Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan

Yuniawati, Dulsalam, Maman Mansyur Idris, Sona Suhartana & Sukadaryati

Authors: Auxiliary Tools of Log Hauling Truck to Reduce Slipped Wheel on Soil RoadWithout Paving

Timber hauling has a main goal to remove timber from forestland to the wood processing industry or directly to consumers. The hauling should be managed efficiently, so that the smooth running of transport should be prioritized. Slip is a serious obstacle that must be anticipated when hauling using trucks. It can reduce labor productivity and increase cost of hauling. The experiment was conducted in April 2014 in the RPH Ciogong, BKPH Tanggeung, Cianjur KPH Perhutani Unit III West Java and Banten. The pur pose of research is to find out the use of auxiliary tools for reducing road slip in teak land hauling. The auxiliary tools were designed and manufactured in the workshop. The tools were then applied on the truck wheels in various slopes of slip. Results showed that: the average slip on slope class 0-8%, 9-15% and 16-25 % respectively 3.24 %, 6.11% and 7.58 % with each traction coefficient of 0.59, 0.44 and 0.36. The productivity of teak logs using the tools on slope class 0-8 %, 9-15% and 16-25% respectively 92.02 m3.km/hour,89.07 m3km/hour and 83.59 m3km/hour and production, costs of corresponding teak logs are Rp 2640.01/m3km,Rp 2737.92/ m3km and Rp 2917.27/m3km.

283-302

Authors: Dian Anggraini Indrawan, Lisna Efiyanti, Rossi Margareth Tampubolon & Han Roliadi

Indonesia's paper consumption, including wrapping paper, might steadily increase in the future and create challenge for domestic wrapping-paper production due to the dwindling potency of conventional fibrous stuffs (e.g. natural-forest woods). Alternative ligno-cellulosic fibers should be introduced, such as pioneer-tree woods potential for plantation-forest (PF),e.g.jabon and terentang; sengon PF's logging wastes; pulp/paper mill's sludge; and pineapple-leaf fibers. In relevant, trial on pulp manufacture for wrapping paper was conducted using those alternatives. Initially, each alternative-fiber was examined for their basic properties (i.e. specific gravity, chemical composition, and fiber dimensions/their derived values). The fibrous pulping employed a hot alkali semi-chemical process (except sludge). The pulp-sheet with 60 g/m basis-weight target was 2 formed from the mixture of jabon-wood pulp, terentang-wood pulp, sengon-wood pulp, sludge, and pineapple-leaf pulp (w/w) in particular proportions; then to each proportion were added additives (alum 2%, clay 5%, wax emulsion 3%, tapioca starch 4%, and rosin soap 3%); and on the resulting pulp-sheets were tested their physical, strength, and optical properties. Results revealed that the proportion regarded as the most prospective for wrapping paper comprised terentang wood pulp (20%), jabon-wood pulp (20%), sengon-wood pulp (40%), and pineapple-leaf pulp (20%). The tolerable proportion for incorporating sludge should comprise sludge (20%), terentang-wood pulp (20%), jabon-wood pulp (20%), sengon-wood pulp (20%), and pineapple-leaf pulp (20%). The presence of harmful/toxic heavy metals in the sludge which have been strongly indicated should thoroughly be accounted; and hence further experiment on their removal prior to the sludge use for wrapping paper deserves carrying out.

315-327

Authors: Efrida Basri & Jamal Balfas

In general, wood from plantation forests are dimensionally unstable, therefore, timber use are limited. This paper sobserves dimensional stability of chemically densified fast-growing teak (JCT) and jabon woods. JCT and jabon woods were impregnated using a mixture of old teak sawdust extracts and resin. The resin used were vinyl acrylic and polyvinylm acetate in three concentrations : 8, 10, and 12% (w/v),and two compositions of resorcinol resin. Results show that in general, dimensions of the impregnated wood are more stable than non-impregnated wood.Wood impregnated with the mixture of teak extract solution and resorcinol resin shows better dimentional stability than other resins.

