Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

28-37

Authors: Kabiru Abubakar Gulma

This research was aimed at determining the inventory level of Co-Trimoxazole tablets used in the HIV/AIDS program of Kebbi State, Nigeria, and assess the inventory level to find out if it fell within the required range as pre-determined by the inventory control system in Nigeria. In achieving the stated objectives, visits were made to all hospitals offering HIV/AIDS services in Kebbi State were Co-Trimoxazole tablets are normally used. Data collected were 'stock on hand' and 'bimonthly consumption' and cut across all the three types of Co-Trimoxazole tablets namely: CoTrimoxazole120 mg, Co-Trimoxazole480 mg and Co-Trimoxazole960 mg. Microsoft Excel spreadsheets were prepared for each type of Co-Trimoxazole across all the nine hospitals visited and the data were processed by inserting arithmetical formulae in the spreadsheets. The measure of inventory level called month of stock (MoS) was calculated and charts were developed to present the results obtained. The study found out that none of the Co-Trimoxazole tablets was within the inventory control system of 4 months maximum stock and 2 months minimum stock. Across the entire state, the inventory level of Co-Trimoxazole120 mg was 1.9 MoS, and that of Co-Trimoxazole480 mg was 1.4 MoS while the inventory level of Co-Trimoxazole960 mg was 5.7 MoS. The research as much as it is monitoring in nature is as well evaluative because it showed that the logistics system is not functioning as designed.

45-50

Authors: Tanvi, Poonam Dogra, Nilanjan Ghosh, V. M. Chandrashekar, S. V. Rajendra

To investigate the cytotoxicity and cell cycle analysis of aqueous extract of aerial parts of Centella asiaticaon colorectal (HCT116) cancer cell lines. Centella asiaticaextract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening and in the next stage, brine shrimp lethality assay was carried out.MTT assay was also performed on colorectal cancer cell lines to assess the in vitro cytotoxicity activity of the plant extract.Then, cell cycle arrest was also done as a part of investigation using Flow cytometry. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various vital phytoconstituents like saponins, glycosides, tannins, triterpenoids, flavonoids and polyphenols. Aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Centella asiatica markedly increases the mortality in brine shrimp lethality assay. Further, the extract exhibited cytotoxicity on human colorectal cancer cell lines and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. This research work throws light into the usage of the plant as an alternative to conventional chemotherapy of cancer. In vitro brine shrimp lethality assay, cytotoxicity and cell cycle analysis were all performed for the first time using aqueous extract of Centella asiaticaaerial parts. It can be concluded that the aqueous extract of aerial parts of Centella asiatica showed antioxidant & anticancer activities and even arrested the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase.

56-62

Authors: sarika dhir, R. K. Khar, G. S. Chakraborthy, Maan Saurabh

Phytoconstituents have been used in medicine since ancient times due to their various pharmacological actions.Inspite having excellent bio- activity of plant extract and their phytoconstituents in vitro they have no in vivo actions due to their poor lipid solubility or inappropriate molecular size or both, which results in their poor absorption andlower bioavailability. Phytosomes are the novel formulation technology which helps to overcome these problems.Phytosomes are produced by a process whereby a standardized plant extract or its constituents are bound to phospholipids; mainly phosphotidylcholine, producing a lipid compatible complex. The phytosome technology has been applied over many popular herbal drugs such as Ginko biloba, hawthorn, olive oil, grape seed, green tea and ginseng. This article reviews the recent trends in phytosomes drug delivery.

6-9

Authors: Suresh Arumugam, Senthil Kumar Natesan, Sekar Ganesan, Sumathi Kanagarajan

Purpose: To evaluate the wound healing activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Barleria noctiflora against the STZ induced diabetic rats. Approach: The ethyl acetate fraction of Barleria noctiflora (EAFBN) was evaluated for its wound healing activity in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats using excision and incision wound models. In case of excision wound model, parameters like wound contraction and period of epithelialization was studied, while in incision wound model, tensile strength of the wound was measured. In incision and excision models, treatment with ointment containing 10% w/w and 5% w/w of EAFBN was done. Findings: The excision wound area exhibited significant (P<0.01) closure of EAFBN 5% w/w and 10% w/w treated animals showed 96.6% and 95.8%, complete epithelialization was observed in same day of EAFBN (10% w/w) and standard drug. In the incision wound model treated with the topical application of EAFBN 5% w/w treated animals skin breaking strength was 290.83±3.0, EAFBN (10% w/w) and standard drug have shown more or less same significant skin breaking strength (342.5 ± 3.81and 350 ± 2.88). Originality: The current study is the first time evaluation of the wound healing activity of Barleria noctiflora ethyl acetate fraction on STZ induced diabetes in rat. The characterization and isolation of the dynamic principle of new compound require broad research in the future. Conclusion: The outcome of present study indicates the usage of ethyl acetate fraction of Barleria noctiflora in the management of wound healing especially in diabetes

