European Journal of Academic Essays

7-14

Authors: Kumar Rajesh, Ansari Nafees Ahmad

The process of globalization has led to discourses on development having different perspectives. One of the major upcoming development discourses puts gender and governance on the forefront of these. In this context, the government of India has amended their laws for fair representation of gender in the local government to ensure good governance. Notwithstanding the fact that constitutional support and legislative measures are necessary for bringing about social change, but this, however, cannot be achieved single-handedly. Constitutional efforts are needed to strengthen and consolidate them for meaningful empowerment. The question is whether an intervention like the constitutional amendment is able to ensure the local governance. Decentralization brings government closer to the people. The existence of local political arenas makes it easier for ordinary citizens to participate and exert influence. When power is brought closer to the citizens, the political process becomes more tangible and transparent and more people can become involved. Decentralization may also create a more open political system in that it implies a division of powers in society. The Village panchayats which formed an integral part of the national life, helped to preserve democratic traditions in social, cultural, economic and political life, survived the onslaughts of centuries of political upheavals and saved Indian society from disintegration

23-26

Authors: Kaoud Hussein A.

Mastitis in dairy animals is a multietiological in nature and causing heavy economic losses worldwide. Over decades, much research has been conducted in the area of udder health. Although a variety of treatment and prevention protocols have been developed over the years, success rates have been variable and a true solution to the problem has not been found. Due to treatment limitations, research focus into the control of bovine mastitis has shifted to alternative therapies. In this paper alternative therapies are reviewed and the potential for their application are discussed.

30-34

Authors: Kamel, Ayman and Sedky, A

We visualized a curvature path as a portion of irregular arc during the motion of particles with velocity v which is comparable to the speed of light c. This is slightly conflicts with the calculations of Lorentz's time dilation and reflects a new considered type of movement for the motion of objects without falling under the influence of other forces but under the impact of the movement of the body itself. We succeed to modify Lorentz's relativistic coefficient ɣ for time dilation in terms of h  b  Kh 2 2 4 formula for obtaining the length of irregular arc, where b and h are their base and height, and K is a constant. The relativistic Lorentz's coefficient ) 2 2 (1 1 c v  becomes ) 2 2 2(1 )] 2 2 )(1 2 (4 2 [ c v c v K K K        . The calculated values of relativistic time t, Lorentz's relativistic coefficient ɣ and path length ℓ for muons are 17.29 µs, 7.92 and 5135.13 m, which are higher than that of Lorentz's (15.574 µs, 7.09 and 4625.48 m). Our results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of spiral path motion and understand a new meaning of speed changing spatially not temporally.

39-41

Authors: Pudasaini, Rameshwor, Thapa, Resham Bahadur

An experiment was conducted to know the foraging behavior of different honeybee species in rapeseed flower under natural conditions in Chitwan, Nepal during 2012-2013. This experiment shows that higher numbers of flowers were visited by Apis cerana F. as compared to Apis mellifera L. and Apis dorsata F. under natural condition at the same time of the day. Apis cerana F. visited 16.5 and 26.0 flowers and Apis mellifera L. visited 12.33 and 21.67 flowers, whereas Apis dorsata F. visited 9.33 and 15.83 flowers at 10:00 am and 2:00 pm of the day respectively. The peak foraging hours for all three bee species were recorded around 12:00 noon to 14:00 pm. Similarly, number per meter square of all three bee species were recorded more at 2:00 pm and least at 10:00 am. Among the three species of honeybees, Apis mellifera L. were recorded more number per meter square at 2:00 pm and 12:00 pm where as Apis cerana F. were recorded more at 10:00 am and 4:00 pm. It shows that Apis cerana F. visited higher number of flowers and was more efficient pollinator as compared to Apis mellifera L. and Apis dorsata F.

52-56

Authors: Sabbour Magda , Maysa E. Moharam

Under laboratory and store conditions fives bacterial cultures were tested against the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae the LC50s recorded 349, 160, 179, 99 and 112 Ug/ml B.T J, B.t 0900, Bt NRRL 2172, BT IP thurizide and Bt HD112; respectively. Application of the bacteria on foam covering gunny bags provided promising oviposition deterrency, toxicity and suppressing S. oryzae infestation, persistence and protecting rice seeds after 120 days during storage which reached to 11.8±1.7 after treated with B.t, BT IP thurizide as compared to 98.8±1.9 in the control During the storage period the percentage of seed infestations at the end of the experiments recorded 30, 24, 22, 1, 2 % in the sacs treated foam with B.T , J B.t 0900, Bt NRRL 2172, BT IP thurizide and Bt HD112 respectively as compared to 88 in the control.

