EMINAK

5-13

Authors: Zemskyy Yuriy

One of the most intriguing aspects of perceiving global and local social and historic processes for researchers is to identify a set of causes that triggers social activity and prompts particular communities or even populations to rise against the generally accepted order and call for social and political transformations. These features were typical of the Revolution of 1917-1921 – the event that is regarded as a dramatic moment of lost opportunities in the history of Ukraine. Sporadic nation-orientated views of Ukrainian peasantry (mainly of those conscripted into the military service) were not properly coordinated by the leaders of the Revolutionary movement. Thus, Ukrainian elite turned to be less motivated and determined to achieve national liberty than common people. The author analyzes political convictions and creeds of Ukrainian opinion leaders of the Revolutionary epoch in order to find an explanation for this phenomenon. Ideas of national liberation, building an independent state and developing civic awareness, represented in Taras Shevchenko’s literary works, as well as Cossack ideological heritage charmed Ukrainian common people of that time and shaped their spontaneous national awareness. Nevertheless, Ukrainian intellectual community of the beginning of the 20th century considered social liberation, abolishing class restrictions together with material welfare for all social strata as priority objectives of their political endeavors. M. Mikhnovsky who emphasized national and state independence was among the few ones, who were ignored and ostracized by the official leaders of Ukrainian People’ Republic.

21-25

Authors: Savchenko Victor

The article examines the activities of anarchist organizations in Odessa during the years of the liberation struggle, legal and illegal forms of the struggle of anarchists and their tactical unions, the influence of anarchists on the population of Odessa. The diversity of anarchist ideology, tactical wavering to lead to the ideological and organizational weakness of anarchist formations. Struggling absolute freedom anarchists, involuntarily became builders of the red dictatorship. At the same time, the anarchists were among the first oppositionists to criticize the formation of the announcer regime, trying to raise the population against the arbitrariness of the Bolsheviks.

32-38

Authors: Fedchenko Yevheniia

The article is devoted to the concept of sexuality in Romans’ religious life. The author studies the aspect of coexistence of traditional Romans’ values with their sexuality. In the article the complex analysis of religious life in the Ancient Roman society is conducted from a perspective of the notions of sexuality and gender. Through in-depth analysis we talk about the both male and female role in the creation of various cults (from Bona Dea to Priapus). In the article it is stated about sense and status of a woman in the phallocentric society’s system, in addition to how female being is personified in the ancient beliefs. We analyzed the relation between religious and sexual aspect of life in the Ancient Rome. Attention is drawn to the way how the elements of religious system are adapted to the social hierarchy. The social role of a human is correlating to religious one. The analysis of the ceremonialism carried out in the article is based on such principles crucial for the Roman ethics as pudicitia (pudicity), castamonia (chasteness) etc. The deviant behaviour in religious ceremonies of the Ancient Romans is examined. Also, we looked though the process of foreign cults’ transformation on the whole, their adaptation to ancient Romans’ practices. The cults that struggled because of the open opposition and incomprehension as well as those that were considered normal ones are worth attention in this case. The author analyzes the gender roles appeared in cultural aspect of life and the transformation of sexual ethics in the society influenced with the sacral.

44-49

Authors: Lukiianchuk Viacheslav

The article is devoted to the fight against the discrimination of Roma minority in the United Kingdom after the Second World War. The research conserning this phenomenon has been analysed. Moreover, the basic stages, means and results of the struggle of Roma’s rights have been reviewed. It is emphasized that the Roma’s discrimination in post-war Britain was a continuation of anti-Romani policies of previous periods of British history. The article analyzes Roma’s research of this period. Also there have been considered the methods and ways to help the Roma from concerned British people. Some of Roma helped their communities overcome these problems too. The relations between the Roma’s minority and British society have always been and remain extremely strained. The research has raised the basic problems of Roma’s community such as education, social security, equality issues and providing of authorized sites of parking. The main cause of negative attitudes towards Roma communities are stereotypes and prejudice that have emerged after their appearance on the British Isles. The author shows specific examples of discrimination of Roma families from the authorities. The results of the fight against the discrimination were negated by the adoption of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994.

55-59

Authors: Kayuk Anna

The object of the study is a historical narrative about the October Revolution presented in «Ogonek» magazine. Interpretation features of the October Revolution theme on the magazines’ pages for 1986-1990 years are discussed in the paper. The complex analysis of the «Ogonek» magazine publications on this issue is carried out. New trends in the interpretation of the October Revolution are reflected taking into account the realities of the glasnost and perestroika. Specific attention is given to 1987 when the 70th anniversary of the revolution was celebrated. Those days, the October Revolution was used by the authorities headed by M.S. Gorbachev as a symbolic legitimization of perestroika. An active use of the revolutionary discourse promoted to the radicalization of the society calling for more active changes and often rejection of the Soviet values. The author tracks the transformation of the October Revolution picture in the Soviet press and in the collective historical memory. The prerevolutionary Russian mythology changed one based on the October Revolution. This indicates a loss of the revolution myth and its value status that bring a significant impact on the Soviet Union, which historical legitimacy was based on the October Revolution myth. The influence of the «Ogonek» magazine publication on the formation of new ideas about the history and changes in the readers’ public mind is characterized.

