Revista Clio América

160-168

Authors: Daniel Arturo Prieto Hernández, Jesús Manuel Borja León, Stalin Ballesteros-García

Thanks to globalization, there are different patterns within the New Economic Geography, which explains the causality of phenomena of economic agglomeration in specific geographical areas. Such phenomena lead to the strengthening of world economic powers. Trade agreements are signed within the World Trade Organization, and they have become a framework for bilateral negotiations, which contemplate measures to optimize trade relationships, in its turn governed by certain international treaties. This paper analyses how intellectual property issues are working within these agreements and how the WTO-plus generate an environment of fierce competition where countries with the economic capabilities of Colombia must deal with refined economic clusters such as the European Union and are subject to its rules, which affects national competitiveness.

177-187

Authors: María Patricia Durango Gutiérrez, Luis David Delgado-Vélez

The high level of quantitative development that is being applied in the creation of investment portfolios in the financial market allows developing methodologies based on criteria and mathematical models adjusted to the economic reality that manages to minimize losses and obtain a greater economic benefit expected by the investor. The objective of the article is to define a methodology for the creation of an investment portfolio, according to the risk profile of the investor for portfolios with multiple assets and that, through value at risk, simulate the optimization of the portfolio and generate greater profitability. When determining that the portfolio is composed of shares of different Colombian companies and in different economic sectors, and through monitoring it allows incorporating an analysis of the financial risks to which investors are exposed, allowing to reduce the probability of loss that affects the equity or caused by changes and / or adverse movements in the risk factors that affect the price or final value.

205-218

Authors: Mario Rojas Miranda and Oscar Rodríguez-Medina

This paper provides an analysis of two cycles of monetary easing in Mexico. The first took place in 2009, during the global financial crisis, and the second occurred in 2013−2014, when the Mexican economy lost dynamism. In both periods, the actions taken by the Bank of Mexico provide ample evidence of its efforts to stabilize output and employment, while ceding importance to the fight against inflation and, in doing so, adopting a hierarchical mandate. The abundant global liquidity generated in developed countries by the great recession facilitated the monetary flexibilization in Mexico. A revision of official information from the Bank of Mexico in 2009 and 2013−2014 provides data on the cuts made to the reference rate, their periodicity, as well as their quantity. The two cycles of monetary expansion diminished the cost of money with the goal of incentivizing investment and consumption while counteracting the weakness of the Mexican economy.

240-253

Authors: Eliecer Mayorca Capataz and Dolly Yamile Mayorca-Beltrán

The study of the company has been a very important research área in the Social Sciences. Therefore, through an interdisciplinary documentary review, its analysis is addressed to construct the theoretical bases of the productive enterprise as a center of operations and physical location, which demands of the people in their condition of entrepreneur, collaborator, at managerial level, or operative interacting daily and collectively with others, providing knowledge, experience, learning, wisdom in the joint development of activities aimed at producing the goods and services that the community demands and needs to meet their needs. In this way, the classical business theory is approached, with its antecedents, the development of the capitalist enterprise, and the Industrial Revolution with the appearance of the machine, awakening great interest for industrial units, the construction of an organizational theory where Entrepreneurs and executives, due to the complexity achieved assume the task of giving the correct direction, and introduce efficiently the innovations product of industrialization. As a result, we obtain that the company is the great source of learning and vehicle to exploit resources, coordinate and always maintain a growing population.