Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan

163-170

Authors: Bady,Agus Ismanto,Dominicus Martono, Abdurachman & Andianto

This experiment aims to look into appropriate formulate lvhich may improve pbysica! properties and dimentional stability of bamboos to optimize their uses as construction materials. Results revealed that length of culm (stem), number of internodes, and internode length varied in accord with different bamboo species. Moisture content of bamboo varied depending on species, i.e.bija« orater(236.15%), mayan (181.52%), tali (117.32%), and hitam (111.83%).Likewise, bamboo density also varied, i.e.tali (0.93), andong (0.88), mayan (0.83),hijau or ater (0. 79), hitam (0.78), and betung (0. 78). The density of bamboo decreases in cross-section moving from the periphery,middle to inner part.Volumetric shrinkage uarieds according to bamboo species, i.e. mayan (9.04%),betung (15.75%),andong(16.32%), and ater (38,45%).The highest ASE percentage (95.57%) occured at ater (LO), 1vhile the lowest (-144.92%) u/as of mayan (SC a). Bamboo that afford responses to ASE percentage value was arrangedfrom the highest, i.e. LO, PEG, SPo, B, A, C. The LO agent iuas absorbed the least l?J all bamboo species,foll01ved in increasing order by PEG with the expection of hitam bamboo. Bamboo that absorbed the suell-resisting order by PEG 1vith the least was the andong (14.22%) with LO, and the greatest inflicted l?J hitam (13 7.54%) untb PEG. Almost all bamboo species uere able to absorb the entire s1vell-resisting agents in largeamount.The retention of agentsin dry bamboo was arranged in orderfrom the highest to the lowest, i.e. PEG, LO, SCa, and SPo.The highest to the lowest retentions n/ere of consecutiveay hitam, ater, tutu,andong,mayan, and betung.

287-300

Authors: Nani Nuriyatin & Ku.rnia Sofyan

The abundant availabili!Jof bamboos in Indonesiahasprot1ptedtheirpossibleusesas raw materiaflar pulp and paper.This is expectedto replace its co"esponding conventional raw 111aterials (i.e.woods),1JJhich nowadqys tend to bedwindling,scarce,and lit11ited In relevant,this research aims to assess the suitabilily of bamboo stemfar I11ch comprision several species.The groupingof bamboo species brought out the resalts.i.Arundinaria hllndsii and.Arundinaria javonica as pattern 1; Cephalostachyum pergracile andMelocanna baccifera as pattern 2; Dendrocalamus strictus and Dendrocalamusgiganteus as pattern 3;and Dendrocalamus asper and Gigantochloa apus as patterns 3 and 4).In assessingthe bamboo suitability far pulp and paper, an approach 1JJastakfin wherel?J the bamboospecies in the particalar pattern was examined offiber dimensions (i.e. fiber length,.fiberjlexibili!J, rigidi!J coefficient, &mkel ratio,and M11hlstep ratio).To evaluate whether there were significant differences in the examination]determination results a111ong those 4 patterns, the analysis of variances(probabili!Jlevels)with completely standardized one-faaor design was e111pk?Jedfallowed with the differentrangetest of the resultingmeans(i.e. T11ck4'fprocedares}. Thefactor was thosefour ba111boopatterns.R.esr1ltsrevealedthat each of thosefourpatterns basedon.fiberlength andfeltingpowerbelongedto class I, indicating as the mos»'[auourablfear pulp and paper.Meanwhile, otherscroti'!J based onfiber flexibility,ri.ftdity coefficient, &mkfilratio, and Mr1hlstep ratio turnd out that all the patterns belongedto class III.Further;bamboo species catagoriedas pattern I exhibitedspecies charactersII/ch as affordingt hehighest. fiberjlexibili!Jandlowest rigidi!Jcoefficient as 1vell as nmkfil ratio compared to those of the atherpatterns.Meanwhile,bamboo species inpattern 4 exhibitedthe highest.fiberlengthandjeltingpower.Ultimate!J, assessmenton the overall.fiber dimensions and their derivedualuescame about that all thefa11r bamboopattern belongedto class III, asindicativequalitiesof the res11ltingpulpand paper However,to 111akfi sure whether I11ch indicationproved true, furtherin-depthresearch on thepulp and paperprocessingjro111those entirebamboos (pattern 1 until 4) deservescarryingout.

