World Journal of Experimental Biosciences

26 - 31

Authors: Sanjay Chhibber, Ayaid Khadem Zgair

The bacterial adhesion to the biotic and abiotic surfaces represents the first step in infection and contributes to increasing the pathogenicity of bacteria. In the current review, we have shed light on the ability of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces and the role of this adhesion in increasing the virulence of this bacteria and its ability to cause infectious diseases. The adhesion of S. maltophilia to abiotic surfaces contributes to the bacteria’s resistance to the wild spectrum of antibiotics in addition to evading the body’s immune response during biofilm formation. Bacterial appendages such as flagella and pili play an important role in adhesion to biotic and abiotic surfaces. Studies have shown the role of the flagella of S. maltophilia in adhesion to biotic and abiotic. The current study also showed the role of pili of S. maltophilia and bacterial outer membrane proteins in adhesion to the surfaces. The adhesion of bacteria to biotic surfaces occurs through the attachment of bacterial appendages to receptors located on the surfaces of living cells. The mechanism adopted by S. maltophilia to adhere to biotic surfaces is through binding to specific receptors on the surface of living cells or by attaching to mucus, especially in the respiratory tract. As for adhesion to abiotic surfaces, it depends on the hydrophobic forces as well as the electrical charges and the van der Waals force. Adhesion of S. maltophilia to the surfaces is considered one of the mechanisms used by bacteria to resist antibiotics and cause infectious diseases. The increased ability of S. maltophilia to adhere to surfaces has contributed to the increase in the pathogenicity of this bacteria in recent years.

38-41

Authors: Rusul Hisham Ahmed

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most impact autoimmune diseases in society, as it affects the movement and work of people. There are different types of medications given to patients with RA. The current study aims to fill the knowledge gap related to the effect of urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacterial pathogens in people with RA who have taken different types of medications on the activity of the disease in terms of disease activity score (DAS) 28. In the present study, The 100 cohorts included 30 healthy control volunteers and 70 RA patients divided into two groups, The first group contained 41 patients (24 female and 7 male) with RA and UTI; the second group, 29 patients suffering from RA (24 female and 5 male) without suffering from UTI. The study showed that there is no change in the level of disease activity DAS28 in the patients with RA getting different RA medicines (1. Enbrel and Methotrexate, 2. Enbrel, 3. Methotrexate, 4. Humira and methotrexate, 4. Rituximab) and their urinary tract infected with different bacteria as compared with DAS28 of RA patients using above medicine and did not suffer bacterial UTI. (P>0.05). No effect of the type of medicine on the DAS28 in each patient group. It was concluded for the first time that the RA medicines do not affect the activity of RA (DAS28) in patients with RA and suffering from UTI or not suffering from UTI.

45-49

Authors: Bashar Mohammed Salih Ibrahim, Mohammed Hadi Munshed Al-Osami

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered one of the complex autoimmune diseases that affects not only the body's joints but can also affect various organs of the body. There are several inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) used to estimate the activity and progression of the disease (RA). The current study aims to highlight the effect of bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) on the level of some inflammatory indicators (ESR and CRP), in addition to the level of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in the peripheral blood of patients with RA. The present study included 70 patients suffering from (RA) divided into two groups, the first group contained 40 patients (24 female and 6 male) with RA and UTI; the second group, 29 patients suffering from RA (24 female and 5 male) without bacterial UTIs, and 30 healthy control cohorts. The study showed that the levels of ESR, CRP, and ANA in the group of patients suffering from RA and bacterial UTI were not statistically different from their levels in patients suffering from RA only (without bacterial UTIs). The bacterial species (UTIS) did not affect the levels of ESR, CRP, and ANA in patients with RA and UTIs. The current study showed that bacterial infection of the urinary tract does not affect the level of basic inflammatory indicators (ESR and CRP) in patients with RA. It also does not affect the level of ANA. The study showed that the age factor and the period of treatment that a patient with RA undergoes do not affect the incidence of bacterial UTIs.