10-14

Authors: Midhusha Johny , Rathinasamy Subashkumar

The prevalence of Aeromonas hydrophila from various samples (clinical and environmental) were analysed and confirming the percentage incidence of the organism. 16S rRNA–PCR analysis assists the identification of species of Aeromonas and also posing their epidemiology. All strains were showed the multi-drug resistance and MAR index showed that all the isolates may be originated from high risk sources. Virulent assays like haemolytic activity, serum susceptibility, and cytotoxicity confirming the frequency of virulence. Cytotoxic activity showed the effect of toxins on cancer cell lines (MCF- 7). In the investigation, we determined different virulent genes like hae, hly A, aer A and asc U provides evidence for mutifactorial activities, which is encoded by the virulence factors like haemolysin, aerolysin and type three secretion systems which are potentially pathogenic. The determination of different virulent factor is a key component for the strong pathogenecity. RAPD-PCR could be highly reproducible, reliable and exactitude. On this basis, we came to a conclusion that presence of virulent A. hydrophila posed highly health risks towards human and other animals.

23-27

Authors: Jagdamba Dixit1, Anil K Dixit, Yogesh Yadav

Introduction: Kutch area in Gujrat state of India is high endemic area for BT malaria. After devastating earthquake of 26 Jan 2001 in the region, number of malaria cases increased in the region. A closed campus of defence establishment witnessed an outbreak of BT malaria in 2005 due to local transmission confirmed by epidemiological investigation. Material and methods: On receiving the information of an abnormal rise in the number of cases a team headed by a senior epidemiologist was sent to investigate the outbreak. On submission of report the team was asked to implement control measures to prevent its further transmission. Results: A large number of cases reported in the campus with a high slide positivity rate of 27.07 percent and API of 75.12 per thousand population in 2005. Majority of them (99.17 percent) were BT malaria cases. Family members were affected most (API 106.66) as compared to the Air Force employees (API 33.57). A spleen rate of 1.04 percent and an infant parasite rate of 10.81 percent revealed a high transmission among the children. Discussion: Population residing in the campus had BT malaria epidemic with very high percentage of cases among younger population. The main cause of epidemic was failure of the measures for prevention and control. Local transmission of malaria was caused by An. stephensi which was found to breed heavily in pools, ditches, overhead tanks and static tanks. Clinical cases reported with fever and confirmed by blood smear examination were neither treated nor reported to higher authorities. Antimalarial activities were also not conducted as per the guidelines mentioned in the directives of defence services. The epidemic was controlled effectively by adopting the measures advised by the investigating team.

5-8

Authors: S.Celine Hilda Mary, S.Silvan, EK.Elumalai

Heavy metals occur naturally in the marine environment. These heavy metals enter the aquatic systems by direct discharges via industrial and urban effluents. The heavy metals leads to affect the aquatic environments, So Toxic effect study was conducted to investigate the effect of lead nitrate induced histological alterations in the gills of freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala which were kept in aqueous solution of lead nitrate of lethal concentrations of 24 days. The histopathological effect of lead nitrate in the gills. liver and muscles of fish is characterized by complete fusion of gill lamellae, edema in the filamentary epithelium etc. Therefore, the present investigation illustrates that the presence of lead nitrate in water are toxic to fishes.