312-321

Authors: Sita Heris Anita,Dede Herl Yuli Yanto & Widya Fatriasari1

The lltilization of black liquor produced in p11lp and paper production has been limitedfor adhesive. Jn microbiology,blackliquorcan be usedas a selectivemedium. The purpose of thi.rsturfy 11Jas to evaluatetheperjortnacne of lignin isolated from black liq11orof biop11lpingproms as a selectivemediu111far J1Jhite-rotfungi.Ugninf,ro111 black liquor of soda and kraftpulping of bamboopetung iuas isolatedby acid addition. Ugninsolid iuas thenpurifiedusing dioxan solution, 11Jeighted and qualitative/yana/yzed usinga spectrophotometer.The isolated lignin11Jas added to agar media to test the 1vhite-roft ungi selectivi!J (Phanerochaetecrysosporium and Trame/es versicolor).The results sboued that pretreafflJentof bamboofar 30 dqysgive more lignin than the 45-dqys treatedbamboo. Ugnin solidfrom kraft processwas also higher than ligninfromsoda process. Enzyme secretionfromfungiT. uersicoloroccursmore rapid/ythan P chrysosporium on selectivemediaalkali-lignin

356-368

Authors: Andianto

Pulau Alstonia sp.J belonging to the family Apocynaceae, produces latex which is .frequently used as a traditionalmedicine.Variousliteratureson 111edicinal tree species.frequently mention about it, but a description of the wood and bark anatomy of pulai up to the species level is hardly found Anatomical structure of wood and bark of Alstonia scholaris, A. angustiloba and A. pneumatophora were observedon samplesproduced using a microtome. Dimensionsof woodfiber and vesselcells also weremeasured Observations showed that the three species of pulaiwood can be distinguished'from the differences in diameter and.frequency of vessel cells, type and arrange111ent ofparenclly111a cells, width and composition of the rqycells. The bark of these species can be distinguishedbased on theform of sklereid cells and thepresenceof dilationed rqycells (IPideningrqycell).

211-225

Authors: Dian Anggraini & Han Roliadi

Small-scalepaperboard industriesin Indonesia are mrrentfyfaced with theptvcumnent continuity offibrous raw nyaterial(partim/arfypulp and wastepaper).Wastes ofpal11J-oil processing as e11Jpty oil-palmfruit bunches (EOPFB),inherentfy ligno-cellulosicfibers,are abundantfy available;and asyet have not been utilized comnyercialfy,hence indicating their potential uses as raw materialfor suchpaperboard industries.In relevant, the BO PFB has been experimentally pt1lped usinghot soda semi-chemicalprocess i11 the se11Jipilotscale closed (pressurized)digester, emplf!Ying thefixed cooking condition, i.e. soda (NaOH) concentration 10%, EOPFB toliquor ratio 1:5.5,and maximto temperaf11re 120 'C held for 2 hours. This digester serves as a part of eqnipmenf etnpl(!)led in S11Jall-scalepaperboard manufacttlre.The EOPFB pt1lpyield reached 60.17%. Paperboardsheet iuasformed in a small-scalepaperboard industry-from EOPFB pt1lp (100%);andfrom its mixtur« with wastepaper andpaper-tnill slt1dge(50%:25%:25%),eachfiber stt1ffs incorporating the additives (i.e. 5% kaolinfiller,2% alum retention aid, and 4% tapiocabinder).Strengthproperties ofpaperboardfrom the mixed sttifft (EOPJ-13 pulp, wastepaper,and slt1dge) were somewhat lowerthan those of 100% EOPFBpulp, but better than thoseproduced hy small-scalepaperboardindustriesthat use raw nyaterial of maste paper - sludge mixture (50%:50%,withot1t additives);and could mostfy satiify the standard requirementfor commercialpaperboard,exceptfor burs» index and tear index.These shortcon Jings can expectedly beimproved thro11ghthe use of rosin-soapsizing and greateramount of tapioca binder.

