Journal of Acute Disease

253-261

Authors: Alok Semwal, Ratendra Kumar, Udai Vir Singh Teotia, Ramandeep Singh

Since the beginning of the human existence on the earth reproductive biology remained a main concern of research because of its importance. It is widely recognized and demonstrated that odors play an important role in mammalian reproduction. A large number of studies have been carried out in humans, in order to investigate possible pheromones, their properties, mechanism of action, and possible receptors for their action. Till now scientific studies indicated that humans use olfactory communication and are even able to produce and perceive certain pheromones. This review article aims to highlight the role of human pheromones as aphrodisiacs

270-276

Authors: Nabakishore Nayak, Sibanarayan Rath, Monali P. Mishra, Goutam Ghosh, Rabindra N. Padhy

Objective: To investigate antibacterial properties of the terrestrial fern Lygodium flexuosum (L. flexuosum) obtained from Kalahandi district, Odisha against enteric- and uro-pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples. Method: Frond-extracts of L. flexuosum were obtained by the cold percolation method using four solvents, petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water. Antibacterial potencies of concentrated cold frond-extracts were tested by the agar-well diffusion method against 7 multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria of which, 2 were Gram-positives, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE), and 5 Gram-negatives, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. Result: The cold-water frondextract had the best antimicrobial activity against 7 MDR bacterial isolates, compared to extracts with other solvents. Values of zones of inhibition against MRSA and P. mirabilis were the highest, 29 mm. Zones of inhibition against VRE and P. aeruginosa were 25 mm, while those were 23 mm against E. aerogenes and E. coli. The least size of zone of inhibition 19 mm was recorded against K. pneumoniae. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of active frond-extracts with water, chloroform, methanol, and petroleum ether were recorded. For the water extract, the MIC value 1.562 mg/mL against MRSA and P. mirabilis, but the value 3.25 mg/mL against VRE, E. aerogenes and P. aeruginosa, while the value of 12.5 mg/mL against K. pneumoniae were recorded. MBC values were the least with chloroform-extracts, with the range 12.5 for 6 bacteria, excluding P. aeruginosa for which, the value 25 mg/mL was recorded as MBC. Conclusions: Phytochemical analysis of the water-extract of L. flexuosum confirmed the presence of glycosides and carbohydrates, but alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids were absent. L. flexuosum, being a fern, is a suitable non-microbial source of antimicrobial for MDR strains of major enteric and uro-pathogens.

282-286

Authors: V. Vijayan, Shaik Aafreen, S. Sakthivel, K. Ravindra Reddy

Objective To investigate the treatment of acne and pimples as well as improves skin elasticity by solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded Neem oil. Method Neem oil as a natural agent was incorporated into SLNs prepared by double emulsification method using different concentration of lecithin and Tween 80. The characteristics of SLNs with different concentration of lipid were investigated. Results The average particle size of Neem oil loaded SLNs decreased with increasing concentration of surfactant. SLNs of (221.6 ± 2.0) nm with a Polydispersity index of (0.948 ± 0.040) were obtained at higher concentration of lipid and surfactant. High entrapment efficiency of 82.10% revealed the ability of solid lipid nanoparticles to incorporate a high quantity of Neem oil. Furthermore the stability of SLNs indicated with negligible drug leakage after 3 weeks. Conclusion The result concluded that Neem oil loaded solid lipid nanoparticles with more lecithin content in their colloid exhibit sustained effect which satisfactorily produced the antibacterial action on Acne microbes. Therefore Neem oil loaded SLN was used successfully for prolonged treatment of Acne.

292-295

Authors: Dinesh K. Patel, S.P. Dhanabal

Objective To set the analytical parameters for simultaneous determination of different phytochemicals present in the Abroma augusta (A. augusta). Methods Different phytochemical test including total phenol and total flavonoid content were carried out in the present investigation. Further, a rapid and simple high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis. Moreover antimicrobial study was also performed in the present investigation to know the presence of biological contamination. Results Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of glycoside, alkaloid, carbohydrate and steroid in the A. augusta. Total phenol and total flavonoid content were found to be 0.29% and 0.50% w/w respectively. All tested microorganism in the A. augusta extract were found to be under the limit. Chloroform: methanol: acetic acid: H2O (170:25:25:4) was used as a solvent system for the qualitative and quantitative analysis through HPTLC Method. HPTLC analysis revealed 1.87 % w/w of linoleic acid in the A. augusta extract. Conclusions Results showed that the selected parameters in the present investigation would set the new standards for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of A. augusta.

300-303

Authors: Alok Semwal, Ratendra Kumar, Udai Vir Singh Teotia, Ramandeep Singh

Ficus retusa (F. retusa) belongs to family Moraceae is a large and extensively growing tree across Indian continent. It's commonly known as Chilkan and Marabuten. This tree is claimed to have medicinal properties. The aim of present study is to investigate the pharmacognostical characters of important medicinal plant, F. retusa L. The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of macroscopical, microscopical characters, standardization, phytoconstituents and chromatographic analysis of F. retusa leaf and bark. Various standard methods were adopted to carry out the investigation.