18-26

Authors: Ige Akindele, M

In Nigeria, tertiary education has over the years been enmeshed in crises, one of these being the incessant strikes by the staff of tertiary institutions, under the aegis of different trade unions. Without mincing words, strike is now a ritual that has to be performed in every tertiary institution in Nigeria. Many people are contending that it is the language which government understands. It is thus no longer strange to government, students, tertiary institutions’ administrators, and other stakeholders in education. A new attempt is usually termed to be business as usual. This paper examines the issue of strike, as it affects tertiary education in Nigeria. Special focus is on the causative factors in Nigeria, such as: inadequate funding of education and tertiary institutions, interference in tertiary institutions’ affairs, increase in fuel price, low wages/poor conditions of service, poverty, refusal to honour past agreement(s), introduction/implementation of obnoxious policies by Government. The paper also discussed the effects of the strike such as the delay in graduation of students, loss of jobs, lives, and confidence in tertiary education, proliferation of private tertiary institutions, particularly the universities loss of value of certificates and status of tertiary institutions, increase in crimes, delay in mobilisation of graduates of tertiary institutions for National Service, inactive economic activities, falling standard of education, conflicts among the unions and staff of tertiary institutions. To stem the tide in tertiary institutions and move tertiary education forward in this decade and beyond, an effective administration of tertiary institutions, adequate funding of education/tertiary education by government, orientation of staff of tertiary institutions, among other measures, are recommended.

30-38

Authors: Tong Zhengrong

．The hard facts we given in text prove that, relativity theory is the fallacy from mathematical errors and experimental perjuries. 2．Conclusion of the study show that one called “fundamental gravitino” (the theoretical mass-energy value given at mw = 3.636 x 10-45 kg) is the Material composition of dark matter in the universe and also it’s the material composition of all the elementary particles too. This is the root cause that the gravitation has universality. In-depth research, the results show that the fundamental gravitino” in all space is the material foundation of the electromagnetic interaction and propagation of light and other physical phenomena. Furthermore it shows that Stable elementary particles are the “droplets” under the strong gravitino pressure (strength calculated are consistent with the strong interaction) in the entire universe, similar to the droplets in the saturated gas. There are steady-state solutions in Mathematical models corresponding to the proton, the electron and the neutron.The theory for topics such as the dark matter, the dark energy, and the Higgs particle has the perfect explanation and reasonable conclusion… It seems, Chinese began to keep up with the world’s physical trend, started a new physics era of fundamental gravitinothe mass energy source of the universe.

44-50

Authors: Rajinder Tiwari

The advancement of communication based technology and the growth of the internet traffic have continuously driven the fast evolution of the intelligent networks based applications. As compared to the traditional optoelectronic switch based devices, all the optical transreceiver provides high throughput, rich routing functionalities, and excellent flexibility for rapid signal exchange in optical networking based systems. Among various optical switches, the thermal actuated ring switching devices provides the advantages of high accuracy, easy actuation, and reasonable switching speed for better data communication. However, when this device is used in the system scale up, it may encounter certain issues related to fabrication error, non accurate wavelength. A low-power multi-band RF receiver including a multi-band low-noise amplifier (LNA) based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for sensor node applications response, and large terminal numbers in the control circuit. A 12-channel parallel optical receiver front-end amplifier array design and realization in a low cost 0.18 µm CMOS technology. The integrated circuit system has been designed, simulated and demonstrated with a decent performance having free spectral range (FSR) equal to 1.5 nm at 1534 nm and very accurate wavelength modulation to 0.3 nm within 0.01 nm fluctuations for thermal actuated ring type optical switch.

56-58

Authors: BAÇA Ferit

Since its beginning, the philosophical trend of pragmatism, literally “Philosophy of Action”, was fostered by optimism that makes “the impossible” to “possible”. Such was American pragmatism with highly dynamic features that were discussed by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and John Dewey. The concept of the truth when it serves the individual as well as the society would serve as the starting point of the view of John Dewey, to overcome the subjective dualism, a feature of the traditional philosophy. It was exactly their views that influenced the shaping of the so-called “Philosophy of Action”. However, the study will focus on the views of these thinkers on pragmatism and its usefulness to society

63-69

Authors: Obeng-Denteh, William, Kyei John1, Eghan Esi Rhydal

Often times, we experience ups and downs in our spirit, sometimes we have no vivid explanation to what we really feel within. We normally classify these feeling as “bad mood”. At times the situation is the other way round, we feel elated, “positive” and confident to go about our normal roles. During these periods in our lives, we are normally inclined to doing certain things that interest us. The question we ask ourselves is; is there a way to explain this inevitable feeling and how to manage them? Are there negative or positive effects associated with these feelings? In this research, we delve deeper into things that cause these ups and downs in our emotional feelings and their effects on our lives being it positive or negative. Upon further investigations and research, we present a model of second order ordinary linear differential equation to measure and describe the various changes in mood with time. The rapid and periodic changes between extreme moods forms (mood swings) is further elaborated with a mathematical model. The trend in the changes of mood is demonstrated graphically with elaborative commentary.