1 - 6

Authors: Razaq Hadi Eissa Al-Garawi, Layla F. Ali

The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the biggest changes humanity has faced over many centuries, causing health, social and economic disasters. Bacterial co-infections with COVID-19, especially respiratory tract bacteria play an important role in increasing the severity of the epidemic, increasing the mortality and morbidity rate, especially among elderly patients and immunosuppressive patients. Infection with the COVID-19 virus paves the way for the occurrence of high-risk bacterial respiratory infections caused by many species, through the effect of this virus on the immune system and the destruction of lung tissue. Immune modulation is considered one of the strategies that the body follows to confront COVID-19 infection and co-bacterial infections. That may cause affect negatively on the human body as a result of immunosuppression due to many factors, including the use of immunosuppressive drugs. The mechanism of interaction between infection with COVID- 19 and co-bacterial infection is governed by several factors, including the role of the virus in paving the way for the infection to occur, in relation to its effect on the immune system directly or indirectly, in addition to the role of the virus in removing barriers to bacteria to cause infection. The use of antibiotics in an appropriate manner (not excessive) can have a positive impact on the treatment of bacterial infections associated with infection with COVID-19, as well as vaccination against some respiratory system bacteria, in addition to COVID-19. The trend in the future is to innovate ways to treat or vaccinate the cases of suffering from COVID-19 co-bacterial infections could play an important role in reducing the death rate in these cases.

11-15

Authors: Ruia S. Kamal, Hayder Badri Ali

The morphological features used in the classification of aphid species are supported by microscopic examination. This process requires significant expertise and facing several challenges. The present study aims to collect aphids from different environments and classify them using their morphological features. The different aphid samples were collected during the spring and summertime. The genus and species of aphids were classified. The samples were prepared by cooking the samples in 95% ethanol for 10 min in a nutshell. The body contents of the aphids were boiled for 10–20 min in a 10% KOH solution or for 2–5 min in 40% KOH until they liquefied before being transferred to 5 ml of distilled water. The measurement of the antenna (ANT), the distance along the antenna from the Processus terminalis (ANT PT) tip to the base of the segment I. Base antennal VI: The distance between the basal articulations to the main rhinarium's distal end. The distance between the apical ends of the main rhinarium to the tip of the ultimate antennal segment is known as the processus terminalis (ANT PT or PT). Body length (BL) is the distance between the front's midpoint and the cauda's base. Cauda: The distance between the cauda's center and apex. Siphunculi: the distance between the base and peak of a siphunculi. The length of the ultimate rostral segment (URS) is measured from the tip of the rostrum to the basal articulations of segment 4. HT II: Length of Second segment of hind tarsus from basal articulation to the tip of the segment. According to the above measurement, three species of the genus Rhopalosiphum Koch; Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Rhopalosiphum sp. was identified in the studies area. It can concluded that the morphological feature can be depended on in the classification of aphid but that need to be supported by the other new technologies.

21-25

Authors: Rusul Hisham Ahmed, Ayaid Khadem Zgair

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered one of the most common autoimmune diseases in the world. The nature of this disease, as well as the medications used to treat it, contributes to the occurrence of various bacterial infections. The current study aims to determine the effect of bacterial urinary tract infections (UTI) on the activity of RA in terms of DAS28. In the present study, urine samples were collected from 70 patients suffering from RA and 30 healthy volunteers who did not suffer from RA. The bacterial isolates were isolated and identified using different enrich, selective, and differentiation media. Biochemical tests were also used to identify bacterial isolates. Bacterial diagnosis has been enhanced using VITIC technology. The study proved that the incidence of bacterial UTI patients with RA was higher than in the healthy control group who do not suffer from RA. The highest bacterial infection was found in the case of Staphylococcus aureus followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus. While the lowest bacteria infection was found in the case of Klebsiella pneumoniae. There is no significant difference in the DAS28 of the cases (RA) infected with Escherichia coli, K. pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium, and Streptococcus spp. The infection (UTI –RA) with S. haemolyticus involved with disease activity (high DAS28) P<0.05 as compared with DAS28 of all RA cases. It can be concluded from the current study that the rate of UTI in patients with RA was higher than in healthy people who do not suffer from RA. The species of bacteria that causes UTIs does not affect the level of activity of RA (DAS28) except the S. haemolyticus.