EMINAK

5-10

Authors: Docenko Viktor

Attempts of Kyivska Rus history observations are represented in the article on the basis of literature analysis . Article also determines reasons of choice of Galytsko-Volynske principality as a main developer of civilizational and governmental progress on Ukrainian territory in difficult ХІІІth century. The main reason of Ruirikovytch ruling family disintegration was option of own development, legal order and civilizational creation ways. Galytsko-Volynske and Rostovo-Suzdalske principalities became centers of new governmental projects on the ruins of old, powerful, Eastern European empire. Heads of these principalities - Danylo Romanovytch Galytskiy and Olexander Yaroslavovytch Nevskiy determined directions of civilizational development on the controlled areas. Olexander and Danylo had to choose the model of their principalities evolution despite of having external enemies such as Mongols, Hungarians, Polish, Teutons and internal enemies, among them were representatives of local nobles. So that meant that princes had to conduct the correlation of civilizational development option of Russ for the next decades. Such correlation was implemented during Mongolian and Aftermongolian periods. Changes concerned measures of force using to controlled population, subjects who were able to use such force, development of Orthodoxy and sacred and religious reasoning of powers of the prince and other ruling subjects. Innovations were implemented because of consolidated needs of separated areas, centralization of government and capability of Mongolian domination opposition. Moreover, changes were accompanied by the revision of byzantine and religious filling of princely, ruling method, which existed in Russ. Danylo chose eastern type of state and society evolution but Olexander preferred Mongolian centralized autocracy. As a result, peculiar type of state was formed and determined the development of areas for centuries in Galytsko-Volynska Russ and Northeastern principalities in advance. Civilizational choice of Volodymyr-Suzdal principalities leaded to despotic, centralized, horde, byzantine and moscow statehood formation in Northeastern Russ. This type of statehood was supported by orthodox hierarchs, who were coaxed by Mongolian khans, and promoted Mongolian policy and way of ruling. Conversely, Danylo Romanovytch selected eastern method of Slavonic civilization and state progress. Roman Mstyslavovytch and his son Danylo Romanovytch united Southwestern and Southern principalities an gained titles ‘autocrat of all Russ’ and king of Russ from chroniclers. Both princes aimed to become collectors of Russ’s lands and to continue affairs of Ruirikovytch dynasty. Danylo was focused on eastern ruling tradition and attempted to integrate his principality into European civilizational governmental type of development of those times. Family connections of Romanovytch dynasty also facilitated that integration. New legal agreements between prince and local feudal elites and legal traditions of neighbouring European states were implemented and distributed in Galytsko-Volynska Russ. The demand of finding new confederates for struggling against Mongols accelerated prince’s European option. The alliance with prince Andrew Yaroslavovytch failed and his brother Olexander chose horde way of state development. Danylo concentrated on eastern neighbors of Russ and started process of family dynastic marriages consolidation because of not getting support for struggling against hordes from Northeastern Ruirikovytchs. Family dynastic factor further strengthened civilizational governmental option’s direction of Ukraine at the period of Russ and provided an opportunity of cultural and political integration into European civilization of those times.

15-20

Authors: Vlasyuk Igor

In the article the economic and political relations between the Soviet power and various groups of peasants in Volyn during the new economic policy (1921-1928) are analyzed. The analysis is based on archival documents and new research. The relations between the Soviet power and the peasantry were complex and contradictory. By 1922 the new power had been fighting against the insurrections and thuggery in the province. The committees of poor peasants became the basis for agricultural policy. However, their activity was not effective. The judicial land commission finally settled the disputes between the poor and rich peasants. The Soviet regime took away their land surplus and the part of the property. The rich peasants paid a large agricultural tax to the state and had to hide their property and income. Collective farms were few and economically inefficient. The rural authorities elections caused many problems and shortcoming. The rich peasants were often deprived of their voting rights. The peasants were mostly non-party. The non-party peasant conference criticized the authorities for illegal actions. Provincial authorities also organized a rural anti-religious campaign. The agrarian policy of the Soviet regime was determined by political and ideological factors. The peasants’ economic interests often did not coincide with that policy. Poor peasants opposed to rich peasants.