310-315

Authors: Udaiyar Muruganathan, Subramani Srinivasan, Dhananjayan Indumathi

Objective: To investigate the effect of carvone on dearrangement in glycoprotein levels in the streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic model. Methods: Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40 mg/kg b.w). The levels of glycoproteins were altered in experimental diabetes mellitus. Carvone were administered to diabetic rats intragastrically at 25, 50, 100 mg/kg bw for 30 d. The effects of carvone on plasma glucose, insulin, plasma and tissue glycoproteins were studied. Results: Oral administration of carvone (50 mg/ kg b.w) for 30 d, dose dependently improved the glycemic status in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The levels of plasma glucose were decreased with significant increase of plasma insulin level. The altered levels of plasma and tissue glycoprotein components were restored to near normal. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that carvone can potentially ameliorate glycoprotein components abnormalities in addition to its antihyperglycemic effect in experimental diabetes. In light of these advantageous results, it is advisable to broaden the scale of use of carvone in a trial to alleviate the adverse effects of diabetes.

322-326

Authors: Raju Senthil Kumar, Balasubramanian Rajkapoor, Perumal Perumal

Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of methanolic leaf extract of Indigofera cassioides (I. cassioides) (MEIC) using various animal models. Methods: Antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of MEIC was assessed by using different animal models. Anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was evaluated by using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma method. Anti-nociceptive activity of the extract was evaluated for its central and peripheral pharmacological actions by using Eddy’s hot plate method and acetic acid-induced writhing respectively. The study was carried out using dose of 200 & 400 mg/kg orally. Aceclofenac, aspirin and pentazocine was used as standard drugs to evaluate antiinflammatory and analgesic activities, respectively. Results: Treatment with MEIC significantly (P<0.001) decrease the paw volume and weight of cotton pellet in the tested models. It also exhibit potent analgesic activity on chemical and thermal induced pain in mice. MEIC exhibit potent and dose dependent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in all the tested animal models. Conclusions: All the results obtained revealed that the extract MEIC showed potent antiinflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity against all the tested models and the results obtained were comparable with the standards used. The activity of the extract may be due to the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids and other phytochemicals.

330-331

Authors: Beuy Joob, Viroj Wiwanitkit

Acute chest pain is an important medical complaint that needs proper management. The acute myocardial infarction, which is an emergency condition primarily presented with chest pain. The important concerns in management are early diagnosis and prompt treatment. An important factor determining the success of treatment is the time before visiting to the physicians. In this report, the authors summarize on the time before visiting to the physicians. It can be seen that the health education to general people on the danger of acute chest pain is required.

334-336

Authors: Orazulike NC, Oriji VK, Fiebai PO

To report a case of live birth in a 53 year old woman following assisted reproductive techniques (ART). A 53-year-old civil servant who registered for antenatal care at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) in 2008 at 17 weeks gestation is presented. She had conceived after 4 years of infertility follow treatment by intracytoplasmic sperm injection/embryo transfer (ICSI-ET) using her husband ’s sperm and donor eggs. The pregnancy was complicated by breech presentation at term. She was delivered of a healthy live male infant by elective caesarean section at 38 weeks of gestation. The puerperium was complicated by hypertension, which was managed appropriately. Infertility in women of advanced reproductive age can be successfully treated with donor oocytes in Nigeria. Antenatal supervision and delivery by skilled attendants is the key to achieve favourable outcome.

169-178

Authors: Kanika Patel, Achint Jain, Dinesh K. Patel

Herbal medicines have been used for the treatment of various disorders in the world since a very early age due to easily available and less side effect. A large number of phytochemicals have been derived directly or indirectly from natural sources in the form of oils, food supplement, neutraceuticals, and colour pigments. Anthocyanins are classes of phytoconstituents mainly responsible for the different colors of plants material. Literature report revealed the presence of different anthocyanidins such as cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, pelargonidin, malvidin, cyaniding etc. These anthocyanidins showed a wide range of pharmacological activities. Anthocyanins have an attractive profile in the food industry as natural colorants due to its possible health benefits and safety issues compared to the synthetic dye. Delphinidin is an important anthocyanidins mainly present in the epidermal tissues of flowers and fruits. Delphinidin showed various pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antimutagenesis, anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic etc. This review was aimed to elaborate the medicinal importance, pharmacological activities and analytical aspects of anthocyanidins ‘delphinidin’. This review will be benificial to the scientist, manufacturer and consumers in order to explore the potential health benefits of delphinidin.

