International Journal of Graduate Research and Review

3-7

Authors: Simran Watts

Vaccination has had a huge impact on increasing human life expectancy. Immunity is the state of protection against infectious disease conferred either through an immune response generated by immunization or previous infection or by other non-immunological factors. Immunizations are often widely stated as less risky and an easier way to become immune to a particular disease than risking a milder form of the disease itself. Passive immunization by transfer of antibodies has the advantage of more rapidly establishing protection, but it is short-lived and may carry a risk of inducing serum sickness. The route and schedule of immunization, physical nature of the vaccine antigen, and immune status of the host all contribute to the relative effectiveness of any vaccination protocol, in ways which are still not fully understood. Passive immunization, in which antibodies against a particular infectious agent are given directly to the child or adult, is sometimes appropriate. These antibodies are taken from a donor and then processed so the final preparation contains high antibody concentrations. At that point, they are given in the vein or by shot to the patient. Passive immunization is often used in children and adults. It can be used with people who haven’t been vaccinated against a disease to which they’ve been exposed. Most commonly for the prevention of measles, hepatitis-A, hepatitis-B, tetanus, varicella, rabies, and vaccinia. Although their use in the treatment of bacterial infection has largely been supplanted by antibiotics, antibodies remain a critical component of the treatment of diptheria, tetanus, and botulism.

13-16

Authors: Atnafu Morka Aldo and Abebe Zeleke

Corruption in the public sector is often viewed as exacerbating conditions of poverty in countries already struggling with the strains of economic growth and democratic transition. Corruption is contemporary global issue that needs crucial attention. It should not be seen differently from HIV ADIS, Cancer, TB, poverty and the like that eroding the nations’ welfare. This study was therefore targeted Assessing Corruption in Service Delivery of Municipal in Metekl Zone Towns (Benishangul Gumuz Region).The objectives of the study were; to identify the areas and types of corruption in municipals service delivery; To analyze the degree of corruption in Municipals service delivery through the perception of people. To achieve the intended objectives, data were collected in seven weredas of Metekel zone from the targeted population-local officials, elders and residents of capital towns of the weredas by means of structured and unstructured questionnaires. The questionnaires were supported by unstructured interviews. Self-administered questionnaire were distributed for 312 resident populations and 64 persons were interviewed. The finding shows that different types of corruption; nepotism, bribe, embezzlement and fraud are perpetrated in municipals in different service delivery process and the magnitude was at severe situation. This was manifested by employment of incompetent personnel on key positions under pretext of different mechanisms. in different service delivery process such as in revenue collection, in land allocation, land use planning, expropriation of private property rights, land dispute and conflict management, other social municipal services, construction of infrastructure, and in house related services corruption practice was also found to be shocking. Consequently, using community as a means of preventive tool trough uninterrupted awareness creation, prevention of undue influence, monitoring and increasing public administration’s accountability through surveys, using religious leaders rigorously as means to shape their followers against corruption, and increasing the number of workers in municipals were recommended.