EMINAK

10-15

Authors: Kovalenko Oksana

In the article, the tax-expense aspect of financial activity of the workshops (Poltava region at the beginning of XVIII age), is analysed. In particular, the questions of money and natural in behalf of cossack petty officer are considered, city officials. One of craft’s expenses was «ralets». Ralets in Hetmanshchyna is a present which were given twice a year on Christmas and on Easter to a socially senior person by people depended on him. Furthermore, ralets didn’t give guarantee for immediate profit and was obligatory, that made it closer to tax than bribe by the status. In most cases ralets was given in natural kind, which means manufactures. Charges were more or less the same, 10-16 coins per person. Charges from butchers were different, they were higher in several times then medium. Craftsmen took them to Cossaks heads – regiment or hundred administrations – and to city administration: prefects, clerks, burgomasters. The basic tendencies were: the transition to the money relations; the economic submission and use of workshops by a cossack petty officer. City crafts corporations ‘de jure’ obeyed to magistrates or town halls power, although because of Hetmanshchyna cities specific character, as they were fist of all military territorial actor, craftsmen also had to pay taxes to regiment are hundred administration.

23-30

Authors: Podhorna Anastasia

The article, based on the analysis of metrical books of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary and Assumption churches in the Pyriatin town, it is determined which names are most often called newborns, and, accordingly, which names were rarely used. It is also considered how these names corresponded to the church calendar and whether the name was chosen, and in the latter case, which names were preferred. So, most of the names were chosen from the amount of 7 days before or after the birth of the child. Names that were clearly selected on the date of birth or baptism were exactly one-third of all. In the case of choosing a name that was about 13%, preference was given to widely used names. Not in accordance with the church calendar, often choose the names of Peter, Basil, Mary and Euphrosyne. On the other hand, two thirds of rare names were given to children according to their date of birth. Significant reason for choosing a name was the reverence of the people of the corresponding saint, which is especially evident on the example of the female name of Paraskeva, which supplanted almost all other female names in October. Finally, the noun of extramarital children was considered, as it turned out, there were no special name-markers for them, but they used the same names as in the city as a whole.

40-46

Authors: Krot Volodymyr

The article deals with the cooperation of Mykhailo Hrushevskyi and Dmytro Doroshenko at various stages of their collective activity. The author had firstly used only the memoirs of D. Doroshenko, but afterwards for the most objective illustrating the period of the Central Rada he included the memoirs of M. Hrushevskyi. The researcher noticed that the cooperation was productive in the pre-revolutionary period, and pointed out that Dmytro Doroshenko was initially under the influence of the senior colleague and fully shared the scientific concepts and political views. At the second stage, which coincided with the revolutionary events of 1917, there were significant differences in the historians’ views as to the ways of Ukraine’s autonomy within the Russian federal republic and the solving an agrarian problem. The biggest contradictions between them appeared when D. Doroshenko was attempted to head the General Secretariat of the Central Rada. Political cooperation between them did not work, and both historians went further in different paths

52-60

Authors: Trygub Oleksandr

The article reveals the formation and decline of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) on the territory of modern Kirovograd region in the 1920s. It is noted that unlike other cities of the former Kherson province (gubernia), Elisavetgrad district (uiezd), ironically, special attraction to Ukrainianization of Orthodox churches. Therewith, individual parishes sought to Ukrainize God’s Service in their temples. By the middle of 1925, six district parishes had transferred to the UAOC. A significant number of believers had Ukrainian parishes Elisavetgrad-Zinovievsk, Novomirgorod, individual rural parishes. A significant decline in the distribution of the UAOC in the second half of the 1920s is due to a number of reasons: obstruction by the Soviet authorities, the split in the UAOC and the emergence of the Church of Activity, interfaith confrontation in the Orthodox environment and low moral of a number of clergymen, who came to the local parishes. A special place in the work is occupied by personalized characteristics of the clergy – bishops and individual priests, who played a significant role in the life of the UAOC in the territory of the Zinovievsky district (Ivan Gulevich, Feofan Homja, Vladimir Aushev, Yefim Kalishevsky).

67-78

Authors: Sаpоzhnyкоv Igоr

The article is dedicated to mosques and Christian churches of the fortress and the city of Bendery. In them in Ottoman times there were at least 12 mosques – 9 in the fortress and 3-4 outside it. The remains of two of them (in the name of Sultan Suleiman) have been preserved. The name of the Cathedral Mosque (Munkar-Hamid) and its place at the Istanbul Gate are known, as well as the names of two other temples – Dagestan-Jami and Selim-Jami. Most likely, these three mosques were re-consecrated in the church in 1770, 1789 and 1807. One of them (Sultan Selim Khan?) was destroyed in 1826-1830 in connection with the construction of a new building of the Alexander Nevsky Church, and the minaret of the Cathedral Mosque was preserved until the end of the 1920s. The Greek Church may be appeared in the urban suburb about the middle of the XVIIth cent.

90-94

Authors: Kolisnichenko Anatoliy

In the article the author analyzed the forms of parliaments work; and special attention spares to parliament sessions. The article studies features of parliamentary chambers and underlines the value of quorum of deputies on meeting. The author underlines the main form of parliaments work – legislation and analyses the process of legislation. At markes, that together with lawmaking parliament analyzes different forms of control for implementation of laws. In the article author is analized the forms of parliaments sessions. The more attention is to the unusual and duty sessions; it alizes in constitutions and regulations. In the several countries is established days and kinds of parliament’s work. Necessity and value of quorum is investigates; and also demands to quantity of deputies on meeting and language of meeting.

100-107

Authors: Bilovus Lesya

The article is devoted to cultural discourse in the US Diaspora’s periodicals as one of the factors of the national identity preservation. The periodicals of the Ukrainian Diaspora in the United States still continues to have a great influence, as they used to have before, on preserving the national identity of foreign Ukrainians and the formation of national and patriotic public opinion, while forming a positive image of Ukrainian in the world. The ability to attract the broad public audience quickly enables contemporary periodicals to transform the traditional system of spiritual production in the certain direction. Besides, they also serve as a meaningful instrument for the creation of a single Ukrainian-language historical and cultural information space in the United States, which is, basically, plays the role of the spiritual and ideological cement that consolidates foreign Ukrainians into the unity. The analysis of Ukrainian-language periodicals («Svoboda», «Chas i Podii», «Ukrainske Slovo», «NOVA Gazeta», and «Mist») attests to the fact that despite the emigration, the dispersal of cultural and intellectual forces, Ukrainian Diaspora in the United States has managed to turn the cultural factor, along with the religious one, into the force that consolidates and creates a nation. This is the area where the nation can be influenced honestly. The development of culture is a guarantee of the existence of a nation, as well as its identity. The knowledge of the national cultural achievements is necessary not only for the elevation of national dignity of Ukrainians, but also for the present generations, when the best cultural traditions of ancestors can be used to form a national consciousness, upbringing of the coming generation, which should be conscious of its national identity. Ukrainian Diaspora in the United States has become such a monolith that unites broad masses. Due to its hard work the artificially created gaps of Ukrainian contribution to the world cultural process were closed. The material of periodicals testifies that foreign Ukrainians created such a powerful cultural stratum that it managed not only to enrich the world civilization, but also contributed to the USSR destruction and returned to the Ukrainians lost national memory.