189-195

Authors: Satinder Kakar, Deepa Batra, Ramandeep Singh

Novel drug delivery system aims to deliver the drug at a rate directed by the needs of the body during the period of treatment, and target the active entity to the site of action. A number of novel drug delivery systems have emerged encompassing various routes of administration, to achieve controlled and targeted drug delivery, magnetic micro carriers being one of them. Magnetic microsphere is newer approach in pharmaceutical field. Magnetic microspheres as an alternative to traditional radiation methods which use highly penetrating radiation that is absorbed throughout the body. Its use is limited by toxicity and side effects. The aim of the specific targeting is to enhance the efficiency of drug delivery & at the same time to reduce the toxicity & side effects. This kind of delivery system is very much important which localises the drug to the disease site. In this larger amount of freely circulating drug can be replaced by smaller amount of magnetically targeted drug. Magnetic carriers receive magnetic responses to a magnetic field from incorporated materials that are used for magnetic microspheres are chitosan, dextran etc. magnetic microspheres can be prepared from a variety of carrier material. One of the most utilized is serum albumin from human or other appropriate species. Drug release from albumin microspheres can be sustained or controlled by various stabilization procedures generally involving heat or chemical cross-linking of the protein carrier matrix.

201-206

Authors: Patrick Nwabueze Okechukwu, Adolph William Ndyeabura, Chiam Nyet Chiang, Gabriel Akyirem Akowuah

Objective: To investigate the effects of standardized dichloromethane (DCM) extract of Cosinium fenestratum (C. fenestratum) stem bark on liver and kidney function parameters in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Standardization of the extract was performed through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using berberine (BE) as marker compound. The standardized C. fenestratum stem bark extract (SCFE) was administered orally at a dose of 100 mg/ kg to STZ-induced diabetic rats for 15 d. Results: The quantity of BE in the extract was 2.09% w/ w. Blood glucose levels, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) elevated in STZ-induced diabetic rats as compared to normal control groups. Treatment of diabetic rats with the extract significantly (P<0.05) reduced, ALP, creatinine, and BUN levels as compared to the diabetic control group. The total white blood cells (WBC) count was reduced in diabetic rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with SCFE significantly (P<0.05) increased the total WBC count as compared to the values of diabetic control rats. Conclusion: The observations of the present study show that extract of C. fenestratum stem bark has hepatorenal protective effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

214-217

Authors: Abhishek Bharadwaj, Kumud Upadhayaya, N. V. Satheesh Madhav

Objective: To study people suffered from urinary stone problem by calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) containing stones. Method: In the present study, CO crystals were grown by mixing and stirring two equal volumes of solutions A and B. Two solutions of following composition were mixed: A: Na2C 2O4 (2 mmol) and B: CaCl2.2H2O (10 mmol). The crystals after incubation in tris buffer were then subjected to the aqueous extract of the polyherbal formulation and cystone was taken as standard. Result: After the treatment with the extract the crystals were microscopically examined and elemental analysis for calcium was carried out. The formulation proved out to be very effective against the CO crystals. Conclusions: The results have come out to be very motivating and further pharmacological study could be carried out on the samples to reveal an effective drug for the urolithiasis. Data reveals that phytotherapeutic agents could be useful as either an alternative or a complementary therapy in the management of urolithiasis.

222-225

Authors: Beverly C. David, G. Sudarsanam

Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial activities of aqueous, methanol, chloroform and hexane extract of leaves plant of Gymnema sylvestre (G. sylvestre). Methods: The antimicrobial screening of the extracts of G. sylvestre against most prevalent microbes like Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Candida albicans (C. albicans), Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis), Candida krusei (C. krusei) and Candida kefyr (C. kefyr) by agar well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration were carried out. Results: The aqueous and methanol leaf extract showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities against the selected microorganisms when compared to the standard drugs respectively. Conclusions: The dried scale leaves of G. sylvestre might represent a new antimicrobial source with stable, biologically active components that can establish a scientific base for the use in modern medicine.

232-235

Authors: Ayub Al Mamun, Mamun-Al-Mahtab, S. M. Fazle Akbar, Kutub Uddin Mollick, Arun Jyoti Tarafdar, Faiz Ahmad Khondokar, Ahmed Lutful Mubin, Md. Helal Uddin, Salimur Rahman

Objective: To compare Knodell and HAI scores in patients with wild type and pre-core/core promoter mutant CHB to see if there is any difference in severity of liver injury between these two types of HBV. Methods: We did percutaneous liver biopsies of 155 CHB patients. Of them 102 (65.8%) were infected wild type HBV and the rest 53 (34.2%) were infected with pre-core/ core promoter mutant CHB. Results: 11/53 (20.8%) patients with pre-core/core promoter mutant CHB had moderate to severe CH (HAI score 8-18). In contrast, moderate to severe CH was seen in 19/102 (18.6%) patients with wild type CHB. Fibrosis score was >2 in 15/53 (28.3%) pre-core/core promoter mutant CHB as opposed to 20/102 (19.6%) patients with wild type CHB. Conclusions: The study shows that pre-core/core promoter mutant HBV produces more severe histological liver disease compared to wild type HBV.

