IADIS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON WWW/INTERNET

1-16

Authors: Helia Marreiros, Richard Gomer, Michael Vlassopoulos, Mirco Tonin and M.C. schraefel

Online service providers offer “free” services in exchange for the personal data of its users. In the last few years there has been an increase of online industry regulations requiring service providers, such as websites and app developers, to disclosure the ways in which they collect, process and use the personal data of service users. These “privacy disclosures,” such as the privacy policy, the cookie notice and, on smart phones, the app permission request, are designed with the purpose of informing users and empowering them to control their privacy. The interaction problems with these different types of disclosure are relatively well understood – habituation, inattention and cognitive biases undermine the extent to which user consent is truly informed. Users understanding of the actual content of these disclosures, and their feelings toward it, are less well understood, though. In this paper we report the results of a mixed-method exploratory study of the privacy disclosures and compare their relative merits as a starting point for the development of more meaningful consent interactions. First, we conducted a focus group study, with 21 students from the University of Southampton, to understand behavior and privacy concerns of Millenials (those born between 1982 and 2004) in response to the these three most common types of privacy disclosure. Second, we conducted an online survey, with 100 students from the University of Southampton, to study perception and feelings towards the content of the privacy disclosures. We identify three key findings. Firstly, we find heterogeneity of user perceptions and attitudes to privacy disclosures in both studies. The results of the focus groups suggests three types of users: the scared and worried about their online privacy, who think there is an option out; the naïve, who do not understand how their personal data is collected and processed by the online service providers; and the meh, who understand the tradeoff but are not worried about their privacy. Secondly, we find limited ability of users to infer data processing outputs and risks based on technical explanations of particular practices, suggestions of a naïve model of “cost justification” rather cost-benefit analysis by users. Finally, we show evidence of the possibility that consent interactions are valuable in themselves as a mean to improve user perceptions of a service.

34-51

Authors: Petar Jandric and Ana Kuzmanic

This paper explores theoretical and practical opportunities for describing human expansion into the digital worlds – the so-called ‘information revolution’ – using the wide body of theories and approaches under the common name of postcolonial science and technology studies (PSTC). In order to employ digital postcolonialism as a feasible research methodology, it explores three dialectically related themes: opportunities for creating a new geography of the digital and creating conceptual bridges between geospatial migrations of the past and digital migrations of the present, the relationships between the digital territories and the digital settlers, and situating the current stage of (post)colonialist developments into a wider historical context. On that basis, it shows that digital postcolonialism might provide a fresh insight into human relationships with information and communication technologies, and explores the main methodological challenges. Finally, it warns that the material base of digital postcolonialism is much more elusive than material base of geographical migration, and points towards further research directions.

69-82

Authors: Hind Talafha and Emad Abu-Shanab

Internet banking is becoming a commodity rather than a strategic choice for banks in the 21st century. This study aimed at exploring the influence of the factors adopted from the SERVQUAL model and extended with trust and security to predict customer satisfaction with IB. The second objective is to see if education, gender, and age have significant influence on the constructs proposed by the research model. The study utilized a questionnaire to measure the research model utilizing a structural equation modeling technique. Results emphasized the role of security concerns, reliability and responsiveness in predicting the level of trust in IB. Also, trust was a significant predictor of satisfaction in IB services. The level of prediction yielded 22% of the variance in satisfaction. Finally, nearly no influence was estimated by all three demographic factors in determining the level of all model variables.

98-114

Authors: Omar Almutiry, Gary Wills and Richard Crowder

The provision of high quality data is of considerable importance to health sector. Healthcare is a domain in which the timely provision of accurate, current and complete patient data is one of most important objectives. The quality of Electronic Health Record (EHR) data concerns health professionals and researchers for secondary use. To ensure high quality data in health sector, health-related organisations need to have appropriate methodologies and measurement processes to assess and analyse the quality of their data. Yet, no adequate attention has been paid to the existing data quality problems (dirty data) in health-related research. In practice, anomalies detection and cleansing is time-consuming and labour-intensive which makes it unrealistic to most health-related organisations. This paper proposes a dimension-oriented taxonomy of data quality problems. The mechanism of the data quality assessment relates the business impacts into data quality dimensions. As a case study, the new taxonomy-based data quality assessment was used to assess the quality of data populating an EHR system in a large Saudi Arabian hospital. The assessment results were discussed and reviewed with the top management of the hospital as well as the assessment team who participated in the data quality assessment process. Then, the assessment team evaluated this new approach.