234-237

Authors: Sri Komarayati,Gusmailina & Gustan Pari

research on intregrated manufacture of charcoal and wood vinegar was alreatfy carried out in the modified kiln constructed of double drum combined with a condensing technique device, therel: Jyielding not only charcoal but also concurrent!J distillateliquid or the so called wood vinegar (liquidsmoke). The kiln operated IJJith a batch system, and the raw materialfor such was astesfrom wood processing industries. This researchaims to look intothe manufacturaes well as qualities of charcoal and wood vinegar bothproduced concu entlyusing the double drum type carbonization kiln, and smltinize theprospective usesof the latterprodua. Resultsrevealedthat the kilnturned out as much as 6.00-15.00 kg of charcoaland 2.40-4.40kg of wood vinegar. Based on theinputcharge of raw material, the charcoaiyieldreached9.90-21.08%, and wood vinegaryield 4.95 - 7.3 5%. The chemicalcomponents in wood vinegar as identified using highperformance liquid chromatograplny (HPLC)and gas chromatograplly (GC)consisted of consecutively acetic acid (21.31ppm- 30.05 ppm), methanol (0.44% -1.15%) and phenol (52.41 ppm - 63.26 ppm).Results of anaflsisusingGCM.S(aschromatograplly-mass spectrometry) pyrolisis exhibited that the wood vinegaryielded l:J each species of wood waste contained as many as 20-32 chemical components, which differedfrom one species to another. The nutrient elements in the resultingwood vinegar comprised C organic(6.12- 7.35%), N total(0.62-0.67%), P,01total(0.24-0.31%,), and K,0 total(0.31-0.36%).Usesof wood vinegar were numerous, among others as food preservative,pesticideandplantdiseaseremetfy,organic liquidfertilizer,plant f erlilizer, disinfectantand inhibitorfor microorganisms,andfungiand bacteriaprevention.

259-270

Authors: Sihati Suprapti, Djarwanto & Hudiansyah

Five wood species i.e. ki lubang (Calophyllwngrandiflorwn]JS), ki kuya (Ficus vasculosa WaJL Ex Miq.), ki bulu (Gironnierasubaequalis Planch),ki hantap (SterculiaoblongataRBr.) and ki bancet(Tu.rpinia sphaerocarpaHassk.) were evaluated its resistanceproperry against elevenfimgalattacks usingKolle-flashmethods. Sampies of every woods pecies wereext ractedfrom two differenttree stands,divided radially into twogroups,narnel Jouter and inner parts of log. Results indicated that C. grandiflorum, G.subaequalis and T. sphaerocarpa were moderate!Jresistant (classIII), while,S. oblongata andF. vasculosa werenot resistant (class TV). Thepercentageof samplesweight loss on tree-I was lower than that on tree-II,however both are categorizedas not resistantwood (class IV). Co1nparingof those two samplesgroups, the weightloss-of the innerpart was lower than that of the outerpart of logs, nevertheless thry are both classified as not resistantwood (class IV) to thefangalattack. The highest weight loss was encountered on both the outer and inner logparts of tree I and II of S. oblongata and F. vasculosa exposed to Pycnoporussanguineus HHBI-324~ 40%).