240-242

Authors: Logan CS, Kirschner RC, Simonds GR

Central nervous system (CNS) infections are a rare complication of epidural steroid injections and without strong clinical suspicion, fungal organisms may be overlooked among the long differential of causes of meningitis. Rare sequela of fungal meningitis is the development of stroke. To our knowledge, we present the first case of post epidural steroid injection (ESI) fungal meningitis leading to a basilar artery stroke, otherwise known as “top of the basilar” syndrome. We present a 49-year-old female with a history of ESIs who presented to the emergency department with headache, neck stiffness, and abdominal pain. She was discharged after her labs and symptoms were deemed inconsistent with meningitis. She was eventually admitted and twelve days after her original ED visit, she was diagnosed with meningitis and started on anti-fungal treatment. She was discharged 88 days later but was readmitted due to left sided weakness and mental status changes. She quickly lost motor and bulbar functions. An MRA showed diminished distal flow through the basilar artery, suggesting near complete occlusion. Although appropriate long term anti-fungal treatment was started, the patient still succumbed to a rare vascular event. Physicians who are treating patients for ESI meningitis should be aware of the potential for vasculitic and encephalitic complications.

246-249

Authors: Somnath Mondal, Saibal Das, Sanjib Bandyopadhyay, Ankur Datta, Souvik Sardar, Pradip Kumar Ghosal, Santanu Kumar Tripathi

This case report highlights atenolol induced episodes of chronic and acute hepatotoxicities in 2 elderly hypertensive patients. The 1st patient manifested liver dysfunction after 8 months of 50 mg daily atenolol therapy and in the 2nd patient liver dysfunction was revealed within 3 weeks of 100 mg daily atenolol intake. There was no evidence of any other possible hereditary, traumatic, surgical, metabolic, infective, organic, or pathologic causes giving rise to these conditions. Possibilities of drug interactions were carefully ruled out and these episodes of hepatotoxicities were ‘probably ’ drug (atenolol) induced, as depicted by CIOMS/RUCAM scale. Withdrawal of the offending drug resulted in reversal of the diseased states. Routine liver function tests may be warranted in patients on atenolol therapy.

252-252

Authors: Sinan AKBAYRAM, Fesih AKTAR, Cihangir AKG ÜN, H üseyin ÇAKSEN

No

85-91

Authors: Ramandeep Singh, Ashraf Ali, G. Jeyabalan, Alok Semwal, Jaikishan

Discoveries in the past two decades have continued to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction disease and animal models have played a significant role to define the basic mechanisms of erectile dysfunction treatment. Both in vitro and in vivo models have been developed in the past years to study the aphrodisiac agents. Methods that are used in aphrodisiac study can be categorized into physical methods including male sexual behavior (mount frequency, mount latency, intromission frequency, intromission latency, ejaculation frequency, post-ejaculatory interval, couplatory rate, index of libido, computed male sexual behavior parameter), pendiculation study, orientation behavior, determination of hesitation time & attraction towards female, test of potency, test for libido, penile microcirculation study, Intracavernous pressure study and biochemical methods, histopathology, sperm count, Fructose content in seminal vesicles, sperm preservation, organ weight, hormonal determination, assay of nitric oxide synthase, In vitro nitric oxide release & androgen receptor protein. This review aims to highlight some of the new and currently used experimental models that are used for the evaluation of aphrodisiac agents.

99-105

Authors: MUNUSWAMY HEMALATHA, Thirunavukkarasu Thirumalai, Rajamani Saranya, Erusan Kuppan Elumalai, Ernest David

Infectious diseases are one of the major problems in developing as well as developed countries. Traditional medicinal plants are widely used to treat the microbial diseases due to their rich source of antimicrobial activity and less cost. The different plant parts such as seed, fruit, root, bark, stem, leaf and even the whole plant were extracted using different solvents like ethanol, methanol, chloroform, acetone, petroleum ether, alcohol, and ethyl acetate. These extracts were tested by diffusion method against gram positive, gram negative bacteria and fungi to assess their antimicrobial activity. This review provides a lucid data of nearly 70 traditional medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity and this would open up the scope for further analysis of medicinal plant extracts to develop effective antimicrobial drugs.