7-11

Authors: Jean Francois, Emmanuel

Abstract: Societies include social classes or social groups with different levels of access to education, health care, housing, transportation, leisure, voting rights, freedom of speech and assembly, quality neighborhood, living wages, and other goods and services. Some people think that the gaps among groups are considered as resulting from individual efforts and drive. Others believe that unequal access to resources stems from structural and institutionalized exploitations of one group by another, thus argue for social justice. Many believe that education can help tackle the structures that are the root causes of social and economic inequalities, thus lead to social justice. However, education for social justice has mostly been considered in the perspective of young children and youth. What is the meaning of social justice in the context of adult education? Reaching social justice has been a challenge throughout the history of the American society and remains critical in adult education. This paper reviews the concept of social justice and provides an overview in terms of its meaning for liberal, progressive, behaviorist, humanist, radical, analytic, and postmodern philosophies of adult education

18-21

Authors: Noshin Farhadi

Abstract: Today, due to the severe resource constraints in the world, on one hand, and the rejection of other consumer’s populations on the other hand, the issues related to increasing productivity and efficiency in all areas of human life has become the topic of debate and discussions, and the efforts of many individuals and organizations focused on ways to realize it. Educational system has become one of the most used social organization based on the millions of students, teachers, and other related people; which is in urgent need for plans and methods to increase their productivity, hoping that increased efficiency in education is equal to better learning, better retention of learning and deeper learning and prosperity of their talents in exchange for lower financial and human resources expenditures. The teaching-learning opportunities were designed, implemented and evaluated in more systematic approaches. In this process, the role of educational media as one of the system components, and as a facilitator of communication between teachers and students is very significant and fundamental. Based on a system approach to curriculum design, decisions about how to select each elements including educational media are linked to other elements in the system, therefore, it is very important and essential to pay special care and attention in the selection of instructional media.

28-35,

Authors: Ige Akindele, M

Abstract: In Nigeria, the low status of teachers, coupled with the ineffectiveness, low commitment, the display of negative attitudes by some teachers, the poor academic performance of pupils/students in schools, as well as the falling standard of education, calls for adequate motivation of teachers. Against this backdrop, this paper examines the strategies for motivating teachers for improved performance at this period of implementation of Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme, such as: allowing teachers to participate in decision making, attending to teachers’ personal and on the job problems, recognizing, praising and rewarding teachers with outstanding performance, assigning responsibilities to teachers, providing incentives for teachers, improving school environment, providing instructional materials for teachers, regular promotion of teachers, sponsoring teachers to conferences, seminars, and workshops, prompt payment of teachers’ salaries and allowances, payment of special salary for teachers, as well as the professionalization of teaching..

5-9

Authors: Anuradha.G1, B. Syama Sundar , J. Sreekanth kumar, M.V. Ramana

Abstract: Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is an important area in the field of nanotechnology, which has economic and ecofriendly benefits over chemical and physical methods of synthesis. In the present study leaf extract of Ocimum basilicum L. var.thyrsiflorum was assessed for the synthesis of Silver nanoparticles using 1mM Silver Nitrate aqueous solution. Nanoparticles were characterized with the help of UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and EDX analysis. The Synthesized nanoscale particles were confirmed by analyzing the excitation of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) using UV–visible spectrophotometer at 436nm. Further SEM analysis confirmed the range of particle size between 22 to 42 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectrum confirmed the presence of high amount of phenolic compounds in the plant extract, possibly influenced the reduction process and stabilization of nanoparticles.

16-21

Authors: Rajendra, Aparnathi, Ved Vyas, Dwivedi

Abstract: This project Research paper for detecting magnetic fields in the extremely low frequency range and extremely low noise are developed, including the antenna, transformer base frequency amplifier. Each component is described with relevant cut-offs which allow a large variation of receivers to be easily designed for any magnetic field loop coil sensing in the ultralow frequencies noise range. This paper introduces a new ELF noise signal Inductor Loop-sensor design and finds stability for pre-amplifier. A system using different impedance value base antenna is developed further that has been used extensively in measurement application in the frequency below range of extremely low using tools such as MATLAB software base.