1-16

Authors: Anna Ståhlbröst, Ali Padyab, Annika Sällström and Danilo Hollosi

All around the globe the concept of smart cities is growing at fast pace meaning that an increasingly amount of people are moving to cities, which causes problems for cities with energy supply, waste management, transportation, environmental issues and security to mention a few. To answer to these challenges, the concept of smart cities emerges referring to cities that invest in human and social capital, and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure that will fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance. Hence, for cities to be smart they cannot only install technologies, but they also need to invest in human capital and sustain a high quality of life. It is therefore important that solutions being implemented in smart cities answer to the needs and expectations citizens have as well as protect them from being exposed or forced into unwanted situations. In earlier studies it has become clear that people often are worried about their privacy due to our life being so easy to track and technologies becoming increasingly ubiquitous and pervasive. In this paper we will report on a study carried out with focus on understanding citizens view on information privacy concerns related to an intelligent acoustic smart city solution for audio monitoring. By means of this technology it was possible to detect events such as sirens, recognise speech commands and detects presence in public buildings. Audio monitoring is a relatively new and under research phenomena. Hence, in this paper an analysis of a survey on information privacy concerns, carried out with 1000 respondents around Europe, is presented and discussed. The basic findings from this study indicate that people have information privacy concerns related to this type of solution on a general level. However, when being more thoroughly introduced to the solution and its usage area, the citizens also became more positive towards the solution. The study also identified design principles that aims to support the design and implementation of smart city solutions that take not only users, but also affectees perspectives into consideration.

30-42

Authors: Gustavo de Oliveira Almeida and Deborah Moraes Zouain

The level of e-government readiness or development is widely unequal between countries. One of the main variables that explain this difference is the income level of the country. This paper aims to measure the impact of change of e-government index (and its composing sub-indexes) in the ease of doing business and the rate creation of new business in different groups of countries, categorized into high, middle and low income countries. The study used a panel data design, with four points (years 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014), in three change periods (2008/2010, 2010/2012 and 2012/2014), collecting data from various databases: Doing Business Report by World Bank, United Nations E-Government Survey, Corruption Perception Index by Transparence International and World Bank Entrepreneurship Survey. The data was joined and analyzed with non-parametric correlation and stepwise regression. The models had good predictive power for upper and middle income countries, but not for low income, indicating that different models should be applied to understand e-government relationship with outcome variables, according to the income level and e-government development level. Suggestions for future research are also presented.

57-71

Authors: Sunil Chaudhary, Yan Zhao, Eleni Berki, Juri Valtanen, Linfeng Li, Marko Helenius and Stylianos Mystakidis

Preparing students adequately against online-attacks is a constant teaching and learning challenge, no matter how many advanced security-related courses have been developed for higher education curricula worldwide. Recently emphasis has also been put on online identity theft and social awareness in general. The authors research the knowledge, skills and attitudes of future IT professionals, from a cross-cultural and gender perspective. The available data were collected from international students in Software Engineering and other IT related disciplines via a questionnaire. The processed data revealed that (i) students are not free of security misconceptions, which security education is called upon to address and (ii) courses about online security can be part of a strategy for increasing social awareness on privacy protection. This pilot survey also revealed that the following issues are crucial: (a) the cultural and gender dimensions, (b) personality traits and (c) teaching methodology and learning environment used for security education. The researchers specify strategic guidelines in higher education for timely privacy protection and citizens’ security. The information provided in this study will be practical and useful for curricula design and formal/informal learning practices. Hence, courses on security can be thought-provoking, interesting throughout the learning process and effective regarding the learning outcomes.