66-70

Authors: Minasian Radik

In the article the situation in which the former Soviet Union appeared at the end of its existence is described. The reasons for the formation of the CIS are shown and analyzed. Different opinions of the formation and functioning of this organization are presented. The stages of the CIS`s activity in 1991-2015 are described. Such main events of the history of CIS as the singing the Bila Vezha Accords on December 8, 1991 and the Alma-Ata Declaration on the December 21, 1991 and the CIS Charter in 1993, the adoption the Concept of the further development of CIS and singing of the Treaty of creation of the FTA in October, 2011 are mentioned and described. Special attention has been given to the issue of the formation of the organizations that were added to the CIS and intended to strengthen it: the CSTO, the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space. The creation of the Eurasian Economic union is told about all the stages of the development of the Commonwealth of Independent States are analyzed. The trade wars that Russia has begun to lead with the CIS countries since the middle of the 2000s are described. It is mentioned that the Russian Federation uses this method to force other countries of CIS to deeper integration. The author emphasizes the role of the Russian Federation the biggest and most influential country of the region in the integration processes in the post-Soviet space. It is pointed out that Customs union the Single Economic Space and Eurasian union have been created by Russia with its closest alliances in the region.

76-80

Authors: Fedchenko Victoria

The article analyzes the reasons for reducing the level of efficiency of UN peacekeeping operations in Africa, criteria for assessing their effectiveness, and identifies possible ways to overcome this negative phenomenon in the activities of the organization. The author noted that at the beginning of the XXI century the issue of reducing the level of UN peacekeeping operations effectiveness in Africa includes two main aspects: 1) the problem of neutrality of UN peacekeepers in peacekeeping operations in Africa; 2) the problem of financing UN peacekeeping activities on the African continent. The article defines the key factors in the successful conduct of UN peacekeeping missions in Africa, namely: 1) the level of the UN responsibility for resolving conflicts; 2) the lack of external support for the warring parties; 3) the approval of UN actions by the local belligerents. The most important reason for the decline in the UN peacekeeping mission effectiveness in Africa is that the procedures for UN cooperation with regional structures are insufficiently developed and understaffed by highly qualified personnel, specialists and lawyers. The author comes to the conclusion that it’s important for success to improve the mechanisms of UN cooperation with regional and subregional security structures that ensure interaction at various levels of decision-making. It’s necessary to create in UN a unified fund for financing peacekeeping activities with flexible procedures for overturning resources between operations in different parts of the world.

86-89

Authors: Bohdanova Tetiana, Shpakovska Yulia

The US and Chile maintain excellent bilateral ties as well as one of the closest political, economic, and social relationships in the Western Hemisphere. The objectives of the article are to define the main trends of US-Chile relations and to find out the main issues on the bilateral agenda. Some aspects of this problem are studied by Ukrainian and foreign researchers, such as O. Kovaliova, I. Plevako, L. Diakova, P. Meyer, F. Rojas Aravena. The US-Chile relations at the beginning of XXI century are described as «cooperative friendship». Chile has maintained friendly relations with the United States since its transition back to civilian democratic rule in 1990. Bilateral commercial relations are particularly strong; total trade in goods and services has more than tripled since the implementation of a free trade agreement in 2004. Additional areas of cooperation include supporting regional stability and promoting clean energy development. Since March 2014, when Chile was designated as a member of the Visa Waiver Program, Chilean nationals have been able to travel to the United States for tourism or business for up to 90 days without obtaining a visa. The areas of bilateral military cooperation include enhancing the security capacity of nations in the hemisphere, countering illicit drug trafficking, meeting humanitarian needs, working together on issues like cyber security, confronting those who would undermine the stability of the nations, and examining defense institutional reform