114-121

Authors: Pilipchuk Oksana

The article describes the process of establishing a law faculty at the University of St. Volodymyr in the first half of the nineteenth century. The difficult socio-political conditions of life of the Ukrainian people during the period of incorporation of Ukrainian lands by neighbouring countries – Russia and Poland are shown. The conditions of the creation of the University of Kiev in 1834 against the background of the struggle for the independence of the Polish people on the Ukrainian lands were revealed. The sociopolitical changes in the Russian Empire, which played an important role in the creation of the university, were highlighted. In particular, reflects the reform activity of Emperor Alexander I and his main ideologist M.M. Speransky, who sought to carry out a liberal reform of the public order in the country through the abolition of serfdom, the adoption of a constitution, the safeguarding of the rights and freedoms of every citizen, the division of power into three main branches: legislative, executive and judicial, with the aim of consolidating autocracy. In addition, it reflects the contribution of M.M. Speransky in the creation of the first systematized legal act «Code of Laws of the Russian Empire» and the reform of higher legal education through the preparation of a young, fundamentally new generation of domestic lawyers, brought up in the progressive conditions of the development of European law. The first generation of pupils of M.M. Speransky became the first teachers of the University of St. Volodymir in Kiev. Thus, in Kyiv, a law-based faculty in the Russian Empire was created fundamentally new in the methods of work, which in the future became a powerful center for the development of Ukrainian legal science.

127-131

Authors: Salata Halyna

The paper attempts to analyze some aspects of the professional activity of Professor L.D. Proskuryakov in the field of building mechanics. The author considered certain approaches to the biography of the outstanding mechanic engineer and bridge builder L.D. Proskuryakov. The purpose of the study is to outline the chronological retrospective of Proskuryakov’s engineering thought in the field of designing and building railway bridges. It is argued that the issue has not been explicitly investigated so far. Historiosophy of design and construction of railway bridges in Ukraine and Russia by Proskuryakov is defined. The study is based on methods of historical-chronological and comparative analysis, logical method that involves the documentary and historiographical base of the works of domestic and foreign scientists.

137-147

Authors: Zosimov Ihor

The activities of the Ukrainian Research Institute of Economics and Organization of Agriculture affected the transition from private farming to collective farming and was marked by a complex of urgent problems, recorded by the agrarian history of Ukraine (1920-1930). In the system of functional and managerial activities of the Institute, the nodal issue of research support was resolved: the program included both economics sciences, in particular agricultural ones, to which they adjoined one of their sides, as well as social sciences, with which the same economy collided with its other side. Moreover, further study concerned novelty – the science of agricultural production. On this basis, the publication reveals the relevant socio-economic motivation, expressed in the form of an authoritative history of the agrarian scientific institute of Soviet Ukraine.

151-155

Authors: Bey Nataliia

The scientific achievements are certain the scientists of State Enterprise «State motor transport research and project institute» from development of motor industry in Ukraine. It is found out, that analysis of history of development of the scientific providing of processes of car production the scientists of State Enterprise «State motor transport research and project institute» will provide drawing on the most substantial accomplishments of the past for effective innovative activity in home motor industry on a prospect. It is set that introduction of the front-rank technologies worked out by the scientists of State Enterprise «State motor transport research and project institute» will provide a reliable, powerful and comfortable car production on the motor industry enterprises of Ukraine. For today an institute works on creation of the effective system of the legal and technical adjusting of motor transport in the conditions of market relations and globalization of markets. His activity has a national strategic value for providing of competitiveness, steady balanced development in modern terms and effective functioning of cars, and also contiguous industries of economy of Ukraine.

10-27

Authors: Tarasenko Olha

We introduced the concept «School of Historians of St. Volodymyr University». This concept incorporated the academic teachers – scientists, who were united on a professional basis as historians and worked as Chairs of World and Russian History from the opening of the institution in 1834 until its liquidation in 1920. Within this convept, we investigated the history of the formation of the School of Historians of St. Volodymyr University from the middle of the 30-ies untill the beginning of the 60-ies of the XIX century through the researching the socio-cultural portrait of historians V.F. Tsykh, V.F. Dombrowsky, O.I. Stavrovsky, M.I. Kostomarov, P.V. Pavlov, V.Ya. Shulgin. We established that V.F. Tsykh, V.F. Dombrowsky, O.I. Stavrovsky, M.I. Kostomarov formed the first period of the formation of the School, which lasted from 1834 until the end of the 40-ies of the XIX century, and P.V. Pavlov, O.I. Stavrovskii, V.Ya. Shulgin formed the second period of the formation of the School, from the end of the 40-ies to the beginning of the 60-ies of the XIX century. We analyzed the teaching, scientific and educational activities of V.F. Tsykh, V.F. Dombrowsky, O.I. Stavrovsky, M.I. Kostomarov, P.V. Pavlov, V.Ya. Shulgin, and determined their contribution to the development of educational and historical science of their time, the start of the traditions of the School of Historians, and the University educational and scientific space. We explored the memoirs of contemporaries D.P. Khrushchev, student N., Mykola Gerbel, M.I. Kostomarov, O.V. Romanovich- Slavatinsky, V.G. Avseyenko, V.Ya. Portugalом about historians V.F. Tsykh, V.F. Dombrowsky, O.I. Stavrovsky, M.I. Kostomarov, P.V. Pavlov, V.Ya. Shulgin. We investigated that the memoirs contain an expressive characteristic of activity of those historians, and they were brightly evaluated as outstanding individuals, who actively created their time. We created the integrated portrait of the professors of the history of the University of St. Volodymyr University from the middle of the 1830-s till the beginning of the 1860-s. We researched the history of the formation of the School of Historians of St. Volodymyr University at their time. We looked feeper in their life, teaching, scientific, and educational activity in initiating by them the traditions of the School of Historians of the institution. We emphasize that professors V.F. Tsykh, V.F. Dombrowsky, O.I. Stavrovsky, M.I. Kostomarov, P.V. Pavlov, V.Ya. Shulgin were among the founders of Ukrainian historical education and science. We conclude that all six historians came to the St. Vlolodymyr University very young and worked with a big desire for the benefit of education and science. They inspired by their selfless work others to the study of World and Russian History and Local History. We verify that V.F. Tsykh, V.F. Dombrowsky, O.I. Stavrovsky, M.I. Kostomarov, P.V. Pavlov, V.Ya. Shulgin demonstrated cult of knowledge, high erudition, general culture and the desire to create. They taught future talented specialists and researchers, educated a broadly and impartially thinking young generation of citizens, inspired others to study Russian and World history, History and Culture of their Native Land. We show that they contributed to the beginning of the formation of the traditions of the School of Historians of St. Volodymyr University as a whole