109-114

Authors: Lolly Pattnaik, Kusai Almozawak, Susanne Binder

Objective To evaluate postoperative outcome of cases undergoing Artisan aphakic iris fixated intraocular lens implantation (IOL) in complicated vitreoretinal referrals, at Outpatient Department of Ophthalmology, Rudolf Foundation Clinic, Vienna, Austria. Methods It was a retrospective interventional case series involving 24 patients who have undergone pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with the Artisan iris fixated lens implantation procedure. Herein, procedures, preoperative corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), causes of referral, post-operative CDVA and clinical complications were recorded. Results The mean age of 24 patients (17 males and 7 females) was (69.88±14.50), with the range 32-83 years. The mean preoperative visual acuity was (1.40±0.83) with the range 0.46-3.00 log MAR units. After a mean follow up period for (3.12±2.54) with the range 1-12 months, the mean CDVA at the last follow-up was (0.95±0.84) log MAR units with the range 0.097-3.000 log MAR units. Complicated cataract surgery was the most common cause for referral with the value, 54.21% among cases, n=13. Secondary glaucoma was the commonest postoperative complication 25.00% with n=6. The other complications included were transient hypotony (n=3; 12.51%), hyphaema (n=2; 8.34%), corneal oedema (n=1; 4.17%), corneal erosion (n=1; 4.17%), vitreous haemorrhage (n=2; 8.34%) and oval pupil (n=1; 4.17%). Paired t test result showed no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative visual acuities (P>0.05). Conclusions Artisan iris fixated IOL's are a safe and effective option in eyes with concomitant poor capsular support and vitreoretinal complications requiring PPV. The postoperative visual acuity depends on the underlying pathological features present preoperatively.

122-126

Authors: Sumam Varghese, R. Narmadha, D. Gomathi, M. Kalaiselvi, K. Devaki

Objective: To find out the secondary metabolites present in the various extracts of Citrullus lanatus (C. lanatus) (Thunb.) and mineral content present in the plant material. Methods: The powdered plant material was extracted using different solvents. Phytochemical screening and HPTLC fingerprinting analysis were then carried out. Result: The ethanolic seed extract of C. lanatus showed the presence of majority of secondary metabolites when compared to other solvent system. The quantitative analysis of the plant material also revealed the presence of various amount of carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, proteins, fibre, phosphorus and irons. The HPTLC fingerprinting analysis was carried for flavonid and phenolic compounds by using CAMAG LINOMAT 5 instrument which revealed the presence of flavonoid and phenolic compound especially quercetin in the ethanolic seed extract of C. lanatus. Conclusions: The results scientifically validate the use of C. lanatus in the traditional medicine and it can be used to treat various disorders caused by free radical and chemical substances due to presence of secondary metabolites.

134-136

Authors: Dinesh K. Patel, S. P. Dhanabal

Objective: To develop noval bioanalytical parameters for standardization of Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale) extract. Methods: Phytochemical analysis, solubility test, heavy metal analysis, antimicrobial study and fingerprint analysis through HPTLC method were carried out in the present investigation. Moreover quantitative analysis of rutin and quercetin in Z. officinale extract through HPTLC techniques were also performed in the present investigation. Results: Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, tannin, steroid, triterpenoid, glycoside, triterpenoid, saponin, flavonoid, amino acid and protein. The total phenol and flavonoid content were found to be 0.59% and 4.50%. For quantitative analysis through HPTLC techniques, optimization of solvent system was done and the content of quercetin and rutin in the extract was found to be 3.22% (w/w) and 0.65% (w/w) respectively. Conclusion: These above mentioned parameters can be used as an important tool for the standardization of Z. officinale extract.

140-147

Authors: Eleazu CO, Iroaganachi M, Eleazu KC

Objective: To investigate the ameliorating potentials of cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta (C. esculenta) L.) and unripe plantain (Musa paradisiacae (M. paradisiacae) L.) incorporated feeds on renal and liver growth of STZ induced rats. Method: The blood glucose level of all the rats was measured with a glucometer, the protein and glucose levels in the urine samples of the rats were determined using urine assay strips while the specific gravity of the urine samples of all the rats was determined with a urinometer. The assay of the proximate, phytochemical, mineral composition as well as screening for antioxidant activity of the test feeds was carried out using standard techniques. Results: The administration of the test feeds for 21 days to the diabetic rats of groups 4 and 5, resulted in 58.75% and 38.13% decreases in their hyperglycemia with a corresponding amelioration of their elevated urinary protein, glucose, specific gravity as well as renal and kidney growths. Administration of the cocoyam incorporated feeds to the diabetic rats of group 4, resulted in 2.71% increase in body weight with a corresponding 19.52% increase in growth rate unlike the diabetic rats of group 5, administered unripe plantain feed that had 5.12% decrease in weight with a corresponding 29.52% decrease in growth rate but higher than the diabetic control rats that recorded 28.69% and 29.46% decreases in body weights with a corresponding 248.9% and 250.14% decreases in growth rates. Analysis revealed that the test feeds contained low quantities of moisture but significant quantities of crude fibre, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, ash, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc, phosphorous as well as considerable amount of energy. In addition, the cocoyam incorporated feeds contained higher quantities of flavonoids, saponin, tannin, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, K, P, crude fibre as well as antioxidant activity but lower quantities of alkaloids than the unripe plantain feed. Conclusion: The use of cocoyam and unripe plantain flours in the dietary management of diabetes mellitus could be a breakthrough in the search for plants that could