27-30

Authors: Lisovska Olga

The article analyzes the material and technical support of everyday life of the inhabitants in Ukrainian villages in 1950- 1980s. The main directions of state social policy aiming at financial support of peasants’ everyday life in the studied period are examined; the achievements and failures of the leadership are accentuated. The author makes the conclusion that the increase of capital investment in the village social life resulted in positive changes. However, the funds allocated for the development of social infrastructure in villages did not allow overcoming the gap between the village and the city. Most villages were not properly equipped; they did not have well-established municipal services, and medical, commercial, cultural and social services could not meet the requirements. In the late 1980s many rural residents were not able to use all amenities. Soviet state refusal to improve technical situation in the rural areas, residual social funding, underestimation of strengthening villagers’ material base caused in the significant problems in Ukrainian villages. Every year more and more people moved to cities.

37-40

Authors: Sribna Mariya

In the article the question of the use of posters of Red Cross considered as basic agitation means in the conditions of battle actions. In particular, accents are done in the years of Second World War and shown problems in process Society of Red Cross of Ukraine in the today's war time on east of Ukraine. During the First and Second World Wars, recruiting posters became extremely common, and many of them have persisted in the national consciousness, such as the «Lord Kitchener Wants You» posters from the United Kingdom, the «Uncle Sam wants you» posters from the United States, or the «Loose Lips Sink Ships» posters that warned of foreign spies. Posters during wartime were also used for propaganda purposes, persuasion, and motivation, such as the famous Rosie the Riveter posters which exhorted women workers to work in factories during World War II. The Soviet Union also produced a plethora of propaganda posters, some of which became iconic representations of the Great Patriotic War. And in ХХІ of century in general these placards of Red Cross almost and not evidently during realization of battle actions, in particular on territory of Ukraine, where a population in swinging majority passes medications, foods and things through various volunteer organizations, that arose up with beginning of war on east.

47-51

Authors: Stepanchuk Yuriy

Using the comparative method, in this article the state of scientific development is analyzed by modern Ukrainian scientists of discussion on military campaign of B. Khmelnytsky of 1649-1651. It is noted that the political decisions of the Ukrainian Hetman under Zboriv in 1649 and Berestechko in 1651 make his image of the controversial figure of the Ukrainian statebuilding. Y. Mytsyk indicates that the siege of Zbarazh has given the necessary preconditions for the victory in the battle under Zboriv. Assessing the battle under Zboriv, I. Storozhenko emphasizes that it has been corresponded to the concept of the oncoming battle and has become a model of operational-tactical solution to organize the conduction of fighting. I. Storozhenko is sure that B. Khmelnytsky has stopped Zboriv battle and has made the Crimean Khan to do this. There is the opposite thought of V. Smoliy and V. Stepankov, which prove that the order on termination of the battle has come from the Crimean Khan Islam- Girey. T. Mac′kìv believes that Zboriv agreement was not adequate to an actual success of Cossack troops. T. Yakovleva adheres to a similar thought, she writes that Zboriv agreement brightly testified that at that time the desire of ordinary Cossacks and Hetman with his foreman much differed. O. Subtelnyi believes that among the Ukrainian masses Zboriv peace could not cause nothing but indignation. The controversial question is the behavior of B. Khmelnitsky under Berestechko, including his stay in the Tatar captive camp. Certain historians, such as Polish, write about «the shameful escape Khmelnytsky from the field of battle», the others believe that B. Khmelnytsky has followed Khan to return him to the place of battle, voluntarily has stayed with the Tatars, and then he could not return to Berestechko. S. Storozhenko agrees with them too, who believes that in order to prevent the national condemnation he could imitate the capture. I. Sveshnìkov argues that the absence of B. Khmelnytsky on the field of battle caused the fact that he was captured by Islam-Girey III. V. Smoliy and V. Stepankov illustrate as proof the testimony of the participants of the battle from the Polish, Ukrainian and even the Crimean side about the detention of B. Khmelnitsky by Khan.

