EMINAK

5-9

Authors: Smyrnov Leonid, Pistruil Igor

In spring of 2016 archaeological investigation of the location of the Stone Age lodges was conducted. The monument is located near the village Khatki in Skadovsk district, Kherson region. The camp was founded in 1986 and in 1987 surveyed by N.P. Olenkovskiy. The location is localized at 0,3 km North of the eponymous village on the Western and North-Western slope side of the steppe saucers (sci). Collected archaeological material consisted of flint items (42 items) and presumably dates from the Mesolithic-Neolithic. Excavations of the monument were not carried out. Perhaps the monument was a small area for short time camp of the late stone age (Mesolithic, Neolithic). A small amount of flint products, and also abnormally high percentage of products from secondary processing, which in turn indicates a lack of raw materials (chert) points about the brevity of the monument. At inspection of the territory of the monument in 2016, a fragment of retouched products (scraper?) from the flint was discovered. The product is discovered at the bottom of the Northern slope of the sides of the pod, almost at the bottom. On the expected square of the monument was carried out trenching (two trenches 1x1). During trenching surface cultural layer were not detected. Thus, we can assume that: 1) Cultural layer in the West and the North-Western slope of the hearth is now completely destroyed, and the archaeological material collected during the previous fundraising; 2) The cultural layer of the monument lies at a sufficient depth, and consequently, the archaeological material does not fall on the modern ground surface; 3) Parking was located on the North-Eastern outskirts of the village under the estates of local residents. In the construction of houses cultural layer has been completely or partially destroyed.

16-21

Authors: Melnyk Olena

This article analyzes the archaeological research of burials from the 16th-18th centuries in Kyiv, Ukraine. The archival data is based on the field reports of expeditions by the Imperial Archaeological Commission, the Archaeological Committee of Ukraine, the Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Academy of Sciences of UkSSR, the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the Academy of Sciences of USSR and the UkSSR. Most of the burials were discovered during expeditions of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences, which was established in 1970. This author identifies four basic periods distinguished by their scientific approach to the study of burials. The first of these periods comprises the 19th century and is characterized by excavations by amateur archaeologists who appear to have discovered burials by accident. The second, or pre-war period, encompasses excavations from 1900 to the early 1930s. It corresponds to a significant change in the scientific methodology employed. The high professionalism of these excavations, by D. Mileev and T. Movchanivskyj, demonstrated archaeological potential and the need to study more closely the burials of the 16th-18th centuries. The third period began in the mid-1940s and extends to about 1975. In contrast to the second period, and despite intensive expeditions during this post-war period, with few exceptions the data provides only succinct information without graphics. The fourth period of the study begins in the mid-1970s and is still ongoing. It is marked by decidedly more detail regarding the fixation of subjects in the field. Heading architectural and archaeological expeditions, V. Kharlamov and G. Ivakin effected important roles in the advancement of scientific methodology in this period. As a result of some 200 years of research in Kyiv, nearly 3,000 burials have been studied including 2862 in simple pits, 19 in sarcophaguses, 13 on pavements, 97 in underground vaults, and 7 in crypts.