151-155

Authors: Thangarajan Starlin, Perumal Sathiyanathan, Chinthamony Arul Raj, Paramasivam Ragavendran, Balasubramanian Vidya, Martin Sunitha, Velliyur Kanniappan Gopalakrishnan

Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of Ichnocarpus frutescens (I. frutescens) R. Br against 4-vinylcyclohexane induced ovarian cancer in Swiss albino mice. Method: The ovarian cancer was induced by 4-vinylcyclohexane which was given to 28-day-old mice in corn oil, intra peritoneally, at 2.7 mmol/kg body weight/day for 30 d. After that serum and tissue were isolated. Enzymatic antioxidants, non-enzymatic antioxidants, lipid peroxidation assessed in liver and ovary homogenate. Metabolites, marker enzymes were analyzed in serum. Tissue was examined histopathology examination. Result: The levels of urea, creatinine, marker enzymes and lipid peroxidation were significantly increased in ovarian cancer induced mice when compared to control group whereas, levels of uric acid, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were decreased in cancer induced mice when compared with control mice. From these parameters were brought back to near normal in ethanolic extract of I. frutescens treated animals. The above results were further confirmed by histopathological examination which shows marked edema of lamina propria occurred in cancer induced animals whereas no alterations in ethanolic extract of I. frutescens and cisplatin treated groups. Conclusion: This present study was evaluated that the ethanolic extracts of I. frutescens have effective anticancer activity against 4-vinylcyclohexane induced ovarian cancer.

159-160

Authors: Muhammed Akıl, Avni Kaya, M.Selçuk Bektaş, Fesih Aktar, Sinan Akbayram, Salim Bilici, Mehmet Beyazal

A 8-year-old boy admitted with abdominal pain, fever and vomiting for the previous 10 days. Sensitivity was detected in the epigastric area. There was not defense and rebond. Aspartate aminotransferase was 106 U/L, alanine aminotransferase 25 U/L, alkaline phosphatase 311 U/L, blood amylase level 748 U/L, blood lipase level 391 U/L. In thoracic CT, soft tissue with smooth contours measuring 32 mm×28 mm was identified in the posterior mediastinum. Bone marrow aspiration biopsy was normal. A mass specimen obtained from the duodenum endoscopic biopsy. This specimen was diffuse staining by leukocyte common antigen, CD10 and CD20. The patient was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis associated with stage 3 duodenal Burkitt's lymphoma. Modified LMB-98 was initiated. Burkitt's lymphoma may rarely cause acute pancreatitis.

164-166

Authors: Fatimah Lateef

Complaints of fatigue and physical exhaustion are frequently seen in the acute medical setting, especially amongst athletes, army recruits and persons involved in strenuous and exertional physical activities. Stress-induced exhaustion, on the other hand, is less often seen, but can present with very similar symptoms to physical exhaustion. Recently, three patients were seen at the Department of Emergency Medicine, presenting with exhaustion from prolonged involvement in gambling activities. The cases serve to highlight some of the physical consequences of prolonged gambling.

1-12

Authors: Satinder Kakar, Deepa Batra, Ramandeep Singh, Ujjwal Nautiyal

Magnetic microspheres hold great promise for reaching the goal of controlled and site specific drug delivery. Magnetic microspheres as an alternative to traditional radiation methods which uses highly penetrating radiations that is absorbed throughout the body. Its use is limited by toxicity and side effects. Now days, several targeted treatment systems including magnetic field, electric field, ultrasound, temperature, UV light and mechanical force are being used in many disease treatments (e.g. cancer, nerve damage, heart and artery, anti-diabetic, eye and other medical treatments). Among them, the magnetic targeted drug delivery system is one of the most attractive and promising strategy for delivering the drug to the specified site. Magnetically controlled drug targeting is one of the various possible ways of drug targeting. This technology is based on binding establish anticancer drug with ferrofluid that concentrate the drug in the area of interest (tumor site) by means of magnetic fields. There has been keen interest in the development of a magnetically target drug delivery system. These drug delivery systems aim to deliver the drug at a rate directed by the needs of the body during the period of treatment, and target the activity entity to the site of action. Magnetic microspheres were developed to overcome two major problems encountered in drug targeting namely: RES clearance and target site specificity.