347-363

Authors: Santiyo Wibowo & Djeni Hendra

This paper studies the information on production technology of bio-oil from gelagah grass (his paper studies Saccharum spontaneum Linn.) and its properties using fast pyrolysis. The variables used in this study are temperature 550 C and o 600 C and size of samples which are 20, 40 and 60 mesh. The results showed that highest production of bio-oil attained o from sample size 40 mesh with treatment at 550 C, with the following characteristics; yields of liquid was 30 88%, phenol.7.58, pH 2.62, specific gravity 1.1108 g/cm , heating value 25 29 MJ/kg and flame power was at slow level. Bio-oil 3.produced by this process predominantly composed of acetic acid, phenols and dan 1-hydroxy 2-propanone.

377-385

Authors: Totok K. Waluyo & Gunawan Pasaribu

"Jernang” or known as dragon's blood is one of high value non-wood forest products originated from Indonesian forest. Dragon's blood which is a red colored resin secreted from rattan's fruits has been utilised traditionally. This paper determines the antibacterial and antifungal capability againts bacteria (Basillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and fungus (Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus). The antibacterial and antifungal capability was determined based on the in vivo wound healing test on rabbit. The result shows that in general, “jernang” provides antibacterial and antifungal capacity against bacteria and fungus. The ethyl acetate jernang extract which were effective as antimicrobial to heal the wound.

167-174

Authors: R. Esa Pangersa Gusti & Zulnely

Mata kucing dammar has long become remarkable export commodity, most of which unfortunately is still in natural form(chunk-shappedexudates)obtainedfromthetappingof itshosttrees( ).Accordingly,suchdammar still contains large amount of impurities thereby lowering its qualities or trade values. Consequently, this necessitates a thorough purification attempt to enhance the dammar's added-value. The dammar purification prevalently uses organic solvent. However, the market demand for the solvent-free dammar products currently tends to increase commensurate with the advancement in dammar usage for drugs/ medicine and food industries. In relevant, purification of mata-kucing dammar was experimented using manual heating system, rather than organic solvent. Result revealed physico-chemical properties of the heat-purifieddammarwerenotsignificantlydifferentfromthoseof naturaldammar(withoutpurification treatment)aswellasof thesolvent-purifieddammar.Even,withrespecttoashcontent(impurities)andtolueneinsolubility, the heat-purified dammar seemed to be better than the natural dammar. GC-MS analysis revealed there were five major chemical compounds with relatively large contents in heat-purified dammar. Such phenomena were similar to those in the natural dammar,with the contents of those compounds in theheat-purifieddammarslightlyhigher.

181-191

Authors: Djeni Hendra, Armi Wulanawati, Kamela Gustina & Heru S Wibisono

Bintaro seed is widely used as an alternative raw material for biodiesel and waste the fruit-shell. This paper studies the utilization of fruit-shell waste for activated carbon. Activated charcoal was relied on two factors, namely chemical activator (H3PO4 consentration) and activation time of hot steam. Activated charcoal quality was tested against Indonesian National Standard (SNI 06-3730-1995). Results show the best activated charcoal is the treatment using H3PO4 15% and 90 minutes hot steam. The process produce activated charcoal quality of 9.98% moisture content, volatile matter 9.16%; ash content 12.45%; fixed carbon 78.4%; adsorption on iodine 784.498 mg/g; adsorption on benzene 17.73%; and adsorption on methilene blue 127.705 mg/g. The adsorption mechanism is similar with those adsor ption of Langmuir isotherm with linearity of 0.9691.In term of improving water quality the best activated charcoal should be able to reduce the consentration of Fe in the water by 100 % and Mn by 86.94 % respectively.