27-31

Authors: Lozynskyi Andrii

Showing up and characteristics of the role of Ukrainians in the structure of the armed forces of the Russian and Austro- Hungarian empires are important in the study of the history of Ukraine and military history of leading European countries during the First World War (1914-1918). These issues for a long time were given in a simplified form and misrepresented by the Soviet ideology, suppressed by Polacks and Romanians, and even today falsified by the Russian chauvinist elements. According to modern scientists’ statement, personnel of the armed forces of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Empire on January 1, 1917 consisted of 65 % of Ukrainian and 28 % of Russians, but in the Baltic Fleet there were 73 % of Russians and 15 % of Ukrainian. Many Ukrainians formed a part of the naval forces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Military and political events that led to the overthrow of the czarism in Russia shook many soldiers of Ukrainian origin. In spring 1917 mass Ukrainian military movement started in the Baltic Fleet. Ukrainian sailors – Senior Lieutenant M. Bilynskyi, Lieutenant S. Shramchenko and others, tried to Ukrainize crews of their warships, lift the blue-yellow flag and transmit ships in the Black Sea. Due to the efforts of Colonel V. Savchenko-Bielskyi, a warrant officer Y. Khrystych and others everywhere in the Black Sea Fleet the Ukrainian Rada were created on the ships, that later became the first Ukrainian naval command. To a large extent due to the activity of Ukrainian officers the Black Sea naval infantry units were Ukrainized. The same situations occurred in other fleets – Caspian, Siberian, Amur, and North-Arctic. Authorities of the Black Sea Fleet welcomed and supported the movement of Ukrainization, because they considered that it could be an escape from the Bolshevik propaganda, which began to emerge stronger and stronger. However, to realize their plans fully Ukrainians failed because of the Russian-Bolshevik coup in October 1917. Ukrainian soldiers who served in the Adriatic played an important role in units of the navy forces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Especially their role was the most noticeable in the submarine fleet and military-navy sanitary-medical service during the First World War. The most popular among Ukrainians were Admiral J. Okunevskyi, Rear Admiral O. Zaryckyi, and Colonel M. Rozhankivskyi. The analysis shows the significant role of the Ukrainian sailors during the First World War. The Ukrainian officers and sailors demonstrated to the full training and high moral and fighting qualities as a part of the naval forces, where they were in service.

37-45

Authors: Zerkal Мykola

Archival criminal cases of repressed inhabitants of Mykolayiv famine conditions in 1932-1933 to studied in the article. The author tries to embrace the reader's attention not just to the statistics of victims of the totalitarian Soviet regime and raise the issue of the total physical destruction of Ukrainian, Germans and other nationalities who lived in the South Region in the crimes exerted by law enforcement and honor the memory of innocent victims, about whom was remained in most cases, only criminal cases and also pay homage to the murdered and not recorded in the pages of the documents. Inhumane, unlawful nature of the party and state apparatus in case of total destruction of the peasantry of South Ukraine and total expropriation of their property were disclosed.

52-58

Authors: Hordiyenko Vyacheslav, Hordiyenko Galina

The actuality of social history of soviet society exists during a long time. Methodology of the history of everyday life – modern trend of world historiography is fruitful for investigating small social groups. Post-war life of disabled soldiers in soviet Ukraine requires considerable research using methods of everyday life history. Methodology of the everyday life history contains requirements of forming corresponding complex of historical sources. Archive documents of party-member origin and also the results of censorship of disabled soldiers’ personal correspondence have been used for studying disabled soldiers’ housing problem in early years after the war. Party and government leaders of the soviet Ukraine have taken measures in order to improve living conditions of disabled soldiers’ contingent. The part of disabled front-line soldiers has managed to solve their housing problem with the help of the state. However, thousands of demobilized because of their mutilation in the republic have been left without lodging or they have been in need of its improvement. In early years after the war so-called «months» for helping disabled soldiers have been practiced during which front-line soldiers’ living conditions have been improved by the community. In the countryside members of collective farms have built living accommodations for disabled soldiers. Local officials have often ignored disabled soldiers’ needs and haven’t taken responsibility for their actions. Even party documents contain notifications of the fact that some disabled soldiers together with their families have lived in dugouts or abandoned after military operations shelters. Indifference of the state and society to the front-line soldiers’ problem has made them complain about their fate to their close relatives and friends in letters. Сensorship of correspondence has given party and government leaders of the republic appropriate information about real social situation of Great Patriotic War disabled soldiers. Post-war daily routine has caused the feeling of despair and frustration.