87-103

Authors: Dulsalam & Han Roliadi

Explotation factor is the ratio between the volume oflog actually utilized and the volume of log that could be utilized. The ratio is used in log production planning, i.e. to estimate the log volume that can be produced from a given forest. Explotationfactor is in correlation with several variables including land configuration and field condition,the type log utilization, harvesting infrastructure and facilities,tree species orforest types, and the skill of operators.Ibis research was to estimate the proper exploitation factor of Acacia mangium plantation in Aek Nauli, North Sumatera. Exploitation factors were calculatedfortwo different land configurationsas indicated by two different averageslopes, i. e 0-15% and 15-2 5%.Tbe average exploitation factorfs orthe two land configuration were 0. 97 and 0.95, respectively, whichare statistically not significantly different.

115-127

Authors: jasni & Han Roliadi

This research examined the resistance of 16 rattan species against powder-post beetles (dinoderus minutus fabr). Samples of each rattan species were tested in plastic bottles containing 10 alive and healtbypowder-post beetles. The weight loss ofeach sample and the percentage of surviving powder-post beetles after lmonth were measured and statistically analyzed. In addition,the degree of powder-post beetles attack on each sample was also observed. The result was used to classify the resistance ofthe 16 rattan species. Only five out of 16 species were classified to be highly resistant (resistance class I and II) while the rest belong to low- resistance class(rasistance class III- V). The result ofthe study also suggested that weight loss and beetles survival are good indicators of the degree of attack as they were found to exhibit positive correlations.If rattan of the low resistance species are to be utilized, a proper preservation is necessary.

142-154

Authors: Neo Endra Lelana Barly & Agus Ismanto

The aim of this research was to evaluate the toxicity of technical-gradechromated-boron salts formula against wood termitesand wood rottingfungi. Woodsampleswerepreservedusing vacuum• pressuremethods with 5 different concentrations.For the test against subterranean termites,25 mm x 25 mm x 5 mm preserved wood samples wereput in containerspreviouslyfilled with humid sand media and 200 Coptothermes curvignatus termites. For the test against dry wood termites, 50 Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light wereput into glass tubes which were attached onto the widest surface of treated wood samples measuring 50 mm x 25 mm x 20 mm. Meanwhile, the test against rootingfungi was carried out by putting preserved wood samplesinto pot containing Schizophyllum commune that was culturedin potato dextroseagar. The testingperiod was 12 weeks, exceptfor the test against dry wood termiteswhich was only conducted in 4 weeks. The resultsshowed that technical• grade chromated-boron is highly effective to prevent subteranean teremites and dry wood termites. Total or 100% termites mortality was attained using 1% concentration with 6.01 kg/m3and 5.64 kg/m3retention,for subteranean and dry-wood termites, respectively. For wood rotting fungi, the effective concentartion was 7. 5% with 455.44 kg/ m3 tention.

179-188

Authors: Barly Agus Ismanto & Dominicus Martone

In many hardwood timbers the sapwood is susceptible to attack by sapstain and several woods destroying insects. Boron preservative is relatively harmless to human being and to livestock. Wood preservatives based borax have beenformulated by adding soda ash. The wood specimens were treated in 5% (wlv)solution offive conditions borax-soda ash compound i.e: 1.0: 1.5; 1.5:1.0;1.0:1.0;2.0:1.0,and 1.0: 2.0 (wlw).Observation ofsoda ash-borax mixtures efficacy wasperformed after e-xposure to sap-stain,subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren and dry wood termite Cryptotermes cynocephalus_Light with choose methods. In the results, lower anti-termite {ndicates of5% solution soda ash-boraxformulation (1. 0: 2. 0) net dry salt retention expressed in terms of boric acid equivalent 7. 23 kg/m 3and anti sap stain indicates very good class with 4 week protection times.

