International Journal of Ground Sediment & Water

973-976

Authors: Jichao Sun

Abstract: Particle flow calculation is an essential method for numerical simulation. Single spherical particles cannot meet the increasingly complex particle simulation requirements, and joint particles may simulate materials with different shapes. To ensure the consistency of simulation and actual materials, the gradation of the two materials needs to be the same. However, the premise is that the particle size of the joint particles is obtained by calculation. It is very cumbersome for researchers to form particles and calculate the particle size when calculating joint particles. This problem can be solved by building a particle database. This paper establishes this database, and parameters such as particle size and area of joint particles are calculated. It dramatically simplifies the workload of joint particle simulation personnel and can compare simulation results of different researchers, which is beneficial to the promotion of research results. © International Journal of Ground Sediment & Water, ©Sun Jichao. The website is https://ijgsw.eu.org/ http://ijgsw.net/

999-1022

Authors: Siraj Sh. Mohamed Adam, Ibrahim Mohammed

This review aims to generate basic information for beneficiaries and users about the indigenous breed of Ethiopian goats and their productive performance, social and economic significance of goat production, and major goat production programs in Ethiopia. Some of the constraints and opportunities for goat production are also discussed in this paper. Ethiopia has a large number of livestock; 65.35 million cattle, 39.89 million sheep, 50.50 million goats, 8.98 million donkeys, 2.11 million horses, 7.70 million camels, 0.38 million mules and 48, 96 million chickens. The country has the largest number of goats on the continent, which serves several functions for the communities. In Ethiopia, goat production represents 16.8% of the total meat and 16.7% of milk consumption. Indigenous Ethiopian goats are less productive than cold breeds. Goat production was largely affected by food shortages, diseases and parasites, market depressions, low genetic production and severe water shortages. There are ways to increase goat production, as various development partners are involved in higher education. Currently, research and development is underway on goat development. It is important to use modern production systems with advanced technology in urban and urban areas and to improve the traditional system in rural areas by adding food and better medical care. © International Journal of Ground Sediment & Water, ©Sun Jichao. The website is https://ijgsw.eu.org/ http://ijgsw.net/

899-916

Authors: Abdi Hassen, Ibsa Dawid

ABSTRACT: Production of hydroponics fodder involves growing plants without soil but in water or nutrient-rich solutions in a greenhouse for a short duration (approx. 7 days). The use of nutrient solutions for the growth of hydroponic fodder is not essential, and only tap water can be used. The hydroponics fodder is more palatable, digestible, and nutritious while imparting other health benefits to the animals. Feeding hydroponically produced fodder increases the digestibility of the nutrients in the ration, which could increase milk production. In situations where conventional green fodder cannot be grown successfully, farmers can produce hydroponic fodder for feeding their dairy animals using low-cost devices. Nowadays, several countries are practicing it for their sustainable livestock production. Developing seed culture and new activities in hydroponics reduce production costs and help cooperatives produce and sell. Thus, it is vital to use hydroponic fodder for livestock, which is low cost and highly nutritive. Therefore, this technology is found to be conducive to almost all livestock. Hydroponic feed is a natural product produced without the use of any hormones, growth promoters, or chemical fertilizers. There is no pesticide, fungicide, dust, or toxic that could contaminate livestock products. This technology has a solution to avoid the scarcity of green feed in dry seasons and urban areas with a shortage of forage production. Therefore, there is a need to develop specific low-cost devices to produce hydroponics fodder under given local conditions. So further studies and development efforts should be made to expand its applications is needed. © International Journal of Ground Sediment & Water, ©Sun Jichao. The website is https://ijgsw.eu.org/ http://ijgsw.net/

939-956

Authors: Petros Chavula

Most developing country's governments in Sub Sahara African countries’ including Zambia's and international organizations have committed major resources to promote Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) as a means of increasing resilience to the effects of climate change. Zambia has made significant progress in expanding CSA and is now regarded as a regional leader in this file. This research is of great importance in ascertaining adopted practices impacts among rural farming households and contributions to soil physicochemical properties (agroecosystem). The study's findings will aid in the improvement of CSA activities and have an impact on policy regarding the development of future intervention approaches. Hopefully, CSA activities in Zambia will be scaled up, resulting in more effective resource use and CSA project execution. Therefore, an inclusive study is needed to quantify the effects of CSATs on soil physicochemical properties across different (selected) technologies and household consumption among smallholder farmers. The inclusive study will conduct a statistical analysis with a holistic econometric approach. © International Journal of Ground Sediment & Water, ©Sun Jichao. The website is https://ijgsw.eu.org/ http://ijgsw.net/