65-71

Authors: Hura Oleksiy

The present article deals with the unexplored aspects of state-church relations in the Soviet Ukraine (1948-1953). The policy of the Soviet authorities disposed to the Judaic communities has been analyzed, and the conditions of the religious communities under party-state control has been defined. The soviet governmental policy as to the Judaic confession is analyzed; the state of the religious communities in Ukraine is defined. The author studies the soviet tactics as far as Judaism in the post-war period is concerned. The main consequences of the anti-religious campaign and the ways to fight against clergymen are touched upon. The author depicts the key forms of the party and state leadership’s struggle against Judaic communities during the specified period. As an example, the conditions of believers of the Judaic communities of Lviv, Kyiv, Vinnytsia, Kharkiv, Odesa, Uzhhorod, Dnipropetrovsk, Chernivtsi, and Sevastopol have been shown. The article represents peculiarities of functioning of the executive bodies of Jewish communities, synagogues opening procedure, registration of the clergy and communities of believers, hidden protests of intellectuals, functioning of minyans. The article proves that the decline in the number of Judaic communities and the closing of the synagogues were acknowledged as the most principal and the most important tasks of the state-party leadership in the struggle against the Judaic communities. The article specifies a series of party bodies’ activities concerning the struggle against «natiolalist shows» in the Judaic communities and liquidation of minyan. The Soviet leadership purposefully defined the latter as illegal religious societies and underground gatherings so that it could have grounds to liquidate them.

78-83

Authors: Spirkina Oksana

In the article the cultural and artistic life of Cherkasy region of the first decade of the state independence of Ukraine is characterized. It is shown that the cultural life of Cherkasy region reflected general tendencies typical for the whole Ukraine which have both positive and negative features. The research gives an opportunity to claim that the cultural and artistic live of the region had certain regional peculiarities. The urgency of the scientific work is underlined. It is paid attention to the emerging role of the Ukrainian language in the region in 1991-2001. The characterization of the literary life of the region is given. It is paid attention to the role of Cherkasy artists in the forming national consciousness. The theatrical and musical lives of the region are researched. The role of amateurs and amateur groups in the forming national revival of Cherkasy region is stood out. It is underlined the leading role of the Ukrainian creative intelligentsia in all the processes concerning the cultural life of both the whole Ukraine and a separate region of it. The leading approach of this article is an interdisciplinary one. The conceptual apparatus of this scientific work is characterized by the usage of terms and categories both traditionally historical and borrowed from other contiguous sciences (historical psychology, culture study and others). The materials of the article may be useful for further study of the history of Ukraine, the history of Ukrainian culture and the history of separate regions of our country of the period of the state independence of Ukraine.

91-95

Authors: Hryashchevskaya Lyudmyla

Processes that took place in the social environment of the Ukrainian peasantry are analysed. Found out row of factors of deepening of demographic crisis on a village: fall-off of standard of life of rural population; substantial worsening him medical service and increase of morbidity; distribution of unemployment; reduction to the amount of marriages and increase of broad patterns; strengthening of depopulation. Reduction to the quantity of rural population that associated is investigational, except natural factors, also with administrative-territorial transformations: tacking of some villages to the cities, by the grant of municipal status to the settlements. In Ukraine simultaneously there was a decline of birth-rate and increase of death rate. General coefficient of birth-rate, that was determined by the amount of births went down, and was most subzero for all post-war period. The general index of marriages went down constantly, the amount of broad patterns grew accordingly during in 1990th. Such circumstances could not affect general rates of natural recreation of rural population. The indexes of death rate of peasants grew. The amount of the dead peasants increased, and the coefficient of death rate rose. This dynamics appeared an especially speed-up in the first half of 1990th, when a socio-economic crisis on a village acquired total character. The most dead was people years old. A village occupied one of the first places (after miners) after the level of death rate from accidents. Principal reason of this phenomenon is subzero productive discipline in agricultural enterprises. Over one third of mortal cases it happened through a drunkenness. To the dangerous factors it follows to add the state of technique. Natural motion of rural population restrained temper worsening of quality indexes of his health. For Ukraine became characteristic high, comparatively with other states, level of disability of citizens. Worsening of demographic situation was predetermined by migratory motion of rural population. Migratory losses continued to undermine natural basis of demographic recreating processes on a village. Many future parents and mothers were lost these same. Beginning from 1991, the migratory motion of peasants after the influence on the general dynamics of reduction of rural population began to yield to the depopulation processes. Intergovernmental migration was characterized by the change of citizenship and departure not only in the countries of the West but also to near abroad, mainly to Russia. There were quality changes in descriptions of labour potential of village. Participating of rural population in a public production and personal subsidiary economy was accompanied by the low level of the labour productivity. It is educed that on a village busy was far less working, than given in official statistical editions. Maintenance of the hidden unemployment in a considerable measure was assisted by barter calculations that came true by agricultural enterprises, succeeding to the hidden exploitation of labour force. Forming of patterns of ownership and organization of production stipulated appearance of new social layers on a village.