15-19

Authors: Bimlesh Chaudhary, Y. Jyothi, S. I. Rabbani

Purpose: To study the potential effect of Asparagus racemosus extract on experimental anemic and thrombocytopenic condition in rats. Approach: The anti-anemic and anti-thrombocytopenic activities of chloroform:methanol (2:1) extract of Asparagus racemosus was studied using phenylhydrazine and heparin-induced models, respectively. Three doses of Asparagus racemosus viz., 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg (p.o, daily for 10 days) were tested in rats, and observations such as levels of RBC count, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), WBC, bleeding time and clotting time were recorded. Ferrous sulphate and prednisolone were used as standard agents for anti-anemic and anti-thrombocytopenic activities, respectively. Finding: The anti-anemic study indicated that Asparagus racemosusextract at 750 mg/kg (p<0.01) increase significantly the number of RBC, Hb and significantly decrease (p<0.01) MCH and WBC when compared with anaemic group. In anti-thrombocytopenic study, extract at 750 mg/kg decreased significantly (p<0.01) bleeding time and clotting time compared to heparin group. Our observations indicated that root extract of Asparagus racemosuspossess exhibited anti-anemic and antithrombocytopenic properties and these could be related to the phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, triterpenoids, polyphenols, carbohydrate, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds and tannins present in the extract. Originality: The present study is the first time evaluation of the anti-anemic and anti-thrombocytopenic effect of Asparagus racemosus. Conclusion: from our study Asparagus racemosus possess exhibited anti-anemic and antithrombocytopenic properties.

81-89

Authors: Tiewlasubon Uriah, Mrityunjaya B. Patil, Sivaiah Kumar

Purpose: To evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Nepenthes khasiana leaf extracts against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Approach: In vitro antioxidant activity was measured spectrophotometrically for the methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of N. khasiana using different assays i.e DPPH, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. For hepatoprotective effect, the rats of either sex were administered with 30% w/v ethanol at a dose of 5 g/kg b.w. orally for three weeks. Methanolic extract of N. khasiana leaf was administered to the experimental rats at 100 mg, 200 mg and 400 mg/kg, p.o. for three weeks. The hepatic markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and total proteins were evaluated and supported by histopathological studies of the liver. Findings: The methanolic leaf extract of N. khasiana exhibited strong antioxidant capacity with IC values 50 of 23.33±0.441, 62.75±0.713 and 38.38±0.425 μg/mL respectively and this extract was selected for hepatoprotective studies. The results showed that administration of methanolic leaf extract of N.khasiana reversed the liver damage due to alcohol as evident from histopathological studies of the liver. The HPTLC fingerprinting analysis of the methanolic leaf extract of N. khasiana at different wavelengths revealed presence of many compounds which may provide basic information regarding the isolation, purification, characterization and identification of marker chemical compounds of the plant species. Originality: The present study is the first time evaluation of the hepatoprotective effect of the methanolic leaf extract of N. khasiana on ethanol-induced liver injury in rat models. The isolation and characterisation of the active principle require extensive research in the future. Conclusion: From our study, the methanolic leaf extract of N. khasiana shows potent hepatoprotective effects, hence it can be used as a natural protecting agent against liver damage.

