International Journal of Ground Sediment & Water

Number 17, 2023

1041
Editor Board

Authors: Sun Jichao

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Editor Board © International Journal of Ground Sediment & Water, ©Sun Jichao. The website is https://ijgsw.eu.org/ http://ijgsw.net/

1049-1073
Assessment of Tertiary (Oligocene and Miocene) Limestone for their Suitability as Dimension Stone, Sona Pass Area, Karachi Pakistan

Authors: Adnan Khan*, Afrida Fatima Ahmed, Sumaira Asif Khan, Umair waseem

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Abstract: Geochemical and geotechnical characterization of Pir Mangho limestone, Halkani limestone unit Talawa limestone and Turitela bed of Tertiary age was carried out for their suitability as dimension stone. For this purpose, limestone samples (n = 8) were collected from Sonapass area. Petrographic properties reveals that all the collected samples are fine grained allochemical limestone enrich with fossil fragments as frame work grain. As per Dunham (1962) classification, Pir Mangho and Talawa limestone are classified as boundstone while Halakni limestone and Turitela units are classified as grainstone. According to Folk (1959) classification Pir-Mangho and Halkani limestone unit is classified as biosparitic limestone while, Talawa limestone is bio-micritic limestone. As per Munsell color chart most of the samples are reddish yellow followed by pinkish white and yellowish red in color. CaO and MgO content varies in the order of Lp (49.9%) > Lt (47.40%) >, Lh (30.81) > Lm 25.45% and Lm (2.20%) > Lh (1.30%) > Lt (0.84%) > Lp (0.72%) respectively. In Lp and Lt limestone samples, the average SiO2 content is < 6%. On the other hand, Lh is found to contain 32.59% silica. Likewise, the mean content of Na2O and K2O varies in the order of Lh (0.47%) > Lm (0.44%) > Lt 0.06% > Lp (0.05%) and Lh (1.25%) > Lm (0.69%) > Lt (0.23%) > Lp 0.215% respectively. On the other hand, Al2O3 content in all studied samples varies in the order of Lh (5.94%) > Lm (4.76%) > Lt (1.28%) > Lp (1.15%). The average iron oxide content in collected samples is found to be 1.36% (Lp), 2.99% (Lt), 3.67% (Lh) and 14.90% (Lm) respectively. Absorption data of present study reveal that except sample Lm-8, all samples are classified as high density rocks where mean absorption values of all samples varied in the order of 3> 1.42 > 2.66 for Lh, Lt, and Lp respectively. On the other hand, sample Lm-8 is classified as medium density rock with high degree of absorption (5.27%). Collected samples have shown variable bulk density where average values are 2545.673 kg/m3, 2289.44 kg/m3, 2326.33 kg/m33 and 1990.80 kg/m3 for Lp, Lh, Lt and Lm respectively so these rocks are classified as high to medium density rocks. The average compressive strength of collected samples are 42.21, 41.93 and 42.16 Mpa for Lp, Lh, and Lt respectively suggesting that these are medium density rocks and results are comparable with ASTM C 568. The Lt, Lp and Lh have acceptable range of modulus of rupture, with the average value varying in the order of 23.7 > 22.61 > 22.48 and comparable with ASTM C568. Absorption has negative relationship with compressive strength and density. While, density has positive relationship with compressive strength. Hence, these results indicate that except sample Lm-8 all the collected limestone samples of Nari and Gaj formations are suitable for the purpose of medium grade dimension stone. © International Journal of Ground Sediment & Water, ©Sun Jichao. The website is https://ijgsw.eu.org/ http://ijgsw.net/

1083-1095
Pre-monsoon Assessment of Ground Water Using Water Quality Index (WQI) of Shah Faisal Town, Malir River Basin, Karachi

Authors: Adnan Khan*, Aasma Khan, Salman Arif

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Abstract: Groundwater samples (n=15) were collected from various sites of Shah Faisal Town from a variable depth range (70-400 feet). The TDS varied from 766.08 to 5490.24 mg/L with a mean of 3128.16 mg/L. Circum-neutral pH (6.84-7.56) is evident within the WHO guidelines (6.5-8.5) for drinking. All the samples have objectionable (> 500 mg/L) level of hardness content where it shows a wide range (600-1800 mg/l; mean: 1200 mg/l). The samples ' sodium content (Range: 200-1223; mean: 711.5 mg/L) exceeded WHO limit (200 mg/L). Calcium and magnesium concentrations varied between 40-240 and 92.34-340.2 mg/l with a mean of 220 mg/l and 216.27 mg/l, respectively. Both these elements exceed about 5 times the corresponding permissible limits set by WHO for drinking water. On the other hand, two third samples show elevated bicarbonate content (Range: 210-500; Mean: 355 mg/l). Similarly, nitrate varies between 3.758-14.2 mg/l with a mean of 8.97 mg/l. Fluoride concentration varies between 0.78-1.65 mg/L with a mean of 1.215 mg/L where only 2 samples exceed WHO limit (1.5 mg/L). The water quality index (WQI) is found to be87.32 which suggests that the groundwater is very poor and only suitable for irrigation. It is concluded that about half of the samples failed to meet the water quality criteria set by WHO for drinking. The problem is aggravated due to anthropogenic activities mainly by sewage infiltration and water supply conditions. © International Journal of Ground Sediment & Water, ©Sun Jichao. The website is https://ijgsw.eu.org/ http://ijgsw.net/

1103-1115
Gierer-Meinhardt nonlinear system for pattern formation: An analytical and computational approach

Authors: Zakir Hossine 1, Afia Farzana 2, Md. Abdur Rafe 3, and Md. Kamrujjaman 4*

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In the universe, an infinite number of patterns are visible, which is the premier beauty of nature. Mathematical modeling is a powerful tool to decorate the patterns in scientific computation. This paper studied the Gierer-Meinhardt reaction-diffusion model of pattern formation to visualize a class of patterns for different animals and plants. It is also noted that many biological and chemical phenomena can be explained using the Gierer-Meinhardt model. We have analyzed the linear stability to get the stability and instability conditions of a system of reaction-diffusion equations with diffusion and in the absence of diffusion. Finally, as an application, a series of different types of patterns are presented using numerical simulation of the model. © International Journal of Ground Sediment & Water, ©Sun Jichao. The website is https://ijgsw.eu.org/ http://ijgsw.net/

1119-1129
Teaching Method and Systematic Course Monitoring System for

Authors: Jichao Sun*

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This paper introduces a teaching method and a systematic course monitoring system for the "Introduction to Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering" course at the School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing). The method allows students to self-evaluate and self-score their learning, tracks and analyzes data over years, and aims to explore factors affecting student development and improve teaching quality. In the teaching process, teachers use three evaluation methods: standardized fill-in-the-blank questions, subjective evaluations by students, and an anonymous evaluation system to evaluate the teaching effect. Analysis shows that the pandemic has had less impact on students' psychology but significantly affected their knowledge acquisition. Before the pandemic, teaching effectiveness was improved, while during the pandemic, it decreased. © International Journal of Ground Sediment & Water, ©Sun Jichao. The website is https://ijgsw.eu.org/ http://ijgsw.net/