35-40

Authors: Sribnyak Ihor

The need to intensify cultural and educational and national patriotic work in the camps of the captured soldiers of the Ukrainian army of the Russian Army prompted the Union for the liberation of Ukraine to seek new forms of influence on the consciousness of the captives. One of them was the involvement of her (as grassroots organizers) of the Ukrainian-Ukrainian officers of the Tsarist Army, who have expressed their consent to such use. German military authorities agreed to stay captured Ukrainian officers in Rastatt, which had a significant symbolic and practical significance for the further development of the national movement in this camp. Lieutenant Mykola Shapoval an extremely valuable acquisition for the Ukrainian community in Rastatt, who, from March 1916, was constantly residing in Rastatt, performing a considerable amount of work (as a member of the department). But not all officers who were transferred to Rastatt camp were provided for cultural, educational and organizational work. Some of them tried to compromise Ukrainian business at all, developing their own escape plans, taking possession of the documents, which would give the Russian counterintelligence additional grounds for accusations of the Union of liberation of Ukraine in subversion. It is obvious that such officers (in case of disclosure of such intentions) were promptly removed from Rastatt to Russian officers’ camps, where also they were sent and unable to conduct the national-patriotic work of the «Little-Russians». Significantly more negative consequences were internal disputes between the civil members of the Camp Education Department and those officers, which, though they were committed to the Ukrainian liberation idea, had complex and uncompromising attitudes. This was all the more dangerous that this confrontation took place during the next reorganization of the senior management of the camp community «Independent Ukraine», which was due to the need to transfer the highest executive power in the camp to General (before which she remained in the hands of the head of the Educational Department). In the end, after intervention in the case of the Berlin Central Union, the conflict was settled by transferring part of the officers to another Ukrainian camp. Consequently, the participation of Ukrainian officers in the cultural-educational and national-patriotic life of the prisoners’ community at the Rastatt camp has led to positive moves, bringing fresh impetus to the work of various camp institutions. Due to this, it became possible for the majority of officers to get rid of the remains of the «Little-Russians» in their consciousness, as well as gain valuable experience in organizing work.

48-52

Authors: Buravsky Alexander, Vlasyuk Igor

In the article the activity of the committees of the poor peasants, the relations between them and the Soviet power and various peasantry groups in Volyn during the new economic policy (1921-1928) are analyzed. The analysis is based on archival documents and new research. Activity of Committee of the poor peasants in Volyn Region in the period of new economic policy was complicated and controversial. That was proved by permanent «cleaning» and reorganizing processes inside these organizations; the middle class peasants who were their members pursued their economic interests and tried to extend their influence in the countryside. Analysis of archival documents allows conclusions to be drawn that the Soviet government kept under its ideological control consciousness of the poor peasants, Committee of the poor peasant’s members, aiming them against wealthy peasants as well as in anti-religious trend. As a result of those processes there appeared complicated relations between the poor peasants and middle class ones. Despite this government failed to establish effective work of Committee of the poor peasants and involve majority of its members into collectivization of peasant farms process in that period.

58-63

Authors: Ruban Volodymyr

This article deals with some types of foreign-political mood of Podilla population during the deculakization and total collectivization at the end of 1920s – early of 1930s. Modern researches have shown that the mood and the behaviour of the population, peasants in the particular, have become the markers of the results of realization of the social-economic policy in the Soviet Ukraine at the end of 1920s – early of 1930s. Still, the usage of the manifestation of different types of mood and behaviour with the illustrative purpose of social-economic process only, conditioned to the lack of their classification. The attempts of the classification of the mood on the source of its rise/provoking (mainly) political, social, economic, cultural-educational, the decisions of the upper party-governmental guidance of the USSR or by the main lines of the peasants’ everyday life became unsuccessful. Well, every initiative of the Bolshevik government deals practically with all sides of the peasants’ everyday life and agricultural manufacture. The author proposed his own typology of the mood of the Podilla region’s peasants during the investigating period by the means of its forms and themes. In particular, the evaluation of the foreignpolitical situation on the background of the extreme events of the total collectivization appeared to be the most widespread. The sources of the information were speeches of the local propagandists, newspapers and gossips. For their own analyses of the current events peasants used the experiment of their family members or their country-men, taken part in the military deeds. The characteristic types of the foreign-political moods became «war awaiting», «polishes coming», «creation of anti- Bolshevik coalition» and intervention. On the background of the possible military conflict among religious population, which were in the majority, the thesis of the fall of’ «the power of the antichrist» (soviet power) was widely spread. Religious peasants strongly believed in the fall of the soviet power.

71-74

Authors: Tatiivska Inesa

The research is connected with the analysis of activity of the National commission on questions of return to Ukraine of cultural values and State service for control over transferring of cultural values across the state border of Ukraine in preservation of works of decorative art. Characteristics of state programs in pursuance of which these works came back to Ukraine are specified. The considerable attention is paid to examples of such return. The attention to relevance of interrelation of works of decorative art and ethnodesign is paid. The methodology of research consists in application of the principle of objectivity, the intrinsic analysis and the historical principle. The specified methodological receptions allow to consider concrete events and the phenomena in all versatility, to consider their main stages of development in objective time and space in interaction of various sociocultural events. Scientific novelty of work is that the author for the first time made an attempt of systematization and the art criticism analysis of works of decorative art in the context of enrichment of forms and methods of development of ethnodesign. Preservation of works of decorative art in activity of the National commission on questions of return to Ukraine of cultural values and State service for control over transferring of cultural values across the state border of Ukraine throughout the 1990th – the early of the 2010th cause need of separate studying of this perspective for a section of cultural policy of the state, in particular, in a foreshortening of art achievements of the specified structures and developments of the sphere of ethnodesign.

80-86

Authors: Lukiianchuk Viacheslav

The article is devoted to the fight for the civil rights of the national minorities – Sinti and Roma – in Germany after World War II. The important feature of this process is its non-violent nature. The peculiarities of the formation of the organization of the movement for the civil rights of these minorities at different stages are reviewed. Furthermore, the driving forces of this movement as well as the methods and means of solving the main problems of the community in FRG at various stages are determined. The struggle of Sinti and Roma for civil rights in Germany began after the Second World War under the condition of prolonging discriminatory practices against these ethnic minorities. The main goal pursued by the leaders of this movement was to eliminate these manifestations towards the Roma community members who were citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany, as well as to help Roma refugees, who could be deported back to Germany. During the first postwar years the activists were engaged in helping the Roma in solving private material matters and problems with the restitution of their German citizenship, and in the coming decades, were united in organizations and unions that solved the Sinti and Roma community issues at the land and federal levels. Subsequently, the organizations that defended rights and freedom of Roma people in FRG came to the European and international level to engage with international organizations in order to solve the problems of the ethno-community. The experience of the struggle of Sinti and Roma in Germany for its rights demonstrates that even the most discriminated community has the ability to influence its future. During the second half of the twentieth century, the leading organizations that defended Sinti and Roma’s interests in Germany have achieved the recognition of this ethnic community as a separate national minority with its own language.

93-98

Authors: Buglai Natalia

An array of scientific research national historiography, the subject of study which, in varying degrees, is tangential to the problem of analysis of the foreign policy of the Republic of Poland in the period 1995-2005 provided by the research studios, created in the period of the Ukraine and Poland an independent states. Ukrainian historiography modern period is characterized by a considerable increase of interest in problems of world history, including the history of individual States and the relationships between them. The increased interest of domestic researchers to Polish history, especially the modern period, due, first, last joint long, including a stay of Ukrainian and Polish lands in the same States, and formed as a result of this relationships, cooperation, and secondly, the obvious interest of the official Warsaw in relations with our state of readiness to support it at the international level, and thirdly, the desire of the Ukrainian authorities to use the Polish experience in integration into the Euro-Atlantic space, primarily in terms of reaching compliance with the standards of the EU and NATO. The study of the history of Poland Ukrainian scientists contribute significantly to the relations of strategic partnership, which for our state, compared to any other de jure the same, is higher. In the end, We have reason to state formation in the modern Ukrainian historiography of the historical Polish studies as a separate thematic directions of scientific research and continuous development, replenishment of scientific heritage which the new developments still going on.