215-224

Authors: Sona Suhartana & Yuniawati

Log skidding technique in peatland is different with those practiced in dry land. A well planning is required especially in the use of the skidding tool. Since skidding takes a large portion of production costs, it is nedeed to compensate by increasing productivity through implemention of the proper harvesting techniques. This paper studies the increase of productivity and minimize production cost by implementing RIL technique at peat swamp plantation forest. The study was conducted on 2012 at the work area of PT Satria Perkasa Agung, in Simpang Kanan District, Pelalawan, Riau Province. Data of skidding cost and productivity were processesed by using tabulation to obtain the mean and then analized using t-test of SPSS 18 software. Results show that: 1. RIL Skidding technique in peatland could increase the average of productivity by 8.37% and decrease the average production cost of 3.93%; 2. The use of proper matting lines on skidding in peat swamp forest can reduce uneffective time about 8.3% equal to 3.66 minutes/trip.

235-246

Authors: Iyus Hendrawan, Sutrisno, Purwiyatno Hariyadi,Y.Aris Purwanto, Rokhani Hasbullah2

Indonesia is rich of non-rice carbohydrate source including forest intercropping plants. Simulated Rice Grain (SRG) was made from non-rice carbohydrate sources which had close characteristic to the physicochemical properties of flour and Ciherang grain variety. This paper studies the machine design of Stimulated Rice Grain (SRG) made of non-rice carbohydrate from forest intercropping plant. SRG forming machine design is approached through the design criteria, design analysis, functional design and manufacturing processes, while SRG forming machine was tested using mixed material made from 30% of arrowroot starch, 42% of beneng taro flour and 28% of sorghum. The specification of SRG forming machine is 6.8 x 2.2 x 5.06 mm for die space dimension, 1.9–2.3 for pressure ratio, 600 N for pressure force, 70o for angle of repose, 0–5000 microseconds for space time length, capacity of 900 grain per hour and 25-80 oC for die space temperature regulator. It resulted SRG with length of 7.1 mm, thickness of 2.8 mm, slightly rounded shape, grain firmness of 0.1-2 N, rice grain density of 620-770 kg/m3and grain weight of weight grain 17.5-29 g per 1000 grains.

253-260

Authors: Adi Santoso., Gustan Pari & Jasni

Polyphenol chemical components extracted from merbau (Intsia spp.) wood exhibit a strong affinity for resorcinol and formaldehyde in alkaline conditions, forming a copolymer that could serve as an adhesive. This paper studies the use of resorcinol adhesives from merbau wood extracts containing poly phenolics which copolymerize with formaldehyde bonding wood laminates. Results show that copolymer of merbau extracts with formaldehyde could produce resin with molecular weight 49,658. The resin can be used as adhesive for laminated board manufacturing of a 3 ply-1strip flooring parquet constructed with 7 wood species, i.e: sungkai, karet, kempas, merbau, mangium, mahoni and sengon. Bonding quality and physical-mechanical properties of the products laminated meet the same product that glued using imported adhesive and included exterior quality with E0 or F**** types of low emission formaldehyde

81-92

Authors: Saptadi Darmawan, Wasrin Syafii, Nyoman J Wistara, Akhirudin Maddu & Gustan Pari

Activated carbon has been used widely for various applications. Hydro-char which is hydrothermally carbonized from biomass could be used as an alternative precursor for activated carbon manufacture, which is commonly obtained from pyrolized-char. This paper observes crystalline structure of Acacia mangium's pyrolized-char and hydro-char using XRD (X-ray diffraction). The mangium wood was carbonized in 200°C and 300°C and depth analysis was conducted based on activated carbon product. Result shows carbon maturity index and aromaticity from both precursors (conventional and alternative) tends to increase after being activated; interlayer spacing (d002) is getting closer; meanwhile, crystallinity is greater; and the number, height as well as width of aromatic layers are increasing. Hydro-char exhibited crystallinity degree, maturity and aromaticity lower than those of the pyrolized-char obtained at 300oC carbonization, with the greater volatile content. Both types of char perform carbon structure with amor phous texture. The greatest iodine adsorption is achieved by hydro-char which was carbonized at 300oC. In general, XRD analysis on low temperature carbonization of pyrolized-char and hydro-char could predict the porosity of activated carbon.