55-60

Authors: Ukhach Vasyl’

The article the works of contemporary Ukrainian historians in the question of evolution relationship the OUN(b) and Germany in period 1930th – until January 1942 are analized. Periods and characteristic features of these relations on each of the stages are revealed. Noted that it issue still splits the Ukrainian society. The strategic goal of the Ukrainian liberation movement – an independent Ukraine – a priority in its foreign and domestic policy. The relationship of the OUN(b) and OUN(m) with Germany should be seen in the context of the national liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people. Cooperation of the OUN(b) with Germany at all stages of defining a key and consistent thesis – the relation of the latter to the idea of an independent Ukrainian state. Stressed that the movement of the OUN-Bandera was recognized by the Nazis are the most dangerous. Listed on the necessity of the removal of this topic ideological and political stratifications.

67-72

Authors: Filipchuk Ihor

The article deals with the process of forming of the ideological basis of construction of the socialism with a human face in Czechoslovakia in the context of the history of the crisis of 1967-1970. The problem of intellectual potential of the Prague Spring is highlighted in the context of the analysis of the necessary set of sources. The main groups of sources on the problem are characterized; their scientific and informational value is defined. It is noted that the largest group of sources are materials personal by origin these sources can be divided into two groups. The first group included labor leaders and articles reformist wing of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia A. Dubčeka, J. Smrkovskoho, O. Šika, Z. Mlynářa and other. The second – the work of members of the liberal Czechoslovak intellectuals (I. Sviták, K. Kosik, I. Klima, V. Havel, L. Vaculik and other) and materials of Czechoslovak periodicals («Rudé právo», «Literární noviny», «Literární listy», «Listy», «Kulturní tvorba») due to the specific of the subject of the study.

76-81

Authors: Berezanska Iryna

Considerable research interest in the development of student government in higher education of Ukraine XXI century called reform of higher education, its entry into the European educational space. The adoption of the laws «On Higher Education» (2002, 2014) significantly expanded the rights of the student government, which allowed students to actively participate in the management of higher education institution. The history of student government in the 2002-2014 has a significant amount of unexplored topics. Therefore, the urgency of the need caused historiographical analysis of current publications and release promising areas for further research. The problem of student government in higher education in Ukraine in 2002-2014 was the subject of many studies of Ukrainian scientists as O.A. Andryushkova, O.F. Kayumov, O. Keane, J.P. Kraschenko, A. Kuzminsky, N.Y. Liznova, V.P. Moroz, K.L. Potopa, O. V. Svyetlykova, G.G. Sichkarenko, L.V. Slinchenko, O.J. Tereshchenkova, V.I. Ternopilska, K.G. Trybulkevych, S. Hakimova, O.S. Kharchenko, L.O. Shein, O. Shpakivska. Consequently, the analysis of contemporary literature on the issue of student government in higher education in Ukraine 2002-2014 should emphasize the modern scientist’s coverage of certain aspects of its operations in dissertations, monographs and articles. A more comprehensive analysis of the development of student government in the 2002-2014 of monographs C.G. Trybulkevych, which disclosed the student government experience in restructuring higher education in Ukraine. Prospects of further scientific studies will be in research of student government policies, implementation of the principles of student government in higher educational institutions of Ukraine.

90-93

Authors: Puyda Roman

The humanitarian training of specialists in higher educational establishments helps to form national elite, promotes enrichment and renewal of intellectual and academic national gene pool. In the course of studies «History of the Ukrainian Culture», it is important to reveal and uncover its historical aspects for the humanitarian training of specialists, including petroleum fields of studies. It is impossible to preserve and increase the cultural and historic heritage of Ukrainian nation without national educational system. Special praise concerning this question belongs to metropolitan Andrii Sheptytskyi. Due to his personal work and vision of the role of the Church, that is not limited only by spiritual role but plays also a great patriotic and disciplinary, cultural and educational mission, the Greek-Catholic Church becomes the basis for development of modern Ukrainian nation and formation of organizations which were supported by the Church. The Metropolitan’s initiative, financial support and patriotism became the basis for development Ukrainian schools and gymnasiums in Halychyna. Due to his work, old and new cultural and educational, patriotic and disciplinary societies restarted it’s activities. According to the people’s memories, the Metropolitan always visited Ukrainians schools, gave presents to seminaries, gymnasiums and other educational institutions. It is difficult to overestimate his role and the importance of «Prosvita» in the development of Ukrainian national consciousness. «The society kept dozens of schools, courses, clubs, organized seminaries for young people, published educational magazines, books, manuals, children’s literature, held meetings, performances, founded libraries»