106-111

Authors: Ukhach Vasil

The article presents a modern historiographical analysis of some «complicated» issues of Ukrainian-Polish relations during their most critical period. Much attention is given to the theoretical and methodological development of the conceptual construct of the Ukrainian-Polish relations and to the problem of mutual losses. Historiography of Ukrainian-Polish relations in the period of Second World War took shape in an independent research direction during the years of independence. Unfortunately, Ukrainian- Polish relations are not only the subject of sharp scientific discussions, but also an element of political confrontation. In the historiography of both countries a number of distinguished scientific directions interprets different events in different ways. Ukrainian scholars tend to consider Ukrainian-Polish relations in a comprehensive way. Domestic scholars emphasize that the reason of the Ukrainian-Polish confrontation was «a complex of socio-political and socio-economic factors». Polish historians quote Volyn’ events out of context of Ukrainian-Polish relations. There are no generalized approaches to the question of the terminology of Ukrainian-Polish relations in Ukrainian historiography. The issue of calculating the losses of both countries during a fratricidal confrontation remains a painful problem. In Ukrainian historiography there are significant differences in the estimation of the number of victims of both conflicting nations. Ukrainian-Polish relations during the interbellum period require systematic research. Attitude of the Ukrainian moderate strata (the intellectuals) and of the UGCC to the Ukrainian-Polish confrontation. Attempts to normalize the relations of two neighboring nations, ways of understanding

116-120

Authors: Levchenko Inna

In the article the process of implementation and research in natural sciences among the members of natural, physical, chemical and mathematical societies Kharkiv. The results of studies of natural scientific societies in terms of the history of science and technology. Established and solved major scientific achievements of scientists-naturalists in the physiology of plants and animals, fauna, geological, physical, chemical and mathematical research. Defined contribution representatives of natural scientific societies in the study and teaching of science, research revealed important members of the scientific centres of Kharkiv in the context of biological, chemical, mathematical and geographical sciences (second half of XIX – early XX century). The paper highlights the fact, documented and important scientific discoveries of famous naturalists. The author analyzes the scientific achievements of members of the natural, physical, chemical and mathematical societies Kharkiv region during the period, which contributed to the development of natural, physical, chemical and mathematical sciences both in Ukraine and abroad. The paper described the results of factors and factors of their activities, which are determined by a wide range of cases implemented, namely the publication of the meetings of societies of fundamental works of eminent scientists; publication of important scientific papers on various branches of science; promoting the latest advances and developments in science both in our country and abroad; involvement in scientific communication as honorary members and corresponding members a wide range of foreign scientists and others.

125-132

Authors: Krasnozhon Andrew

In the publication analyzes the some latest publications devoted to the history of Akkerman's mosques and temples in the period from mid-fifteenth and to early nineteenth centuries. Special attention is attended to Igor Sapozhnikov's article «From the History of Akkerman's Mosques and Churches in the mid of 17th – to the first half of the 18th cent». In this material the author tries to introduce into the scientific circulation erroneous theses about the fact of built of the Akkerman's Sultan mosque of Bayazid II (Veli), in the 1510th – 1520th. Another thesis is about the localization of the medieval so-called «Moldavian church» which is in the building of the XIXth century, in the present Bulgarian Church. The article is almost compilative. There are no clearly defined scientific problems, there are a priori conclusions and a free treatment of sources. The publication is not an actual scientific work, which can make a positive useful to the specialists in the history of medieval Belgorod/Akkerman.

23-29

Authors: Voronov Sergii

The publication reveals various aspects of the development of shipping and trade in the territory of South Ukraine. The author traces the emergence of Italian trading factors, the political and economic conditions of their existence, navigation of the Italian colonialists. It analyzes the types of ships, their characteristics, their role in maritime trade. The author notes that the main goods that were transported by the Italian courts were wine, vegetable oil, dining ceramics. Rarely, ships transported expensive goods – spices, silk, precious stones, fur, expensive Venetian glass, etc. The general conclusion – the Italian colonization of the North Black Sea region played an important role not only in the development of the land, but also influenced its economic development, the development of shipping, contributed to the emergence of new shipping routes in the Black Sea basin.

36-40

Authors: Serdiuk Igor

The article deals with the microgroup of schoolchildren, which the society of Hetmanschyna was perceived as «other». Being at school, begging as a way of earning a living was the basis for the marginalization of schoolchildren, perceiving them as a wandering, prone to crime layers. Some of the children were forced to seek refuge in schools as a result of orphans. In that time, folklore of schoolchildren’s life is described primarily as a difficult and unfulfilled joy. They are always depicted hungry and suffering from cold. Actually, this supposedly, and forced them to steal, as well as the lack of normal clothes. This perception and way of earning a living microgroup of schoolchildren was similar to the community of beggars, but between these two categories of the population were cardinal differences. Yes, the schoolboys were only boys. Their stay at the school was a peculiar stage in the life of a young man who had every chance of becoming a respected member of society, depending on his motives and strategies. The life strategies of others focused on getting a place in the church, thus the school gave birth to church literacy – knowledge of prayers, organization of the liturgy, etc.

47-52

Authors: Dianova Natalya

The intellectual ties of the metropolitan of the UGCC Andrei Sheptytsky with the Metropolitan of the RPC Antony (Khrapovitsky), aimed at uniting the Christian churches are research in the article. The letters of the Masters, which are relevant to the topic under consideration, are analyzed. The role of Andrei Sheptytsky in the process of searching for ways to ecclesiastical unity is considered. A comparative analysis of the epistolary heritage of these metropolitans is carried out and the principal differences in their views on the future of the church are shown. Andrei Sheptytsky proposed joint actions to unite the Greek Catholic and Orthodox churches, the creation of a common patriarchy headed by the Orthodox patriarch. Antony (Khrapovitsky) remained in the position of devotion to the Russian Orthodox Church and ultimately gave up the monistic activity. He saw the solution of this issue in the transition of Greek Catholics to Orthodoxy. The five-year correspondence showed only a deep chasm between the position of the Masters in the issue of church development on the Ukrainian lands. After the revolution of 1917, Andrey Sheptytsky supported the Ukrainian national movement and the building of statehood. Unlike him, Antony (Khrapovitsky) was very far from these processes and remained an adherent of the Russian autocracy and Russian Orthodoxy. The idea of A. Sheptytsky about the unity of the Christian church turned out to be premature and not realized.