22-28

Authors: M. Kalaiselvi, D. Gomathi, G. Ravikumar, K. Devaki, C. Uma

Objective To Ananus comosus (A. comosus), has demonstrated a wide variety of biological activities which make it a good plant source for the treatment of many oxidative stress mediated diseases. The present study was aimed to evaluate therapeutic potential by assaying the activities of oxidative stress parameters in 7, 12 dimethylbenz(α)anthracene induced breast cancer rats. Methods Animals were divided into five groups of six animals. Group I served as control, group II induced mammary carcinogenesis by 7, 12 dimethylbenz(α)anthracene, group III and IV are treatment groups (plant extract 250 mg/kg body weight and standard drug 10 mg/kg body weight) and group V served as animals treated with plant extract alone. All the animals were sacrificed after 30 days treatment and breast tissues are used for the analysis of protein content, enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants using standard protocols. Results The oral administrations of ethanolic peel extract of A. comosus (250 mg/kg body weight) to breast cancer bearing rats for 30 days demonstrated a significant (P<0.05) increased in body weight, tissue weight, protein content, enzymatic and non enzymatic levels. The altered activities of lipid peroxidation and tumor weight in breast tissue of control and experimental cancer bearing rats were significantly (P<0.05) were reverted to near normal levels by the administration of ethanolic extract suggesting that the extract have quenching capacity against free radicals thereby exhibiting anticancer potential of A. comosus in breast cancer bearing rats. Conclusions Thus, modulatory effects of A. comosus on attenuating the lipid peroxidation and upregulation of oxidative stress key enzymes like enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, protein content afford a pledge for widespread use for the treatment of breast cancer in the future.

33-36

Authors: Dinesh K. Patel, Sairam Krishnamurthy, S. Hemalatha

Objective: To investigate glucose utilization capacity of bioactivity guided fractions of Hybanthus enneaspermus (H. enneaspermus) and Pedalium murex (P. murex) in isolated rat hemidiaphragm. Methods: Dried coarsely powdered plant material was extracted in ethanol using soxhlation technique, further extract was fractionated using solvents of varying polarity. Glucose utilization capacity of bioactivity guided fractions using isolated rat hemidiaphragm was performed in the present study. Results: The entire tested fraction showed increased glucose uptake capacity, and was found to be maximum in case of chloroform fraction of P. murex extract (CHPM) which was quite comparable to standard insulin (P<0.05). Conclusions: In vitro glucose uptake by hemidiaphragm study showed increased utilization of the glucose by hemidiaphragm in the presence of different fractions. From these findings we can conclude that that different fraction of both plant materials had some extra pancreatic mechanism like glucose uptake by peripheral tissues.

40-43

Authors: Milivoje Vuković, Neboj ša Moljević, Sini ša Crnogorac

Objective: To investigate the conventional technique involves treatment of femoral hernia an approximation inguinal ligament to pectineal ligament. In technique which uses mesh closure for femoral canal without tissue tension. Method: A prospective study from January 01. 2007-May 30. 2009. We analyzed 1 042 patients with inguinal hernia, of which there were 83 patients with 86 femoral hernia. Result: Femoral hernias were present in 7.96% of cases. Males were 13 (15.66%) and 70 women (84.34%). The gender distribution of men: women is 1:5.38. Urgent underwent 69 (83%), and the 14 election (17%) patients. Average age was 63 years, the youngest patient was a 24 and the oldest 86 years. Ratio of right: left hernias was 3.4:1. With bilateral femoral hernias was 3.61% of cases. In 7 patients (8.43%) underwent femoral hernia repair with 9 Prolene plug. Conclusions: The technique of closing the femoral canal with plug a simple. The plug is made from monofilament material and is easily formed. This technique allows the reduction of recurrence and can be used safely, quickly and easily in elective and emergency situations.

48-51

Authors: Nora Burda , Vilma Mema , Ejup Mahmudi , Brikena Selimi , Sulejman Zhugli , Basri Lenajni , Illaz Bunjaku

Objective: The purpose of the study is to prescribe and analyze the correlation of dry eye and Diabetes Mellitus Tip II, at Polyclinic of Specialties Nr. 2 Ophthalmology service ,between May 2011 and June 2012. Methods: A total number of 223 patients diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus Tip II underwent ocular examinations including 120 male and 103 female, aged from 24-73 years old. To confirm the presence of diabetes among these patients fasting blood glucose level was performed (normal limit < 110 mg/dL). History of disease, duration of diabetes, age, and sex was obtained by reviewing the medical records and direct patient interview. Also the patients complains: tearing photophobia, red eye , itching ,foreign body sensation, blurred vision was recorded. From the study were excluded all conditions which affects the tear film stability and contact lens wearer. Results: A total of 118 patients (58 male /61 female) were diagnosed with dry eye syndrome of varying degrees.. The diagnosis was made by heaving two or more positive tests performed as mentioned above, and referring to patients complains. Fourteen patients represent pinpoint corneal dye with fluorosceini , forty-six patients was positive to cotton swab test diminution of corneal sensitivity, eighty-nine patients was positive to Schirmmer test less than 10 mm, positive TBUT test less than 9 s was found to be the amount of seventy-one patients. Positive tear meniscus at inferior lid margin was found at fifty-six patients. Dry eye is a disorder of tear film because of tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation which causes damage to the inter palpaberal ocular surface and is associated with symptoms of ocular discomfort. This ocular disorder is very common among general population with 28% of the adults having dry eye syndrome. Early diagnosis and timely treatment, complications as secondary microbial infection and corneal ulceration could be avoided.Conclusions: In our study the Dry Eye Syndrome showed to have a high correlation with Diabetes Mellitus Tip II ( about 52.9%). Prevalence of Dry Eye was significantly higher at patients with longer duration of diabetes. Dry Eye seems to be an important contributing factor related to corneal abnormalities. Age and sex not seem to play any important role in this condition. Good glycemic control is important for prevention and control of Dry Eye Syndrome.