1-9

Authors: Ina Winarni & Jasni

Two of most important basicproperties of rattan infurnitureand household manujacturing are chemical compound and resistance to ponder post beetles. Thisstutly examined the two basic properties of four rattan species winch are currently less utilized Thefour species, namely Daemonorops fissa (M.iq.) Bl or rotan JVira, Khorthalsia flagellaris Miq. or rotan dabanan,Korthalsia angustifolia BL or rotan ahas and Calamus unifarius H. Wendior rotan kertas, tuere collectedfrom Central Kalimantan and South Sumatera. Chemical compound u/as determined for loJ Ving TAPPI and ASTM standards. Resistancetopowderpostbeetles (Dinoderus minutus Fabr) was tested using 2cm length samptes. Results indicatedthe cellt1/ose and lignin components of the foer rattan species are as follow Daemonorops fissa (M.iq.) BL- 48.00% ce/111/ose and 28.28% lignin, Khorthalsia flagellaris Miq.: 53,0% cellulose and 22,90%lignin, Korthalsia angustifolia BL:46,49% cellulose and 25146% lignin, and Calamus unifarius H. Wendi.•27, 10%cellulose and 27.10% lignin. Testingon resistance to powder post beet lessboued that Daemonorops fissa (M.iq.) Bl and Korthalsia flagellaris Miq.belongto classII, whileKorthalsia angustifolia Bl. and Calamus unifarius H. Wendi belongto class III. Thes res11lts suggesthefour rattan are appropriatae s raw material furniture fabrication and accessorie stoprovide added valueof particular products.

20-32

Authors: Sri Komarayati Ina Winarni & Djarwanto

Sago (Metroxylon spp ), an endemicplant of Indonesia, ispotential for bio-ethanol base material Bioethanol can be produaedfrom sago core, starch as well as fiber by utilizjng certain enzymes. This research was conductedto determine the effectivenees ef alpha amylase and gluco-amy laseenzymes for bio-ethano prodnaion. The process employed in this research include delignification using alpha amylase enzyme, saccharifi cation using gluco avrylase enzyme,and 3-d~ fermentation attenrperature28-30°C and pH of 5-5.5.the processconcl11dedwithdistillation at 78-10rf C Laboratory results showed thatproducing ethanolfrom sago strach with a combination ef 0. 18 mL/ liter alpha amylase and 0.48 ml/ liter gluco amyiasegives the highestpercentageef bio-etbanol, name!J 6 5%. The combination of 0. 13 mL/ liter alpha anrylase, 0.11 mL/ liter gluco aurylase and 0.33g/ literyeast on sago core only produces 44.84% ethanol using the same combination on sagofiber gives as low as 8.26% ethanol At the small scale, production using stracb, core andfibergives24%, 11% and 4% ethanol respectively.

46-56

Authors: Sona Suhartana & Yuniawati

Logging activity is associated with high risk and frequent working accidents. Factors such as difficult terrain, inappropriate tools, workers'low ability may lead to working accidents.The oijective of this stuefy was to uncover workers knowledgeand awareness about working health and safety. Thestuefy was conductedat Ciatlyur Forest Districtof Pern111 Perbutani UnitIII, West Java. Data obtained through interviewwas analyzed with Likert scale.The results showed that workers under standing of working health and accident was adequate(good score). Workers know ledge how ever, was not yet supported with sufficient working equip ments.

67-77

Authors: Mohammad Muslich & Sri Rulliary

Durabiliry is an important criteriaef wood qualiry. This stuefy examined the durability ef 15 local wood species against termitesas wellas marine borers. Wood samples meamriug 5.0c111(length) x 2.5C111 (ividth) x 2.0c111 (thick)were exposed to dry-wood termites (Cryptoterms cephahalus Light). Othersamples measuring 2.0cn1 (length) x 0.5cm (width)x 0.5cm (thick)were tested agains tsubterranean termites (Coptotermems rvignatus Hohngreen). For the test Again stmarine borers,the sauiples were 30 cm (length) x 5 cm (width)x 2.5cm (thick). The test revealedthat none of the 15 species testedwere durable againstly 1ari11e borers attack. On!J 011e species was considered with high durabiliry against dry-uood termites, namely tarisi(Albizialebbeck Benth). Likewise, on!J 011e species was sufficiently durable against subterranean termites,i.e. kayu putih (melaleuca cajuputi powell).