58-62

Authors: Vivsyana Inna

The problem of the unity of the people is decided not by one generation of the Ukrainian intelligentsia. Today, as before, contacts for the «West-East» format are relevant for national consolidation. The communicative function of the activity of the national intelligentsia, that is, the various forms and means of information exchange, is intensified in modern conditions. Therefore, today, as never before, it is important to study and use the experience of past generations. Certain analogies with the events of a century ago have led to the use of the experience of the intelligentsia, which has fruitfully contacted through nationalcultural organizations, providing communication of the regions. The purpose of the article is to determine the main forms of manifestation of the communicative function in the activities of the Shevchenko Scientific Society, the Society of Prosvita and some other national-cultural organizations. The communicative function of communication through language is a prerequisite for the continuity of generations, social and scientific progress, the unification of people around a common goal. Linguistic unity, therefore, becomes the basis for unity in its various manifestations. In the first quarter of the XX century the Ukrainian literary language had already developed socio-political terminology. The orthographic discussion that emerged in the early twentieth century helped form the scientific foundations of common linguistic norms by overcoming the differences that existed in the literal practice of the Dnieper and Galicia. Participants of the discussion, which were linguists, writers, proved that a person is capable of influencing the language and shaping its norms. The Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv (NTSh) was the most important among the national-cultural organizations that carried out a communicative function in the 1910s-1920s. In 1909, the tradition of publishing popular brochures on the life of Ukrainians, which was actively continued by Prosvita, was initiated, during the First World War, the Union of Liberation of Ukraine, during the liberation events, Ukrainian publishing houses. Among other national-cultural organizations that carried out a communicative function, one should mention joint theatre and choir collectives (Les Kurbas, «The Young Theatre», I. Franko theatre, the Republican chapel under the direction of O. Koshitsa). There are different approaches to assessing communicative processes. Representatives of Galicia both at that time and the present, there are two trends: recognition of Galicia auxiliary or a leading role in the nation-building processes. The communicative function is extremely important in the activities of national cultural organizations, it helps to achieve understanding between representatives of different regions, promotes effective cooperation on the creation of a new quality of Ukrainian statehood. For 1910-1920 it turned out to be in the form of the development of common all-Ukrainian norms of spelling and scientific terminology, activating the work of Prosvita and other cultural organizations. For the current circumstances, this may be other forms and methods of cooperation. The main thing is that communication is not interrupted and not stopped.

69-74

Authors: Sribnyak Ihor

The article analyzes the activities of the Ukrainian Union military disabled UNR (hereinafter – Society), which played a significant role in protecting the rights of this category of interned soldiers-Ukrainian, representing their interests in front of the Polish government. Central Board of the Union were Tarn and its local branches operating in the camps and several Polish cities. The Union also has its representatives in various European countries, which are selected from among Ukrainian emigrant. The activities of the Union held in camps Swedish and tailoring workshops where disabled people work at the same time – they provided financial assistance through charitable collections and theatre performances, as well as cash benefits from social services of the Polish state. Finding additional sources of its activities to guide the Union of intense correspondence with similar organizations in a number of European countries, informing them about the situation of disabled Ukrainian camps. However, an important part of its activity was attracting the attention of the European community to fight that lasted against the Bolshevik regime in Ukraine. To this end, the Union distributed its own appeal, trying to attract the attention of the European community to the events in Ukraine. In particular, the Union appealed to similar organizations in Italy, Austria, Poland et al., who expressed her his moral support. Ukrainian Union military disabled strongly advocated its political direction – the idea of the restoration of state independence of Ukraine. This activity Association has found approval and full support from the State Centre of the UNR in exile.

81-83

Authors: Marchenko Nataliуa

In the article are explored the reasons for the appearance of the collection «The Wind from Ukraine» (1924) through the personal letters of P. Tychyna. Analyzed the moral values and the professional direction of P. Tychyna during the literary discussion. P. Tychyna moved to Kharkiv for personal reasons in 1924. In Kharkiv, he issued his collection «The Wind from Ukraine». The poet believed that the collection was not the same as it was planned. He wanted to write it better and more lyrically. Among the writers, there was a wide discussion about the skill of writing poems from the collection: some considered P. Tychyna a talented poet, others criticized him. The article are describes the circle of the poet’s closest friends with whom he could share his thoughts and experiences (L. Paparuk, M. Mogilyansky, N. Romanovich-Tkachenko, M. Zerov, A. Lyubchenko). P. Tychyna externally tried to be indifferent to the discussion, but admitted in letters because of criticism. In a difficult period P. Tychyna was supported by a close friend of M. Khvylovy who volunteered to publicly defend the poet from active criticism.

90-94

Authors: Khriashchevska Liudmyla

The found out reasons of fourth wave of Ukrainian emigration; dynamics of social factors that stipulated an emigrant process in all periods in development of migrations. Considered the dynamics of emigration of Ukrainian population in the last decade of ХХ century. Analyzed volumes and orientation of basic streams of emigrants from Ukraine, basic directions of migration and streams of emigration are lighted up from a country in a geopolitical plan. Economic difficulties of transitional period caused considerable temporal migration of citizens of Ukraine abroad with the aim of employment. The basic countries of the following of Ukrainian labour migrates is Russia, and also Czech Republic, Poland, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Greece. Thus, situation that was folded in a country upon receipt independence was difficult enough, and those social and economic pre-conditions that were folded were determined by character and maintenance of migratory processes. An exit was found in emigration to other countries with the best socio-political terms.

100-105

Authors: Sribna Mariya

The documentary collection has been analyzed and systematized in the stock collection of the National Museum of History of Ukraine on the topic «International relations of independent Ukraine». The article shows the evolution of the formation of international relations between the USA and Ukraine during 1991-1992. In addition, the use of exhibits on the subject in the exhibit and exhibition projects of the museum is considered. In general, 1991 was the year for Ukrainian-American relations in the course of gradual rapprochement, but the next year turned out to be very difficult, primarily because of the growing diplomatic pressure on Ukraine. The United States put an immediate solution to the issue of nuclear weapons abandonment on the agenda. The problem of the nuclear potential of Ukraine has been central to the development of Ukrainian-American relations. Only after the decision by Ukraine to abandon the nuclear «heritage» Ukraine began a balanced and gradual construction of the legal and contractual framework for bilateral relations. This was facilitated by the first official visit of the President of Ukraine L. Kravchuk to the United States in May 1992.

111-116

Authors: Prysiazhniuk Oleksii

The process of transformation of objects of cultural heritage into a monument, which is regulated by normative acts of modern memorial protection legislation, is rather complicated. There are unit’s examples of completion of formal procedures and obtaining the object of cultural heritage the status of the monument. That is why the author, on the example of the object of cultural heritage – monuments of history, architecture of the underground monastery in the tract «Gethsemane Garden» were considered the procedure of institutionalization of such objects. The institutionalization of the object of cultural heritage means the process of defining and consolidating legal norms, rules, statuses, bringing them into a system. This system will be capable for acting in the direction of satisfying, which needs the modern society in preserving objects of cultural heritage. The article describes the legal acts, which are regulated the sphere of protection of cultural heritage and directly affects the process of institutionalization of objects of cultural heritage. The process of institutionalization chosen for of the example monument is considered on the background of the history of this object itself in the context of important historical events and the historiography of its study. This research considers and identifies the main stages and aspects of the institutionalization of the underground monastery in the tract «Gethsemane Garden», from the appearance of the object and before obtaining it the status of a cultural heritage monument. The author makes conclusions about the legal norms enshrined in normative acts, which form the system of requirements for procedural actions that transform the object of cultural heritage into a memorial.

122-129

Authors: Zosimov Igor

The impetus for many of the current problems, which were based on the administrative governance of the agricultural sector, which was formed in the 1920s, one of them – increasing the yield on the Ukrainian fields. Yield was closely associated with the location, planning and a range of agrotechnical and organizational measures. However, the actions of the Ukrainian scientific research Institute of Economics and organization of agriculture, which he researched, reflected on the historical time of existence of the Institute 1928-1937. Power and research Institute has experienced many economic problems in the agricultural management, even the principles of an agrarian - economic science mixed up with class ideas. Presents a study of the relative productivity not only of agro-technical progress, but also about management failures in the Soviet Ukraine.

