European Journal of Economic Studies

4-15

Authors: Muhammad Abdullah, Jia li, Sidra Ghazanfar, Jaleel Ahmed, Imran Khan

Rice is an important crop for Pakistan because it is a source of earning foreign exchange for its economy. This study was conducted with two objectives; (a) to analyze the pattern of growth and instability in production, area, yield, export quantity, and export value of Pakistani rice and (b) to determine the relationship between production, export quantity and area in Pakistan for rice crop. For the analysis, the time series data from the year of 1972 to 2011 regarding rice production, area under rice, rice export quantity and value were obtained to calculate the compound growth rate, coefficient of variation for the stated variables and to find relationship between the stated variables. The results revealed that the overall compound growth rates for rice production, area and yield were found to be positive and showed annual growth rate of 6.81%; 5.43% and 1.30% respectively. The instability analysis was applied by using the coefficient of variation calculation and the results showed that the rice production, area and yield were found to be considerably instable as the overall coefficient of variation values were found to be 30.06 %, 15.62% and 14.48% respectively. In terms of growth rate of rice exports quantity and rice export value, the compound growth rates for the overall period were found to be 15.80% and 30.06% respectively. The instability analysis was also applied by computing coefficient of variation for the rice export quantity and rice export value in dollars terms and the results revealed that in the overall period very high instability in rice export quantity and rice export value was observed as the values were found to be 58.76% and 89.32% per year respectively.

23-38

Authors: Jelisavka Bulatović, Goran Rajović

Business tourism northeastern Montenegro, in terms of tourist valorization is insufficiently explored. Hence the paper discusses the business competitiveness of tourism destinations. The research results show that the two determinants of destination management and Qualifying Determinants ("at the same level in competing destinations") weakest determinants of competitiveness northeastern Montenegro, while the highest grade awarded determinants of key resources and attractions. How a key competitiveness factors vary depending on the destination, northeastern Montenegro must avoid the universal solution, and must have specific policies and strategies to improve competitiveness, based on the nature of the competitive set. The research results can be of benefit management organizations, tourism policy makers to better understand and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the business tourism northeastern Montenegro, and to help formulate strategies to effectively manage tourist destinations.

45-53

Authors: Irina N. Markaryan

The correlation between price and quality plays a major role in the development of the hospitality industry and the more complete satisfaction of client needs. It is for this reason that over the last decade various types of lodging facilities have been actively engaged in developing sports/health services. For this purpose, there are built new and renovated existing spas and fitness centers, sports and sports/health improvement clubs. Depending on the financial capacity and motivation of both the guests and owners (managers) of lodging facilities, they can be located within the hotel itself, on adjacent grounds within a separate building, or on the premises of sports and beach facilities. This type of services plays a major role in generating additional profit, as a broad spectrum of sports/health services also includes a powerful rental framework, highly qualified instructors, new types and forms of working with guests. Russia has always been famous for its athletes and its citizens’ aspiration for a healthy lifestyle. There is a Russian proverb that says “A sound mind in a sound body”, and this state is what is nurtured by sports/health improvement and spa centers both within sanitarium/resort institutions and hotel-type lodging facilities.