94-97

Authors: A. Ankit, Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed, C. H. Vinay, A. Sanjana

Purpose: Gastric retentive drug delivery devices can be used for controlled drug delivery systems containing drugs, which are degraded in the colon. The main objective of the present study is to design and formulate gastric retentive controlled release dosage form of bisoprolol fumarate in order to improve the gastric residence time, which in turn increases its bioavailability. Approach: Floating dosage form of bisoprolol fumarate was prepared by direct compression method using different concentration and grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and sodium bicarbonate. Prepared powder mixtures and tablets were subjected to various pre-compression and post-compression evaluations respectively. Findings: Powder mixture showed good flow properties for uniform die filling. The SEM analysis showed minimum number of pores and erosion on the surface of the tablet. The optimized formulation F8 gave floating lag time less than 3 min with a floating time of 12 h, and an in vitro release profile very near to the desired release. The prepared dosage form reported to follow the zero order release and non-Fickian mechanism. Best formulations were subjected to accelerated stability studies. The assay results showed that the drug was stable for 3 months without any change in the drug content. Conclusion: Finally it can be concluded that the gastric retentive time of bisoprolol can be increased by formulating it in a floating dosage form.

61-65

Authors: Neenu Khanna, Sharma Ram Sarup

Background: Family history represents the integration of shared genomic and environment risk factors. This suggests that family history might be a practical and useful way to target interventions and disease prevention efforts of the prone population. Anthropometry provides the single most portable, universally applicable, cost-effective and non-invasive technique for assessing the size, proportions and composition of the human body. Basic anthropometric measurements and their derived indices are used as indicators for the presence of diseases and their assessment in clinical practice. Purpose: Present work has been carried out to determine whether such abnormalities can be detected in healthy young adults with a family history oftype 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension at an early age that may presage the onset of these chronic diseases. Methodology: The study was conducted among 400 healthy adults (20-30 years of age). The derived indices were determined from the basic anthropometric measurements. Results: The various basic and derived anthropometric indices showed changes in healthy adult offspring from type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertensive parents. Conclusion: All the derived anthropometric indices like BMI, WHR, WHtR reflect significantly increased value in young healthy adults (20-30yrs of age) having positive family history of both the chronic diseases type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension.

42-44

Authors: Susheel Kumar, Kiran V. Barar

Objective: HIV/AIDS patients stabilized on antiretroviral therapy have a greater loss of body weight, and therefore need adequate nutrition.The objective of this study was to correlate nutritional status, body weight of patients and CD4 cell count in HIV/AIDS patients stabilized on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). Methodology: An observational study was conducted on people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA), who were registered at ART centre of P.B.M. & associated group of hospitals in Bikaner, Rajasthan (India). The patients under study (n=28) were already stabilized on HAART based on NACO- India. These PLHA were consuming different types of food/diet, the effect of which was under study on ART-induced changes in CD4 cell count and body weight of patients. A food/nutrition assessment form including body weight of patients and scoring system of Healthy Eating Index (HEI) were used to assess the nutritional status of PLHA. Findings: The study showed insignicant increase (p>0.05) in both CD4 cell count and body weight. The mean HEI score indicates inadequate diet consumption and poor nutritional status in PLHA. Conclusion: The balanced and healthy diet has positive impact on immune status and body weight of HIV/AIDS patients stabilized on HAART. Our observations underlie the fact that as because the subjects understudy were mostly from low socioeconomic group and the low Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score, therefore, further rise of HAART induced CD4 cell count was not found to be signicant.

51-56

Authors: Manjunatha S. Katagi, Jennifer Fernandes, Shivlingrao Mamledesai, D. Satyanarayana, Prakash Dabadi, Girish Bolakatti

Background: Poisoning with organophosphorus (OP) compounds are frequent because OP are widely used as insecticide or pesticide. OP compounds exert inhibition on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by irreversibly binding to the catalytic site of the enzyme. The inhibition of AChE leads to hyperstimulation of muscarnic and nicotinic receptors due to excess of acetylcholine (ACh). Methodology:Various quinolin-2(1H)-one fused oxazole were synthesized by condensation and cyclization of chalcones with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in presence of piperidine. Synthesized compound were tested for in vitro reactivation of chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion inhibited AChE enzyme using pralidoxime (2-PAM) as standard reference. Result:Among the synthesized compounds, the compound 3b, 3f, 3g, and 5a have showed promising activity as compared to standard against chlorpyrifos inhibited AChE. However, 3f and 3gshowed good activity as compared to standard against methyl parathion inhibited AChE. th Conclusion: The derivatives having nitro and chloro substitution at 4 position gave potent activity against both OP compounds as compared to standard at concentration 0.001 M. Moreover, these quinolone fused oxazole seem to be very promising because of their sufcient reactivation potency at lower concentration (10-3 M).