9-25

Authors: Gorbenko Kirill

The article, based on available archival materials and scientific publications, analyzes the main results of the initial stage of archaeological research of the hillfort Dikiy Sad of the final bronze age. The main attention is paid to the first reconnaissance in the «Dikiy Sad» tract, which was conducted by F.T. Kaminsky in 1927, and the first excavation of this territory carried out by the Black Sea archaeological expedition of the Kiev State University named after T.G. Shevchenko, led by L.M. Slavin in 1956. There are presents the fields and archive photographs, drawings and drawings of artifacts from the 1920s and the 1950s, as well as modern panoramic photographs and drawings of the site of the Dikiy Sad hillfort. Analyzes the main archaeological materials, obtained in the 1920s and 1950s, a brief description of the new research of the site of ancient settlement, which has been held regularly in the Dikiy Sad since 1991, is given. An attempt is made to correlate archaeological materials of the first half of the 20th century with the results of modern research

32-44

Authors: Boguslavsky Grigory, Sapozhnykova Galyna

The article is devoted to the settlement of the New Time Giriburzina located on the left bank of the Dniester Estuary in the village of Roksolany (Ovidiopol district of the Odessa region). The authors published in it the results of his explorations and excavations carried out in 2007 by the Izmail expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (I.V. Sapozhnykov). In addition, it describes the materials of the collection of P.V. Apanasenko (primarily coins and clay pipes), which he collected in the area of this settlement. Analysis of these materials, as well as data from written sources and cartography allowed dating the existence of this settlement from the middle of the XVII to the end of the XVIIІ century AD, although in the future it may be possible to single out one more «Ukrainian episode» of the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 1370s-1430s.

59-66

Authors: Druzdiev Oleg

In this article attempts to compare the educational institutions of the Lviv Dormition brotherhood and of the Society of Jesus. Based on available materials made an analysis of the financial and organizational foundations of both educational institutions. The description of their features was made. Also defined the common and distinctive features. Shown the key stages of the development and formation of these education centres, through which passed a whole pleiades of prominent figures of science and culture of his time. Analyzed the main works that formed instructional process. The main principles of the learning process are highlighted. An important result of this research was the detection of a large number of common features, which united both institutions, that illustrates the commonality of educational-cultural space in the region in general and the city in particular. On the basis of the obtained results, conclusions were made for further research. In general, this topic is very important for researchers and all, who interested in the history of Lviv, Dorminion brotherhood and Society of Jesus. Especially this theme is important for refuting stereotypes about interconfessional conflicts, which will provide a good basis for establishing a dialogue between confessions in our time.

74-78

Authors: Bey Roman

Production of ethyl alcohol in the Russian Empire, which included Ukrainian lands, began in the XV century. The formation of the alcohol industry was more intense after the peasant reform of 1861, due to the state interest in obtaining additional profits and the export of alcohol. The author has identified three periods of formation of the alcohol industry. The first period (1863- 1890) was initiated by the introduction of the excise system on alcohol and the accounting of its production; the improvement of technology and expansion of the raw material base. The second period (1891-1913) involves the introduction of a special law that supports the creation of alcoholic factories in rural areas; increasing its total number and improving the technical equipment. The third period (1914-1917) affected the suspension of the production and export of alcohol through military events. It was established that 20,8% of the alcoholic factories of the Russia functioned on Ukrainian lands; ones produced 28.9% of the total alcohol. The average productivity of native alcoholic factories was 29% higher. Exports of alcohol from Ukraine amounted to 67,4% of its exports. The author has determined that regions of the prevailing development of the alcohol industry caused by the intensity of farming, the location of raw materials.

84-88

Authors: Lisovska Olga

The article shows the state of the technical support of the agrarian area in the second half of the 1950’s in the early 1960’s. The author concludes that the Soviet industry was working on the saturation of machines by individual production processes, but very little was done to complete the mechanization of the whole technological chain of agricultural production. This often led to painful imbalances, when both high-tech equipment and obsolete, inefficient and unreliable machines worked in one technological stream. It is indicated that in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the stable unsustainable economy of collective farms and state farms was undermined by new destructive reforms in agriculture. First of all, this is the decision on the reorganization of machinetractor stations in repair and technical stations and the sale of equipment to collective farms and state farms. The author underline that the modernization of technology was carried out only at the expense of own efforts of farms and peasants. Techniques in farms were not enough. Plans for delivery of agricultural machinery were carried out halfway. Agriculture was constantly in a state of acute shortage of reliable, technically perfect machines, mechanisms and equipment. The state in the approaches to material and technical provision of the village continued to proceed from the increase in quantitative indicators. But under such conditions the park of agricultural machinery remained not equipped. The Government of the Ukrainian SSR, by directing its activities to implement the program of agricultural mechanization, implemented it through the mechanism of state supervision of the state of the machine-tractor park. It was created due to the fact that the kolkhozes and farmsteads themselves allowed a futile attitude to machines and mechanisms.

94-98

Authors: Pomazan Dmitri

This article examines the impact of the ancient Egyptian culture on the Bavarian secret society. The Order of the Illuminati during the period of 1776-1784. The main purpose of the article is the study of elements of ancient Egyptian culture in the structure of the Order of Illuminati. For the objective coverage of this topic in this article, three main objectives of the study were identified. The main tasks consist of: the study of the history of the spread of ancient Egyptian culture in Europe in New Time, the disclosure of the history of the Order of the Bavarian Illuminates in the period 1776-1784 and the study of the influence of ancient Egyptian culture on the Bavarian Order of Illuminati. Particular attention was paid to the meaningful analysis of the symbols of illuminates and internal doctrine. It should be noted that this topic in the given context is almost uncovered in the historiography of secret societies. In the article, much attention was paid to the dialectical development of «Egyptology» as a separate historical science of ancient Egypt. The specificity of the chosen topic allowed us to use a wide range of different methods and historical sources. In addition to the historiography of secret societies and general historical literature, the literature is actively used in the mythological system of Ancient Egypt. This approach allows the widest and most comprehensive discovery of the secret symbolism of the Order of Illuminati and establishes a clear connection with the Old-Egyptian Culture.

103-107

Authors: Matlay Lyubava

On 12 June 1985 Spain signed the Accession Treaty to the European Communities and on 1 January 1986 its membership became official. The aim of the article is to analyze the balance of the Spanish membership in the European Union in the economic, financial, political and social dimensions. Membership in the European Union changed the Spanish economy and the new politics opened up new opportunities for businesses and citizens. The influence of regional integration on the political, economic, and social reforms of the parliamentary monarchy has been determined. It is shown, that each next stage of European integration produced new opportunities, expectations and challenges for the state. The peculiarities of Spanish presidencies in the EU in 1989, 1995, 2002 and 2010 are characterized. The last presidency was in 2010, following the entry into force of Lisbon Treaty. Spain stood out for its support for Economic and Monetary Union, the common foreign and security policy and the defense policy. It is found that for Spain as a middleweight country, the most successful means of exerting influence on the world stage is to exert influence in the EU.

114-116

Authors: Marinchenko Anna

The main sources of research of national symbolism of pre-war competitions are considered and analyzed. The foundations that have become truly national today, namely the trident, the image of Archangel Michael and the Lion, a combination of yellow-and-blue colors, the use of currants. The groups of sources bearing information about the symbols of the period of revolutionary competitions are analyzed. The main works of dedication to the symbolism of national competitions of 1917-1921. The first works were published in the interwar period and were of an exploratory nature. Diaspora historiography of the post-war period considered the issue of military symbols in a more mysterious context of national and state symbols, state awards, and individual problems of heraldry. During the Soviet period, no research was conducted. Already at the present stage, systematic studies are conducted on the symbolism and uniform of the tusks of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in 1917-1920 years.