29-37

Authors: Sinha Neeta, Arora Poonam

Abstract: Every organization has its own culture. Since many employees spend 40 or more hours at their workplace, their organization’s culture noticeably affects both their work lives as well as their personal lives. The identity of the company becomes identity of the people who work in it. Organizational culture refers to the beliefs, ideologies, principles and values that the individuals of an organization carve up. This culture is a determining factor in the success of the organization. It defines the way how an employee interacts and completes a given task. It was in this context that a study was undertaken to see the cultural match among the Essar employees based on Daniel Denisons (1990) model which asserts that organizational culture can be described by four general dimensions – Mission, Adaptability, Involvement and Consistency. For this, a survey was conducted on 100 employees of the firm; their views were taken and recorded. Seven hypotheses were made and tested. Results revealed positive correlation between Adaptability and Mission. Results also showed that there is high positive correlation between Adaptability and Consistency. When checked whether there is a relationship between Adaptability and Involvement, the correlation coefficient came out to be positive. Data also reveals that there is a positive correlation between mission and involvement. Data Analysis using chi square test revealed that there is high dependence of work and involvement on each other. The organization as a whole and the employees are a content lot and they believe in strong cultural values and strict code of adherence.

45-51

Authors: Bholey Mihir

Abstract: Globalization and market economy are impacting Indian society in an unprecedented manner. The impact is visible on India’s socio-economic policies as well. Today India, like many other nations is in the race of achieving higher rate of economic growth to bring development, prosperity and happiness to its people. However, it’s not clear whether economic well-being is proportionately related to the happiness quotient which is simultaneously affected by several other socioeconomic-psychological factors. For a long time, the Gandhian model worked as an inspiration behind the socio-economic policies in India. Gandhi’s philosophy made clear distinction between the need and greed at a subtle psychological level so as to avoid conflict, maintain social harmony and ensure sustainability. However, the new socio-economic policies follow different mandate. In the light of the twin complimentary Gandhian concept of antyodaya and sarvodaya this paper discusses how social and service design in the contemporary context can help create a more sustainable future by striking a balance between economic development and social well-being at large.

58-62

Authors: Ghaffarzadeh Hassankiadeh, Seyed Mohsen

Abstract: Today, digital Systems play a significant role in human’s life. And it is the reason to call existing technology, “The Digital Age”. Digital circuits are utilized in industry, trade and science. The most commonly used electronic devices like computers, cell-phones, digital cameras, televisions,… are designed by digital circuits. Digital circuits are composed of smaller circuits titled logic gates. It seems confusing to design huge digital circuits by logic gates. A procedure will be presented in this paper to design digital circuits with logic gates by contactor control circuits. This method can be useful for skilled persons in designing contactor control circuits. And it will be beneficial in controlling power circuit in low-noise environments, since it can lead to decrease size and expenses

68-7

Authors: Yogesh Yadav, Preeti Goswami, Mohit Makkar

Abstract: The deficiency in the antero-inferior wall of the bony part of external auditory canal (EAC) closes by 5 years of age but if it persists beyond that age it is called foramen Tympanicum. Depending on the population studied, persistence of this foramen has been seen in 0-67% of adult crania. Review of literature revealed that no data was available in North Indian population; therefore the present study is being undertaken. 30 adult human crania were examined and the presence of foramen Tympanicum was noted. The side to which it belonged to, its shape and size were observed. Out of 30 adult human crania seen, foramen Tympanicum was present in 9 crania. It was observed unilaterally in 4 crania and bilaterally in 5. Although different shapes of the foramen like pin point, pin head, irregular and U shape were observed but in majority of cases it was irregular shaped. This study revealed that about 30% of North Indian adult human crania have foramen Tympanicum. Persistent foramen Tympanicum in the adult life may be involved in different abnormalities of the EAC and may lead to otological complications. Therefore, ENT surgeons should be aware of persistent foramen Tympanicum and keep it as one of the possible diagnoses while dealing with patients presenting with otological complications. Also the surgeons should be careful while performing endoscopy of Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) so that accidental damage of TMJ can be prevented