Revista Clio América

18

Authors: Luis Eduardo León Ganatios

Since 1999 a constitutional reform in Venezuela introduced some mechanisms of direct democracy such as the referendum and the plebiscite. Although this process broadened the means for citizens’ participation in the political system, there were important setbacks in political and civil liberties. The goal of this paper is to measure the quality of democracy according to a series of indicators that draw upon Robert Dahl’s conception of polyarchy.

18

Authors: Francisco Batlle Rois Méndez, Judeira Batista Ojeda, Maritza Zambrano Prieto

The main purpose of this research was to analyze the technology management in world-class companies belonging to the drinking sector at the San Francisco county, Zulia State, Venezuela. The tenets of National Model for Technology (MNT) (2009) and the theoretical contributions of authors such as Gaynor (1999), Peters (2006) and Bosch (2000), in relation to the management of technology were reviewed. The study was descriptive with a non-experimental field-transactional design using a sample of 6 individuals in charge of managing technology in the production units of the Cervecería Polar and Pepsi Venezuela. The results, obtained by the questionnaire used for data collection, led to the conclusion that the technology in these companies develops empirically with a functional configuration and non established standards in terms of its integration to management knowledge or the need to generate R & D units that focus on technology management. However, it was recognize the impact of technology management in the positive results related to best practices and experience through surveillance activities, planning, empowerment, protection and technology implementation.

22

Authors: Edwin Causado Rodriguez

This article seeks to formulate a strategy for payment of material proportional to income in the process of a crab meat processing company in the department of Magdalena. Going to interview workers in the area of production, quality assurance, and raw material suppliers on the factors involved in the capture and processing of this product, and analysis of historical records of the process yields two recent years. This payment strategy has to benefit both the company by offering a proportionality between costs and selling prices, as well as a fisherman, so that to exploit the resource in a sustainable manner, through a medium size implemented by capture INPA at the time and appropriate by the INCODER and the Autonomous Regional Corporation of the Magdalena - CORPAMAG. For his latest, according to the sampling of product made, there is a greater tendency to find the minimum size crab fishing imposed by regulators, which provides proportionality between the costs of raw material sizes and selling prices finished product.

33

Authors: Jorge Enrique Horbath, María Amalia Gracia

Mexico City –as we know and experience it– is the result of a series of heteroclite processes, in which immigration dynamics and its sociodemographic characteristics constitute elements of utmost importance. The migratory flow of women into this huge city has not only produced some distinctive features but has also given rise to new social processes which have changed some of the tendencies observed in previous decades. Based on statistical information sources, this article casts a view on the recent immigration and the women who compose it, focusing on its location in urban space and the characteristics connected to household and working contexts these women move through. This has proved a complex phenomenon as it involves different and highly intense flows: Mexican and foreign women pouring in and settling down in differentiated etropolitan spaces where they are faced with the challenge of having to survive in the outskirts, take on jobs which underrate their civilian rights.

17

Authors: Alejandro Fernández Baptista, Cristina Seijo

The people have needs that must be met for a life in keeping with the basic principles of dignification of the human person, food, clothing, medicines, communication, entertainment, transportation, among others, are some of the basic needs of human beings every day strive to cover using decent, using work of their own potential each person. Modern organizations marketing as administrative process aims at achieving the satisfaction of those needs in the timely identification of those requirements, developing products and services satisfying them to create a proposal for a value exceeding those expectations. Modern organizations aims marketing as administrative process at achieving the satisfaction of those needs in the timely identification of those requirements, developing them satisfying products and services to create a proposal for a value exceeding those expectations. However, such a proposal should be immersed within ethical and moral parameters, which ensure the correct use of each of the elements of the mix of marketing, product, price, promotion and distribution. However, such a proposal should be immersed within ethical and moral parameters, which ensure the correct use of each of the elements of the mix of marketing, product, price, promotion and distribution. Thus when marketing managers make ethical decisions on these topics, would enable developing funding human organizations who promotes the common wealth the context of where she is possible. Thus marketing managers make when to ethical decisions on these topics, woulda enable human funding organizations developing who promotes the context of the common wealth where she is possible.

18

Authors: Arnold De la Peña, Cesar Augusto Rojas, Marlon De la Peña

The Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) Generate Different Environmental goods and services, for instance, carbon sink, habitat for flora and fauna, stocks of foods and raw materials, etc. This paper presents an attempt to value in monetary terms the service of carbon storage, with the aim to establish inputs for the decisions process of used. This paper presents an Attempt to Terms Monetary value in the service of carbon storage, with the AIM to ESTABLISH Decisions inputs for the process of used. The previous thing was done with base in field sampling of 15 trees of mangrove and in measurements realized in four stations of monitoring of the CGSM (Caño Grande, Rinconada, Aguas Negras y Luna) by INVEMAR (2008). The previous thing WAS done with basis in field sampling of 15 trees of mangrove and in Measurements made on-four stations of monitoring of the CGSM (Caño Grande, Rinconada, Aguas Negras and Moon) by INVEMAR (2008). For such aim, the estimates of total aerial biomass, the existence of carbon and the CO 2 e (equivalent carbon dioxide) were accounted by species and zone in the CGSM. For Such aim, the Estimates of total aerial biomass, the carbon and the Existence of CO 2 e (carbon dioxide equivalent) Were account by species and zone in the CGSM. The results showed that in relative terms the forests of mangrove of the CGSM could store between 6.9 at Luna and 45.7 in Rinconada of t C has- 1 . That results in the relative Eichmann Terms of the mangrove forests of the CGSM Could store at Luna entre 6.9 and 45.7 t C in Rinconada of you-1. The monetary valuation is between US$ 591.41 and 87.76 of t CO 2 e ha-1, according to the prices paid by non permanent forestry CERs paid by the World Bank. The Monetary Valuation is entre U.S. $ 591.41 and 87.76 of t CO 2 e ha-1, According To the Price Paid by Paid non permanent forestry CERs by the World Bank. The monetary valuation contributes to extend the importance of starting a process that allows to incorporate these economic benefits to the actual mechanisms of market that helps the local efforts for conservation. The Monetary Valuation Contribute to extend the Importance of Starting a Process That Allows to Incorporate These Economic Benefits to the current market of Mechanisms That Helps the local going efforts for conservation.

27

Authors: Luis Fernando Ayerbe

The paper approaches the U.S. perceptions about the sources of insecurity from Latin America, considered a low risk area and priority of its foreign policy. El análisis se concentra en la evaluación de las amenazas y desafíos a sus intereses estratégicos y las modalidades de actuación privilegiadas en la esfera regional, en que se verifican coincidencias entre las administraciones Demócratas y Republicanas en la adopción de un liderazgo con prerrogativas clasificatorias sobre los tipos de régimen político, con una agenda concebida como promoción de la convergencia hemisférica de democracias y economías liberales. The analysis focuses on assessing the threats and challenges to its strategic interests and privileged modes of action at the regional level, which verifies similarities between Republican and Democratic administrations in taking a leadership prerogatives qualifiers on the types political regime, with an agenda designed as promoting hemispheric convergence of liberal democracies and economies. En ese contexto, cabe destacar la prioridad atribuida a los países de la Alternativa Bolivariana para las Américas (ALBA) como eje opositor de sus políticas. In this context, include the priority given to the countries of the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (ALBA) as the linchpin of his political opponent.

32

Authors: Rosario Márquez Macias

This work reviews the different sources for the book trade between Spain and America, to analyze a exhaustive form the list of a book presented in a Holy court of Inquisition of Seville, thus has been found in the Indian General Archive since 1623-1739.