125-130

Authors: Bilovus Lesya

The article touches upon the representation of activities of national church in diaspora in mass media sphere of America, especially the press («Svoboda», «Chas i podii», «Ukrainske slovo», «Mist», «NOVA gazeta», «Visti Kombatanta»). The stress is laid on a big role of Ukrainian church in spiritual and cultural life of Ukrainian diaspora in the USA. Facts of strong influence of Ukrainian Orthodox Autocephalous Church and Greek Catholic Church on Ukrainian diaspora’s cultural life and the formation of their national identity are stated. Such an influence was possible due to consolidation of Ukrainian churches, patriarchate and clear relationship with believers (when people feel like a part of the church and their responsibility for one’s everyday life) as well as activities of different spiritual and secular organizations (Liga pravoslavnoi molodi, Emerytus klub, etc.). The analysis of periodicals shows that all of Ukrainian Churches of different confessions in the USA are firm that is why they are financially stable and have been increasing in the country. Published materials point out the great role of pastors in asserting and positive representation of Ukrainians abroad. Data sets also prove that church is the main spiritual and uniting center of Ukrainians in the United States. It creates national and cultural wealth abroad as well as values the Soviet power tried to destroy in continental Ukraine.

137-142

Authors: Oliynyk Oksana

The publication attempts to give a partial answer what is Vedic culture of hospitality. The key aspects of the history of Ancient India hospitality were characterized. It is determined that the Vedic concept of hospitality is specific and extrinsic to any ancient culture that is seen as a virtue. It is emphasized that the concept of hospitality has undermined the theory of Aryan and Aryan-Dravidian migration: the Vedic literature has sufficient evidence that it existed in a vast geographical territory – the cultural Empire of India. Some aspects of the history of hospitality based on Vedic texts were investigated. It is stressed that the basis of the Vedic philosophy of history is the science of the soul. To understand how individual living being is related to the world around her, it is first necessary to know what it she. Among philosophical and religious text, the Indologists most appreciate the sacred books of the Vedas, which consist of four major collections: Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda. Hindu’s belief that God exists in every living being turns every creature into God. Respect, true hospitality and self-surrender to the Supreme Spirit – all this should be given to the guest. Vedic texts stress that «food is life» – so food should be proposed to everyone. That is why humanity of the great Vedic civilization built relationship with gods according to the principle «I give you, you give me», which is probably the principle of hospitality in modern culture

14-18

Authors: Savchenko Viktor

The article to highlights the activities of groups anarchic-communists «Black Flag» in the during of the revolution of 1905- 1907. This structure anarchist tried using mass terror against imperial power and private property, to using expropriation for providing its activities. With the decline in activity revolution «Black Flag» came to naught, and its activists have moved to other anarchist groups. The tactic of the terror by «Black Flag» was not fulfilled, the terror did not give the results desired by the anarchists: pushing away masses from them, did not lead to the destruction of the state apparatus. The punitive imperial system mobilized all possibilities for the destruction of dangerous anarchists. The ideology of «Black Flag» was not intended to work in the masses, to political unions, «Black Flag» was doomed to political sectarianism and isolation. The decline of the revolution was the end of the federation «Black Flag», which played a unique role in the history of Ukraine of a negative model of left-wing extremism and political terrorism. The politicians from the «Black Flag», most of whom graduated from the gallows, tried to bring their utopian «kingdom of freedom and equality» closer to their death, forgetting that it was impossible to build on the terror.

24-29

Authors: Trygub Olexander

The article reveals the formation of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in the Southern region, namely the time of the struggle for the ukrainization and autocephaly of the Russian Orthodox Church during the national liberation struggle (1917-1920). An important feature of this process is its lock connection with the national movement, when the driving power was not only the clergy, but also the laity, who fought hard for the national idea. This trait was especially pronounced in the South of Ukraine, where the clergy was the full russified, and the drivers of the local «Prosvita», who were the conscious and sincere Ukrainians, became the driving power to the creation of Ukrainian parishes. During 1917-1918, certain changes occurred in the decisions of the congresses of the Kherson-Odesa eparchy, but most of the clergy, headed by the eparchy, remained on previous, in fact monarchical positions. Pro-Russian orientation was clearly manifested in the times of the General Denikin and the Entente in 1919. The continuation of the ukrainization of the Orthodox Church in the South of Ukraine, oddly enough, was only with the final establishment of Soviet power

36-40

Authors: Shvets Olga

The peculiarities of relationships of Evangelical Christians-Baptists and Pentecostal in the united communities in Ukraine during 1970s are revealed in the article on the base of the archival materials. The dynamics of the number of societies and members of the Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists for the indicated time is shown here. The processes that took place in the united communities reflected the consequences of the state’s gross interference in church affairs. It proves the determining influence of the state on the internal affairs of the church and on the interconfessional communication of that time. Most exacerbation of interfaith relations in the societies of Evangelical Christians-Baptists occurred in 1976-1977.The main causes of interconfessional disputes and the nature of their spread are explained in the article. The author defines the goals that were pursued by both denominations within the union and by the Soviet authorities that initiated it. Pentecostals aspired to embody their particulars of worship and above all to pray «speaking in tongues». They often resented a contemptuous attitude or infringement on the part of church leaders from Evangelical Christians-Baptists. Pentecostals have sought to create their own department in the All-Union Council of Evangelical Christians-Baptists, and increase representation in the governing regional, national and union institutions of the church. Evangelical Christians-Baptists feared the influence of Pentecostal ideas in their communities. Registration autonomous societies of Christians of Evangelical Faith and their efforts to create their own leadership centre caused deterioration of relations between the two faiths in union communities. Evangelical Christians-Baptists and Pentecostals did not want to strengthen the union that did not meet their needs and has been advantageous only to the Soviet regime.

47-51

Authors: Kuzovkov Vladimir

The article is devoted to the history of relations between the Khazar Kaganate and the Byzantine Empire in the IX-X centuries. Particular attention is paid to the influence of the religious factor on relations between the two states. The author analyzes the dynamics of the development of bilateral relations. At the turn of the VIII-IX centuries the Arab-Khazar have been halted, the Muslim trade in Eastern Europe has been boosted, and the Khazar ruling elite accepts Judaism. In the reign of the Amorian dynasty (820-867) in Byzantium the friendly relations of the empire with Khazaria remained, which is confirmed by the construction of the Sarkel fortress and other military-political actions. However, with the arrival of the emperors of the Macedonian dynasty (867-1056) on the Byzantine throne, the relations between the two states begin to deteriorate. Byzantium intensifies missionary activities in Eastern Europe, spreading its political influence. Byzantine diplomats have repeatedly initiated the military speeches of various tribes and state formations of Eastern Europe against the Khazar influence. Of particular importance to Byzantium is an alliance with Kievan Rus. In the 60's of the X century the confrontation between Rus and the Khazar Khaganate led to the latter’s fall.

57-61

Authors: Petrushko Liudmyla

The history of emotions is one of the important and perspective directions of modern historiography. It recognizes the cultural character of the senses. Historians of emotions do not deny the psychological approach to the latter but focus on their cultural background. This is due to that emotion is determined by not only psychological but also cultural factors. All stages of the human reaction to an event are expressed by certain regulatory mechanisms. The latter are enclosed in the texts. Therefore, historians of emotions should refer to the texts. Narrative sources contain important information about the emotional codes of the different historical periods. So they are important for historians of emotions. For medievists in this context, spiritual, hagiographic, literature is especially valuable. The article is devoted to the comparison of view on the sadness and tears in the eastern and Кyiv-Сaves paterikons. The author analyzes these texts and draws attention to such aspects as role and place of negative emotions in the human life, kinds of them, their evaluations. Each kind of unlucky emotions is considered separately. The result of the research is detection of the similarity between translated and original texts. It is at the level of ideas. The author explains this phenomenon by the existence of a theological tradition of understanding sorrow and tears.

