European Journal of Academic Essays

1-12

Authors: Balogun Oluwafemi Samson, Ogunleye Opeoluwa Mercy

The research result showed there was a general increase in production over time (production was mostly below 60million barrel per month in 2002 while in 2011 no production per month was less than 64 million barrel) showing that trend exists in the data, the simple average method was used to check for seasonality, the minimum value was 93.34 while the maximum was 104.92 none of which was too far from 100% showing there was no seasonal variation. The AIC as well as Mean Square Error (MSE) settled for ARIMA (1,1,1) out of the four initial picks and its was therefore chosen as the best model fit for the data collected for forecasting purposes and for policy formulation. ARIMA (1,1,1) was used to forecast for the year 2011 and its showed that by January the production was 75.02 million barrel and by december production was about 67.25 million barrel, though its a wide difference from the actual value but was still chosen because of its simplicity to use and that its also has the lowest standard error after the forecast. ARIMA (1,1,1) was used to predict for short-term purpose, therefore the year 2012 was predicted and it revealed that the minimum production for 2012 should be around 66.63 million barrel and the maximum production should be around 68.83 million barrel.

1-5

Authors: Helal Ragab Moussa and Mohamed Abd El-Rahman EL-Galad

Abstract: Salinity stress is one of the most devastating stressful environments for plant growth and production. Two Zea mays cultivars, salt sensitive (Trihybrid 321) and salt tolerant (Giza 2), were grown in a complete nutrient solution in a growth room, to investigate the effect of silicon treatment, as Na2SiO3 (2.5 mM) on plants grown at two levels of salinity, 0.0 (Control), 150 mM of NaCl (S) which are equivalent to 15.5 dS m-1 , and supplied to the nutrient solution. Maize plants (Giza 2 and Trihybrid 321) grown at 15.5 dS m-1 show a decreased in the chlorophyll (a+b), carotenoids, total protein contents, transpiration rate, relative water content (RWC), enzyme activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCase), photosynthetic activity ( 14CO2-assimilation) and macronutrient level (N, P, and K) as compared to the control plants. The results indicated that silicon (Si) treatment at 2.5 mM partially offset the negative impacts and increased tolerance of maize (Giza 2 and Trihybrid 321) to salinity stress by enhancing the above parameters. In contrast, salt stressed maize plants considerably increased proline content, Na+ and Clˉ levels, H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL). Application of silicon (2.5 mM) decreased significantly these parameters as compared to salt stressed maize plants. Salt tolerant (Giza 2), treated with silicon at 2.5 mM showed better performance than salt sensitive (Trihybrid 321). Salt tolerant (Giza 2), exhibited lower accumulation of Na+ and Clˉ levels, H2O2, MDA, and EL more than salt sensitive (Trihybrid 321). Overall, exogenously applied Si was found beneficial for improving salt tolerance of maize plants

10-14

Authors: A.S Ogungbe, C.O Ogabi A.A Alabi and O.O Ometan

Abstract: Heat retention in salt water and fresh water was compared with a view to identifying the one that is best at retaining heat. To achieve this, 150 ml and 100 ml of distilled water at room temperature (29oC) were heated separately to 100 oC (boiling point). Measured values (5g, 10g and 15g) of table salt were each added to 100 ml and 150 ml of distilled water to reach a level of salinity and the solution was heated to boiling point. A cooling system was set up to continuously mix the solution during cooling process to maintain uniform temperature and mercury-in-glass thermometer was used to record the temperature drop at every 10 minutes interval. The graphs of the temperature against time were plotted using Matlab to obtain the cooling rate. The results showed that the salt water has the capacity to retain more heat than the fresh water, and the concentration of salt in salt solution also determines the heat retention ability.

23-28

Authors: BhatTariq A, WaniAijaz A

Abstract: Cytological and genetical behaviors of two desynaptic plants induced in Viciafaba L. var. minor by Ethyl methane sulphonate treatment have been studied. Analysis of chromosomal behavior at different stages of meiosis has been thoroughly accomplished in the desynaptic plants. At diakinesis in one plant univalents and bivalents were present while in other multivalents along with univalents and bivalents were also noticed. Bivalents were randomly distributed in one plant while non-random in the other. Abnormalities like univalents, irregular distribution of chromosomes, laggards, stikiness, bridges and micronuclei were also observed at metaphase, anaphase and telophase respectively. Meiotic studies revealed that sterility was due to irregular chromosome pairing but the genetic data indicated that sterility was because of single recessive gene in homozygous condition. The desynapsis obtained during the present investigation fit into the medium strong type.

1-6

Authors: Kaoud H. A.

Abstract: This review article have provided molecular insights into how functional characteristics that could be involved in cancer mechanisms. There was an attempt of treating cancer patient dogs (Leukemia and Prostate) with the help of Electrochemical activated water (ECA-solutions). The attempts were revealed 100 % curing success. It could be, though, that the mutations contribute to the carcinogenic process by impairing the function of the respiratory chain. Reactive oxygen species (ROS} play role in progenitor activation, signaling and escaping apoptosis cells, and genetic damage. There is evidence that the cell’s loss of electron-donor properties is followed by its transfer into ontogenesis. ECA and ERW (Electrically Reduced Water) -solutions on cellular level adjust electron-donor and receptor properties of the cell, directly affect organoids and intracellular molecular complexes, leading to repairing the expression and cell signals. Action of ECA and ERW -solutions prevent ontogenesis, suppresses tumor angiogenesis by scavenging intracellular ROS and suppressing the gene expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor

11-20

Authors: Ubani, Emmanuel, Echeme Ibeawuchi, Ukwuoma,Benjamin

Abstract: Managing projects with little or no scope creep could be a strategy for competitive advantage in the realization of impressive business results. This study examines and analyses strategies for effective project scope management so as to provide avenue to prevent or minimize scope creep for achieving project objectives. Exploratory and descriptive survey methods were adopted in conducting the research using primary data obtained from the NIPP contracting firms through the instrument of questionnaire modeled in Likert 5 point scale. Computer-software of one-way Analysis of variance was used for statistical test of research hypothesis. The results of the analysis infer and establish the cases of adoption and institution, of technology competence in project design with emphasis on creation and analysis of work breakdown structure to the minute details, design review and verification of scope definition with scope checklist in synergy with robust scope communication plan as effective strategies for NIPP scope management. There are needs to devise mechanisms for evaluation of design effectiveness, verification of scope definition/work breakdown structure and seamless information and communication management system.

28-46

Authors: Balogun, Oluwafemi Samson, Awoeyo, Oluwadarasimi Olayemi

Abstract: In this research work, time series model selection was performed by given consideration for a number of models that most suitable for the incidence of accident cases in Nigeria. Among the candidate models considered are the Autoregressive (AR), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), and Moving Average (MA) models each at various parameters specifications. Results from this work showed that the best models that are suitable to describe the accident cases in Nigeria are the ARIMA(3,1,1) according to the Mean Square Error (MSE) and Akaike Information Criteria (AIC). National data set on cases of accident in Nigeria primarily collected by Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC), Nigeria from 2004 to 2011 was employed in this research.

57-64

Authors: Maniriho Aristide and Bizoza Alfred

Abstract This article analyses the productive efficiency of small scale farmers coached by DERN (the Development Programme of Ruhengeri Diocese), in Musanze District, Northern Rwanda. Data used for the analysis were collected among 107 farmers, selected purposively from the study area. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to validate the study objective. A Cobb-Douglas production function was specified and estimated in the context of agricultural production for small scale farmers. This was complemented with APP, MPP and TFP. Results from the analysis substantiate that the agricultural production for the study period is positively correlated to the inputs used, namely labour, fertilizers and seeds as expected. The estimated coefficients were found also highly statistically significant and these can be relied on for inference (p<0.05). Therefore, it is concluded that these factors contribute significantly to the production of agricultural crops in the study area. The average physical product (APP) in Kgs is 31.35 for labour, 1.06 for fertilizers and 9.09 for seeds, and the marginal physical product (MPP) in Kgs is 14.96, 0.27 and 3.18 for labour, fertilizers and seeds respectively, whereas the total factor productivity (TFP) is 1.47. In view of these results, we recommend that farmers need to adjust the use of these inputs if more crop productivity is to be achieved.

70-86

Authors: Ghosh Uttam, Sengupta Srijan, Sarkar Susmita , Das Shantanu

Abstract: The Birth of fractional calculus from the question raised in the year 1695 by Marquis de L'Hopital to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, which sought the meaning of Leibniz's notation for the derivative of order N when N = 1/2. Leibnitz responses it is an apparent paradox from which one day useful consequences will be drown. There are many functions which are continuous everywhere but not differentiable at some points, like in physical systems of ECG, EEG plots, and cracks pattern and for several other phenomena. Using classical calculus those functions cannot be characterized-especially at the non-differentiable points. To characterize those functions the concept of Fractional Derivative is used. From the analysis it is established that though those functions are unreachable at the non-differentiable points, in classical sense but can be characterized using Fractional derivative. In this paper we demonstrate use of modified Riemann-Liouvelli derivative by Jumarrie to calculate the fractional derivatives of the non-differentiable points of a function, which may be one step to characterize and distinguish and compare several non-differentiable points in a system or across the systems. This method we are extending to differentiate various ECG graphs by quantification of non-differentiable points; is useful method in differential diagnostic. Each steps of calculating these fractional derivatives is elaborated.

90-101

Authors: Youssef H. A. M., Mansour M. A.M., Al-Zahrani S. S. M., Ayasreh I. R. A. and Abd El- Karim R. A. K.

Abstract: Palliative Care (PC) education and awareness is considered by Saudi Arabia health care system, as a matter of high priority and understanding the experiences of intensive care nurses in providing care at the end of life, is an important first step for improving terminal care in the intensive care unit Objectives: to identify nurses’ attitude, knowledge and experiences on prioritizing palliative care and assess adequacy of the palliative care content in the undergraduate nursing curriculum from teaching members' perspectives. Methods: A cross sectional quantitative survey study was conducted on 100 nurses working in selected hospitals in Taif City and faculty members in Nursing Department, Taif University. Results: Above half of nurses had poor knowledge regarding palliative care, but most of them showed positive attitude regarding end-of-life care especially above diploma degree holders. While most of the content of End-Of-Life (EOL) care in nursing educational program was perceived by faculty members as inadequate and they agreed on the importance of EOL as a part of nursing curriculum. They also perceived that the greatest barriers for improving EOL care were "Inadequate content", "No special training for end of life", and "No special governmental hospital" Conclusions: most of nurse participants' highly prioritizing need for PC training. Where reviewing for the undergraduate nursing programs regarding PC and bridging the inadequacy are mandatory Recommendations: Attention should be given towards PC by the national health policy and incorporated in the national curriculum of nurse education and training