101-112

Authors: Pogromskiy Viktor

The article highlights the scientific activities of one of the leading researchers in the US-Soviet relations during the nonrecognition of Dmytro Mykolaiovych Stashevskiy. Works of this author can be considered one of the most thorough in the research issues of US assistance to Eastern Europe after the First World War. He is the author of research on the activities of the American Relief Administration chairman, which was Herbert Clark Hoover in times of famine of 1921-1923 on the territory of the former Empire of the Romanov trapped under the control of the Bolsheviks after the revolution of 1917. This Soviet historian of Ukrainian origin, one of the first identified study ARA activities in a separate scientific problem, the solution of which he worked until his death. His research is saturated with certain ideological stratifications, but have a broad factual component which today is an interesting and topical subject not Take account of the foundations of class struggle and the Marxist-Leninist ideology that professed Stashevskiy.

121-124

Authors: Lysyi Igor

In this article was made historic, cultural and touristical descriptive analysis of little-known Nadvirna castle, which is located in Ivano-Frankivsk region, on the base of using of four groups of characteristics: natural and geographical (morphological features of the monument’s construction, hydrological characteristics of the territory, location near from objects of the natural reserve fund, presence in the castle complex handmade recreational forests, landscaped parks, gardens and landscaped gardens, aggregate indicators of the natural and geographical location), historical and cultural (degree of the physical preservation, level of the historical significance, degree of the cultural value, indicator of the architectural and stylistic value, availability of saved elements of historic defence systems), infrastructural (transport accessibility, availability of accommodation facilities, food establishments, museum institutions, specialized souvenir shops and stalls), informational (integration to the tourist routes, organization of tourist promotional campaigns, exhibitions and fairs, availability of informational and advertising data, rank of the coverage in scientific tourism profiles and degree of the saturation of the Internet with tourist information). It was identified main positive and negative points of the potential adaptation of monument for tourism and recreation.

131-135

Authors: Bogdalov Anton

In the scientific article investigated stock collection National museum of Ukraine history, which covers the activities the first diplomatic missions of Ukraine after the proclamation the act of state independence. Review of process formation of the first diplomatic missions, features of the activities in early 1990s. Investigated museum exhibits that belonged the former Minister foreign affairs – Borys Tarasyuk, second permanent representative Ukraine at the UN – Viktor Batyuk, the first representative of Ukraine to the offices of international organizations in Vienna – Yuriy Kostenko, the first Ambassador of the first embassy Ukraine in Hungary – Dmytro Tkach, the first Ambassador Ukraine in Canada – Levko Lukyanenka, second Ambassador Ukraine in United States – Yuriy Sherbak and France – Yuriy Kothubey. Identified museum exhibits diplomatic missions are stored in museum, among them Ukrainian embassies in countries: Hungary, Poland, Canada, USA, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Czechoslovakia, Lithuania, Belarus