery, and under the epidemic indications – in the anesthesiology and resuscitation as well as dressing rooms. The mitigation of risk of hospital infections due to the hospital hygiene improvement is the main element for increasing the safety of patients.

49-54

Authors: Vlasenko Е.K., Sychik S.I., Ilyukova I.I., Stelmakh V.А., Grynchak V.А.

We studied the subacute toxicity of hexyl ether of 5-aminolevulinic acid at the epicutaneous action in the experiment with white rats. It was established that repeated application of hexyl ether of 5-aminolevulinic acid cause the weak reaction of the white rats skin in the form of edema. The transdermal hexyl ether of 5-aminolevulinic acid intake route is characterized by the increase in the alanine aminotransferase activity, the level of urea in the blood serum and shift to the acid side of pH in the urine of experimental animals. The exposure dose of 341 mg/kg is the dose acting with minimum deviations of values and is accepted as threshold. The exposure dose of 75 mg/kg does not cause the changes in the condition of laboratory animals and is the maximum inactive dose.

60-68

Authors: Drozdova Е.V., Sychik S.I., Buraya V.V., Dudchik N.V., Firago А.V., Volk Т.Z.

The article provides the assessment of the microbiological values of water bodies if they are used for recreational purposes and distinguishes the epidemiologically significant parameters. In order to validate the indicative safety values taking into account the existing conditions of the recreational use of water we conducted the hygienic assessment of water in the water bodies used for recreational purposes under the indicative microbiological values (total microbial count, thermotolerant coliform bacteria, E. coli; enterococcus, spores of sulfite-reducing Clostridia; coliphages; Ps. aeruginosa) and the content of pathogenic microorganisms; also the microbiological profile of water was identified. The obtained data will be used to improve the system for monitoring of water bodies in the recreation areas.

77-81

Authors: Ulanova Т.S., Antipyeva М.V., Zabirova М.I., Volkova М.V.

The results of studies of the air of working zone at the metallurgical production on the example of Avisma OJSC (Berezniki, the Perm Territory) for the content of nanoscale particles are specified. The maximum nanoparticles concentration in the range of 13523–28609 mln./m3 is determined at the working place of the titanium production smelter with the maximum size of particles of 10–15 nm. At the working place in the administrative building (reference working place) the maximum concentration is determined within the range of 524–1000 mln./m3; the maximum size of nanoparticles is 20 nm. It was established that the number concentration of nanoparticles at the reference working places (administration of Avisma OJSC) is significantly lower than at the working places of main production processes. The presented studies can be used as the additional factors in the assessment of labor conditions and occupational risk during the manufacture and use of materials containing nanoparticles as well as the production processes with the nanoparticles formation.