56-60

Authors: Kaylene J Logan, Patrice M. Weiss, Catherine Hagan-Aylor, Bob Herbertson

Objective: To compare our institution with national benchmark times, and identify rate-limiting steps in the process by conducte a retrospective review of the turnaround times in 2009 at the Carilion Clinic Breast Care Center (CCBCC). To evaluate patient satisfaction with the turn around times. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed to evaluate the time intervals from abnormal screening mammogram to diagnostic mammogram, diagnostic mammogram to biopsy, biopsy to MRI, and MRI to surgery of all patients seen for breast cancer in 2009. A patient survey was mailed out to all patients (131) managed from abnormal screening to surgery in 2009, assessing their satisfaction with the turnaround times from screening mammogram to call back, call back to diagnostic mammogram, diagnostic mammogram to biopsy, biopsy to results call, biopsy result to MRI appointment, MRI appointment to surgery consult, and surgery consult to surgery; and assessing possible reasons why patients may perceive the process to be delayed. The MEANS procedure was applied to evaluate the turnaround times, and a Box and Whisker Plot statistical comparison was made between patient satisfaction and turnaround times. Results: The mean turnaround time at the CCBCC in 2009 from abnormal screening mammogram to surgery was 45 d. This falls within the 75th %ile of the National Quality Measures for Breast Centers (NQMBC), established by the National Consortium of Breast Centers (NCBC). Of 131 surveys mailed out, 57 were returned (44%). The patient satisfaction rates for each interval ranged from 96%-100%, with an overall satisfaction rate of 98% for abnormal screening mammogram to surgery. Discussion: The CCBCC ranks at the 75%ile in overall turnaround times; however, this turnaround time included an interval of MRI, not previously measured in NQMBC benchmark. Rate-limiting steps were identified as the time from screening mammogram to diagnostic mammogram, and biopsy to surgery-specifically, the sub-interval MRI to surgery. Since 2009, the CCBCC has already improved the process for obtaining insurance approval and preauthorization for MRIs; and has added an additional breast surgeon to share the burden of benign cases, and a nurse practitioner to see post-op and follow up patients, improving the accessibility to the primary breast surgeon specialist. Consideration should be given to future time interval studies that evaluate breast cancer turnaround time including MRI to help establish benchmarks.

66-69

Authors: Siti Hajar Mat Abu, Hanizasurana Hashim, Tara Mary George, Norfariza Ngah, Adil Hussein

Fifty-seven years old Malay lady, post menopausal with co-morbid of diabetes mellitus and hypertension presented with three months history of bilateral painful red eyes associated with double vision. Examination revealed both eyes proptosis, corkscrew vessels with present of bruit, secondary narrow angle with raised intraocular pressure, 6th cranial nerve palsy, and bilateral venous stasis retinopathy. CT angiogram showed bilateral dilated superior ophthalmic veins with cerebral angiogram findings of bilateral indirect carotid cavernous fistula involving small meningeal vessels. Indirect or dural cavernous sinus Fistula can easily be missed or misdiagnosed. Trivial injury especially in the predisposing patient can initiate the occurrence.

73-75

Authors: Fesih Aktar, Sinan Akbayram, Necmettin Akdeniz, Sirac Aktar, Cihangir Akg ün, Murat Doğan, H üseyin Çaksen, Ahmet Faik Oner

Herpes zoster (HZ) is often associated with painful erythematous vesicular eruptions of the skin or mucous membranes. Approximately 10% to 30% of the population will suffer from HZ during their lifetime. HZ is infrequent in healthy children. However, diminished cellular immunity seems to increase risk of reactivation because incidence increases with age and in immunocompromised states. We report a 7-year-old girl with acute myeloblastic leukemia HZ infection on the right palmar, elbow and forearm region (C7, C8 and T1 dermatomes). We want to indicate unusual localization of HZ on the acute myeloblastic leukemia child patient.

79-81

Authors: Rachita Sarangi, Surjeet Sahoo, Satyasunder Mohapatra

Psychotic manifestations are uncommon in neurocysticercosis. This article describes a ten year girl presented with manic– psychotic manifestation for which she was under treatment with antipsychotics for eight months. Eventually she developed generalized tonic clonic seizure and CT scan of brain revealed small isodense right posterior parietal lesion of 5 mm size with perifocal edema. CECT revealed intense nodular post contrast enhancement. This highlights the possible misdiagnosis of a case of neurocysticercosis as an organic psychotic disorder so it should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with neurological as well as psychiatric manifestations in endemic area like India.