105-114

Authors: Nurwati Hadjib, Abdurachman & Efrida Basri

This paper studies the physical and mechanical characteristics of the glued-laminated (glulam) beams made from small diameter of three fast growing species i.e. teak (Tectona grandis L.f), mangium (Acacia mangium Willd.) and trembesi/monkeypod (Samanea saman Merr.) using water based polymer isocyanate (WBPI) as a binder. Six plies of wood combination species were laminated into final dimension of 6 cm x 12 cm x 300 cm. Each laminate was graded using Machine Stress Grading (Panter, plank sorter) to determine its Modulus of Elasticity (MOE). Crosss-section of two type of glulam beam was 6 cm x 12 cm, arranged of various widths and based on values of laminate MOE. Results show that the average and range value of the glulam density were 0.658 g/cm3 and 0.557-0.821 g/cm3, with the moisture content of 14.6% (13-16.8%). The average of the glulam modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were 75.51(37.016-12.0446) kg/cm2 and 494 (145-750) kg/cm2 respectivelly. The glulam made from teak has better MOE and MOR performances compared to those of mangium and trembesi. In general, the results showed that almost all of glulam beams tested meet requirement of JAS (Japanese Agricultural Standard) 2007 for structural glulam in moisture content, MOE, MOR, and shear strength. The glulam qualities can be classified into E65-E95-F225-F270, except for several species combination beams. Based on the strength classified and the ratio of S/W, the glulam can be used as a construction material except glulam teak-trembesi (preserved or unpreserved) and the unpreserved trembesi-trembesi. The three types of glulam can be utilized for the lightweight construction

125-133

Authors: Jasni & Sri Rulliaty

This study aims to determine the resistance of 20 wood species against subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) and dry wood termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light). The test method of subterranean and dry wood termites refers to the SNI 01-7207-2006. Parameters observed for determining resistance class to subterranean and dry wood termites are the percentage of wood weight loss and the survival percentage of termites. Besides that, a subjective observation an severity of subterranean and dry wood termites attacks were also conducted. Results show that the resistance of 20 wood species against subterranean termites are as follow: class II (3 wood species), class III (2 wood species), class IV (13 wood species) and class V (2 wood species). The resistance to dry wood termites of the 20 wood studied species can be grouped as follow: class I (4 wood species), class II (5 wood species), class III (8 wood species) and class IV (3 wood species).

145-151

Authors: M. I. Iskandar & Achmad Supriadi

The previous research of bagasse utilization from the sugar plant's waste for making boards using Urea Formaldehide (UF) as an adhesive up to 10%, resulted particle's boards with inferior physical and mechanical characteristics which could not fulfill the Indonesian standard. This paper investigates an improvement effort by increasing portion of adhesive to 12% and 14%. Results indicated that the boards had better quality than the previous research. All aspects of the improved particle's boards could fulfill standard of Indonesia, Japan and FAO, except thickness swelling and MOE values which are below the standard. There have been a clear tendency that a higher level of adhesive exerted a better quality, although particle boards characteristic were not affected by adesive level, except modulus of elasticity.

167-174

Authors: Sri Komarayati & Santiyo Wibowo

Research of liquid smoke from 3 species of bamboo has been conducted by using modified drum furnace. The pur pose of this study is to determine the chemical components and other properties of liquid smoke. The results showed that the yield of liquid smoke 3 types of bamboo ranged from 5.00 to 24.00%, a pH of 2.70 to 3.36 has been standardized Japan; gravity of 0.99 to 1.03, acetic acid 31.37 - 83.59%, from 1.37 to 2.07% methanol and 0.56 to 1.24% total phenol. Acetic acid, methanol and total phenol liquid smoke test results of black bamboo has the highest value, followed by liquid smoke and spotted bamboo lowest in the liquid smoke bamboo betung.