67-72

Authors: Mitkovska Tatiana

The article revealed the existence of sources on the history of hydrography of the Northern Black Sea Region in the second half of XIX century – in early of XX century and their characteristics. Documentary sources were discovered by us in central and regional state archives and libraries. An important part of the source base is published documents, which reproduce certain aspects of historical progress in the formation of a national system of hydrographical service of the Black Sea Fleet. Complement the documentary base of the research reports of the heads of educational institutions, who prepared staff for the fleet, including in the field of hydrography. In the second half of the XIX century, due to the growing importance of the hydrographical service, achievements in the field of hydrography were widely covered in the periodical press, in particular in the magazines «Marine collection», «Notes of the Hydrographical department of the Marine ministry», «Notes on hydrography» and in scientific articles. Separately among the used sources can be distinguished reference-informational publications – encyclopaedias, statistical and industry publications, reference books, thematic and other dictionaries, textbooks, manuals, address-calendars, etc. Thus, the acquaintance with the special historical literature gives us grounds to conclude that the problem of development of industry, commodity production, and trade in the studied period has found more or less satisfying elucidation. However, the question of the formation and functioning of hydrographical institutions in the South of Ukraine at the XIX – in early of XX centuries, as a condition of the development of these processes, remains unexplored.

80-86

Authors: Mochkin Serhii

The article deals with the state of the scientific studying of sacred monuments’ fate of the western region of the Ukrainian SSR as one of the objects of the Soviet government’s antireligious policy in the second half of the 1940s and the early 1970s and the activity connected with the monuments protection of that time. For a more thorough analysis of the scientific literature on the subject, the history of its study is divided into two main periods: the Soviet (second half of the 1940s – 1991) and the period of independent Ukraine (since 1991). It is indicated that the first publications on a given topic refer to the end of the 1950s and the early 1960s. It is emphasized that works of the Soviet scholars dealing with this issue are marked by their ideology, covering its various aspects one-sidedly. More substantive development of issues of cultural heritage protection, including sacred monuments, is inherent in the publications of the 1960s. It is concluded that many problems of cultural heritage protection in the republic were concealed in the 1970s and 1980s, including its western regions, and it concerned also the loss of the sacred heritage. From the late 1980s and the early 1990s up to the present, research interest in the topic was activated, the number of publications increased significantly and their range was expanded. It is noted that this problem is reflected in historiography fragmentarily, mainly in the all-Ukrainian context. Information about the fate of sacred monuments, measures for their salvation are presented, mostly, in the context of the study of local lore.

92-97

Authors: Prudyvus Sergiy

The article is devoted to the problem of the creation of museum institutions of the memorial profile with respect to the trail, left by prominent persons in national and local history. On the example of the Pavlo Tychyna Flat and Museum, one of the possible variants of the initial stage of the founding of such institutions is outlined. The processes connected with the transfer of the personal property of the poet to the state property and the definition of the part that may be inherited by the heirs are considered. The author analyzes in detail the work of the Commission on the creative heritage P. Tychyna, points out its main functions. The directions of activity of this organ are established: documenting, filming and photographing the interiors of the apartment of the poet. The pace and terms of work of the Commission are highlighted, the importance of attracting archivists and the immediate surroundings of the poet and his wife to the correct and reliable conduct of cases is highlighted. Separately, attention is focused on measures to preserve the integrity of materials that may have a museum value. These include seals and sealing of entrance and transitional doors, chests of drawers, cabinets; аlternation of work in different rooms; the presence of representatives of the notary public service during the removal of seals from new premises, reporting and recording of meetings of the Commission. Equally important was the thorough description and fixation of all detected objects, their sorting and systematization, taking into account the maximum compliance with the volatility and authenticity of the apartment space. The role of the Commission on the creative heritage of P. Tychyna in the creation of the museum-apartment of the poet is noted. On the basis of theoretical generalizations, the schemes of necessary measures for the creation and successful functioning of museums of the memorial profile are derived.

103-107

Authors: Oliinyk Olha

The purpose of our article is to highlight some of the pages of life of professor V. Lihin (1846-1900). The main objective of our article – to describe his activities as the head of Odessa Department of Russian Technical Society. The meaning of his affairs for the development of the Department and whole region. Thanks to his activities the Department expanded to 350 members and 9 units. Department activity has become very diversification as: exhibitions, excursions, Course of taking photo, laboratories. Since 1885 the Odessa Department began to publish its own magazine.The Odessa Department conducted cooperation with local authorities, industrialists and merchants. A wide range of the Department’s activity posed the question to create their own center. Lihin used his influence in the community to obtain land for the construction of the center of the Odessa Department. In 1892 was opened a large center built by project designed by the members of society. Valerian Lihin clearly understood the importance of quality education for the development of society. Economic growth is not possible without the development of the industry. City and regions needed engineers. Lihin dreamed of opening Polytechnic Institute in Odessa. For 15 years under his supervision the Department built its own center, opened a School of foremen, whole range of different courses.

113-117

Authors: Pidkoshanaya Oksana

The article highlights the contribution of Professor M. Streletsky in solving the problem of the stock factor, taking into account the variability of the main parameters for the proposed designs. Prior to calculations on the basis of a probabilistic approach in engineering practice it was usually assumed that the stock ratios are a special number endowed with nature by some exceptional properties. It was assumed that the exact observance of it ensures the reliability of structures, while even a slight decrease in it entails a danger to the construction. However, for the compiler of the norms of calculation, the stock factor has always remained a generalized reflection of precautionary measures that provide a generally satisfactory level of security. The choice of the value of the stock factor for buildings of different types became increasingly differentiated over time. For example, in a road bridge, the load distribution depends on the location of cars at different points along the width of the roadway, and in the railway bridge loads are distributed only in places where laid rails are laid. The expected load on the railway bridge is close to reality, since the train always moves along the line of account, which does not occur when driving on a highway bridge. Therefore, in calculating the design of a road bridge, the coefficient of the stock of strength is considerably greater than that of the railroad. At the same time, the calculation of structures for permissible stresses or on the limiting load deals with a single factor of the stock irrespective of the working conditions of the structural elements and almost regardless of the types of loads. Analyzing this question, Professor M. Streletsky in the 40 years of the twentieth century clearly formulated the idea of a separate analysis of the variability of loads and strength of materials and their separate consideration in the norms – an idea that was the basis of the method of calculating the boundary states.

124-131

Authors: Gorburov Evgen

The article is a story of the first rewarding of nine naval Black Sea Fleet crews from Mykolayiv with St. George’s flags and celebration of February 7, 1857 on this occasion. We present the biography of one of the participants of the festival and author of memoirs about it I. Bartenev (1825-1887). Up to now, most publications have mistakenly pointed to the well-known existence of one preserved St. George flag in the museum of Sevastopol. The author is aware of two genuine St. George flags: the first one is in the collection of the Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol, the second is in the Mykolayiv Regional Museum of Local History. These are unique exhibits.