98-102

Authors: Turkov Vladimir

The article discusses the sources of different origin and information capacity that have become the research basis of the politics of the Soviet state towards the Bulgarian population in the interwar period. First of all the issue is about the funds 1, 166, 413, 1261 of the Central National Archives of Supreme Authorities and Government of Ukraine. The content of these funds give possibility to analyze in details the peculiarities of the cultural and educational politics of the Soviet state towards the Bulgarian minority group in 20-30s of XX century. The materials of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party is also the important part of the source base. The decrees and resolutions of the plenary session of Congress of the All-Union Communist Party, the Communist Party of Ukraine, party conferences and meetings in the matter of national politics published in the specialized publications are worth mentioning. Special attention is paid to the thematic collection of documents regarding the cultural and educational politics published in the 70-80s of XX century, archive documents published in Ukrainian Historical Journal just before and after proclaiming the Independence of Ukraine. Among the publications of the period of Independence the collection of documents and files «National relations in XX century» and «National process in Ukraine» are of a particular interest. One more group of sources contains the statistical materials that provide a means of the quantitative representation analysis in the different regions and localities. Articles, booklets and books of the Communist party leaders of Ukraine represent the particular group of sources. In these publications authors attempted to justify the cultural and educational politics of the Soviet state towards the national minorities in 20-30s of XX century.

111-114

Authors: Nagirnyak Andrii

In the article are analyzed the legal framework of Ukraine in the preservation of cultural heritage and highlighted its main deficiencies. The article stated that without solving the problems of preservation of historical and cultural monuments, it is impossible to build clear cultural policy which is directly related to the use of national heritage in the spiritual upbringing. The author stated that for Ukraine, which for a long time did not have their own state system and its cultural - historical heritage was suffered from deliberate destruction, this is especially topically. According to experts, in Ukraine only in the twentieth century were destroyed about 10 thousand architectural objects that have historical and cultural value. The article describes a series of laws and regulations , which regulate the relations in the area of cultural and historical heritage. Laws of Ukraine «About Protection of Cultural Heritage» (2000), «About the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage» (2004), «About a temporary ban of privatization of cultural heritage» (2005), documents that complement and specify «Concept of state cultural policy for 2005-2007», «state program of preservation and use of cultural heritage for 2004-2010», which created a sound legal, regulatory and methodological base in the heritage area. In the article it is stated that the legal framework in the field of cultural and historical heritage of Ukraine is imperfect and needs amendments. To improve national legislation, bring it to accordance to the international standards, and provide new impulse to restitution process will allow Ukraine to join the circle of states that are leaders in preserved of cultural and historical values.

119-124

Authors: Salata Halyna

The paper aims at highlighting the main stages of life and work of I.P. Prokofiev – the prominent national railway engineer, scientist in the field of structural mechanics and bridge construction. His academic life, military and educational activities tightly related to railway transport. Enormous educational, scientific and administrative loading did not prevent Prokofiev from developing two interesting projects of metal bridges: in 1925 – the bridge with two railway tracks over Seversky Donets, Ukraine (1208 m); in 1927 – a typical structure for bridges (156 m). He studied temporary loads’ pressure on the walls of buildings, effect of horizontal forces in deep pillars; searched for ways to fix deformities by means of lacquer coverage, examined special issues of Materials Science, described efforts in emerging cantilever arch farms and combined systems. The sense of his life and activity was to create a national scientific school in the field of structural mechanics - the cornerstone of any engineering work in construction and architecture. Prokofiev devoted many years of his life to preparation and publication of his textbook «Structural Mechanics». The background of the textbook was his lectures presented in the Agricultural Institute. The work was completed in 1926. The textbook «Theory of Structures» consists of three volumes-sections: the first – «Statically defined systems», the second – «Movement and calculation of retaining walls», and the third – «Statically indeterminate systems». Prokofiev’s textbook «Theory of Structures» withstood four editions and was the main tool for engineers for a long time

130-133

Authors: Shulha Vladymyr

The article highlights the basic stages of formation and development of the theory of inbreeding in animal husbandry, proves that is an important breeding method, which is used at breed creation and at the stage of its consolidation. Charles Darwin on base of factual material justified the negative impact of prolonged use of inbreeding that reduce life and reproductive ability of animals. Е. Davenport, K. Kronaher, P. Kulechov, G. Natuzius, M. Shchepkin proved the effectiveness of inbreeding in cattle breeding in order to consolidate and strengthen continuity of famous animals. After genetic theory of inbreeding forming in the early twentieth century E. Bogdanov, D. Kyslovsky theoretically justified the reason of its positive and negative effects as a result of homozygosity increasing. Academician M. Ivanov developed a method of breed creation based on extensive use of targeted inbreeding. The scientific researches of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor M. Kravchenko on the justification of effectiveness of inbreeding to create new breeds of farm animals were summarized. The scientists have identified six main types aimed inbreeding at line breeding, proved the greatest efficiency of a complex inbreeding; showed the value of this method in the creation of animals with record productivity and proposed methods of reducing inbreeding depression. M. Kravchenko’s priority in the development of formulas for calculating the genetic similarity of the animal and his common ancestor at inbreeding and a method for determining the coefficient of inbreeding and the percentage of ancestors in the pedigrees of the animals, which received worldwide recognition, was justified.