1-10

Authors: Adi Santoso & Gustan Pari

Formaldehyde emission and physical-mechanical properties of particleboard bonded with urea formaldehyde (UF) could have negative effects on human health, specially when used in a room with limited ventilation. To reduce formaldehyde emission, an adsorbent can be added into adhesive mixture. This report describes the effect of imposing active charcoal into urea formaldehyde adhesive in terms of formaldehyde emission, physical-mechanical changes and economic aspect of the recycled particleboard. Results showed that the addition of active charcoal in particleboard production significantly changed the product properties. The charcoal addition as much as 3% to the UF adhesive could reduce formaldehyde emission and improve physical-mechanical properties of particleboard, and meet the Indonesian and Japanese Standards. The addition of active charcoal into particleboard is financially feasible.

19-34

Authors: Maman Mansyur Idris) & Soenarno)

Tree length logging method is an alternative way in timber harvesting to improve the efficiency of timber utilization and preservation of forests resources. This paper studies the performance of tree length logging application method in operational scale. Observation was conducted in the forest area of PT Sarmeinto Parakanca Timber in East Kotawaringin Regency, Central Kalimantan Province, where Intensive Silvicultural Technique (SILIN) was applied. Data were collected through observation and direct measurements in the field including labor productivity and cost of felling and skidding, logging waste, exploitation factor (FE) and the damage of residual stand. Results show both felling productivities and skidding were improved. The felling capacity was improved into 60.535 m3/hour and skidding was improved into 31.931 m3/hour. The application of tree length logging can also reduce the felling cost into Rp 1,604.36/m3 and skidding cost into Rp 21,142.75/m3. The method also increase the exploitation factors (FE) into 0.93 and minimize the damage on residual stand by 20.70%.

47-60

Authors: Wesman Endom & Soenarno

The engineering and trial testing on the skyline system tool of third Generation Expo-2000 powered by 13-HP engine was conducted to look into its performance for exstracting wood logs from the forest at steep terrain. This undertaking took place at Forestry District Resort of Tanggeng, Forestry District of Cianjur, the State-Owned Forest Enterprise Unit III, Cibatu Village, West Java. Results revealed that working productivity was 1.72 m3of wood/hour, with the entire cots of tool ownership and wood extraction at Rp 138,587.39/hour or being equal to Rp 80,346.45/m3.

69-80

Authors: Luciasih Agustini & Lisna Efiyanti

Delignification signifies as the crucial stages in converting lignocelluloses into ethanol. It affects further hydrolysis and fermentationprocesses.Thispaperlooksintothe effectsof threedifferentdelignificationprocesses(physical-,chemical-,and biological- treatments) of lignocellulosic biomass (i.e sawdusts of sengon and oil-palm petioles) on cellulose hydrolysis and fermentation. Physically, biomass was pressurized in autoclave which has been set for 121°C, 1 atm for 30 minutes. Chemically, 1% H SO was added during pressurized process. Biologically, pressurized biomass was inoculated using microorganism MD-14 FB.1 obtained from INTROF-CC collection For the control, biomass stuffs without chemical, physical, and biological treatments, sustained the hydrolysis/fermentat ion process as well. Delignification properties with regard to hemicellulosecontents in the treated as well as control biomass were examined according to the ASTM procedures. The amount of glucose exhibited from cellulose hydrolysis was determined by 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method, while the ethanol content was determined by potassium dichromate method. Results show that in general, chemical delignification is more effective than physical and biological treatments. It shows greater yield of lignin decomposition and sugar liberation in hydrolysis. Chemical delignification treatment produced about 0.0022 - 0.4046% ethanol from the substrate fermentation. The enzyme produced from the isolationhas not significantly optimized the ethanol fermentation. Further research is needed in finding the compatibility between lignocellulose biomass and enzymes which were developed frommicrobeisolates.