102-108

Authors: Lebedeva Yuliya

This article considers the question of actuality of ongoing Ukrainian state tradition investigation in the new political conditions of our country. Geopolitical strategies of Ukrainian state are partly covered, the attention is focused on international recognition, sovereignty and state independence of our country. The task of the scientists concerning further thorough processing and comprehension of our historical past, the nature and the essence of its specifics is outlined, because formation of Ukrainian state requires the high level of national consciousness, in the formation of which historical science plays a significant part. Therefore, the actuality of the accumulation issue of such Ukrainian nation’s historical experience from the modern point of view is proved. Besides, it is emphasized that as well as scientists and educators mass communications are supposed to build on positive morality and behaviour patterns, to preserve national state traditions among the youngsters, educating them in the culture of intellectual freedom and civil responsibility.

114-118

Authors: Hrushytska Iryna

In 2017 it is celebrated 110 years since the birth of one of the most famous Ukrainian astronomer, the founder of Odessa school of researchers of variable stars, the director of the Odessa Astronomical Observatory (1944-1983), Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor Vladimir Platonovich Tsesevich. The scientific heritage of V.P. Tsesevich, consisting of more than 730 scientific works, requires a thorough comprehension and systematization. In particular, the initial stages of his scientific activity, when there was a becoming of V.P. Tsesevich as a personality and scientist, require the further research. In the article it is presented the analysis of the early period of scientific activity of V.P. Tsesevich, disclosed conditions of formation of a scientific world outlook and the further development of the scientist as a researcher and personality. V.P. Tsesevich was born in Ukraine. The childhood of the future scientist was held first in Odessa, then in Petrograd (Leningrad), where V.P. Tsesevich received his primary and higher education. The decisive influence on the formation of a scientific outlook of V.P. Tsesevich was made by Russian Society of Amateurs of Universe Sciences and by working in the Research Institute of Lesgaft in the laboratory of his future supervisor in graduate of Leningrad University – famous astrophysicist G.A. Tikhov. During the working in the department of variable stars of RSAUS, the member of which V.P. Tsesevich began in 1921, there were formed the scientific interests of the scientist, were made the first scientific publications, was happened its formation as a scientist and expert in the field of variable stars. However, it should be noted that at an early stage of scientific activity V.P. Tsesevich defined the vector of his research interest in the direction of Odessa – the city where he spent his childhood and where the scientist was destined to achieve scientific peaks.

125-133

Authors: Pylypchuk Oleg

In this article highlights the outstanding work of our countryman, biochemist Erwin Chargaff from Chernivtsi, in European and American universities. Analyzed every stage of this activity. Highlights E. Chargaff `s contribution to the development of nucleic acid chemistry. Transformation E. Chargaff to the biochemist largely is caused by that he had entered to a small group of biologists, who followed by the events in molecular biology and exchanged information each other. This allowed them to better understand the molecular processes by studying them under a new paradigm, which evolved and led to the synthesis of DNA. Chargaff made unique contribution by his own biochemical studies made in 1928-2000 in the traditions of different scientific schools. E. Chargaff was not American, until his last days heconsidered himself as a true European. In 1950-1953 he, studying quantitative correlation of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids, showed that the common amount of adenine bases, each DNA molecule equal to the number thymine, and the number guanine basics - number of cytosine. This discovery, called «Chargaff rule» was used by F. Crick and J. Watson to construct a model of the DNA molecule. Chargaff thanks his research discovered of species specificity of DNA. He led the significant studying of protein synthesis proses, and the definition of DNA role in the transmission of hereditary information. Much attention scientist paid philosophical problems of science, reflected on the moral aspects of molecular genetic experiments, interested in socio-cultural component of the development of science in the twentieth century.