Geoscience Research

100-108

Authors: SALEH ZAKARIA, NADHIR AL-ANSARI, MOHAMMAD EZZ-ALDEEN, SVEN KNUTSSON

Iraq is facing water shortages and the problem is becoming more serious with time. The main water resources of Iraq (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) suffer from severe reduction in their discharges due to construction dams on the both banks of Rivers inside Turkey and Syria. Agricultural land had been reduced drastically due to water scarcity. Despite this fact, none of the Iraqi farmers had yet used non-conventional techniques to augment water resources to overcome water shortage problems such as Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) technique. The main aim of this research is to contribute to solving the problem of water shortage of Iraq by finding effective results in terms of saving significant runoff water for irrigation purposes, and therefore provide an academic effort as a tool for encourage and decision support for RWH in Iraq. Macro RWH (large catchment area), was applied at East Sinjar Mountain in Iraq. The estimating volume of harvested runoff ranged (0.11-28.11)×106 m3 calculated using the Watershed Modeling System (WMS) for the four selected basins together with total area of 435.14 km2 for the study period of (1990-2009). The results of estimating runoff volume showed that the runoff volume can be considered for irrigation practices especially in supplementary irrigation. A linear programming technique was adopted to maximize the irrigated area. Three scenarios of irrigation level were chosen: supplemental irrigation (SI) 100% Satisfy full irrigation requirements (S1), deficit irrigation (DI) 50% of full irrigation requirements (S2), and deficit irrigation (DI) 25% of full irrigation requirements (S3). The resultant irrigated area ranged between 18-2646 for SI 100%, 58-41303 for DI 50%, and 27-9543for DI 25% hectares respectively for all four selected basins together. These results reflect useful value of RWH and its influence to increase the irrigated area in the studied region.

83-87

Authors: SUSHIL KUMAR

In the NW Himalayan region, India Wadia institute of Himalayan Geology is operating a Seismic array comprises a dense coverage of modern seismometers and producing high-quality seismic data.In the last century earthquakes of varying intensities have hit the region and similar threats remain imminent. We have analyzed 1300 Earthquakes from the northwest Himalayan region and the adjoining regions fall in the intense Himalayan seismic zone. All the events are precisely located. The seismicity is characterized by the b-value of the Gutenberg-Richter relation and the fractal dimension D. The contour of b value mapping of the region lying between 28.5°-33.5°N and 75.5°-81.5°E indicate the inconsistency of b value in the NW Himalayan region. Fractal correlation dimension D varies from 0.18 to 0.75, which shows that this region has low D value. The average value of D in the region is very low which indicates strong heterogeneity in this part. Temporal variation of b-value in Chamoli and its adjoining region 78°E to 81°E in longitude and 29°N to 32°N for the data set 1975 -2005 shown that within the vicinity of forthcoming large earthquakes there is decrease in b and then a return to normal. The 1991 Uttarkashi and 1999 Chamoli earthquake show the same phenomenon.

92-95

Authors: BARAKADE A.J

In this paper the present study reveals the district wise sex ratio in Maharashtra State during 1991- 2011. Maharashtra is the third largest State regarding the geographical area and second largest State in respect of population in India. It has studied on the basis census of 1991-2011. The sex ratio is usually defined as the number of females per thousand males. The sex ratio is large variation from one district to another district in Maharashtra State. Sex ratio in Maharashtra has declined over the century from 972 in 1901 to 925 in 2011. Mumbai City, Mumbai suburban and Thane district as it is 838, 857 and 800 respectively. Latur (924), Jalgaon (922), Osmanabad (920), Aurangabad (917), Beed (912) Pune (857), trend decline the sex ratio in all these districts during 2001-2011. There are many ups and downs in sex ratio over a period of time in 1901 to 2011. Some of the reasons commonly put forward to explain the consistently low levels of sex ratio are son preference, neglect of the girl child resulting in higher mortality at younger age. In this paper discussed the decaling sex ratio in Maharashtra. Secondly the sex ratio shows the diagrams, graphs, maps and tables were interpreted in the light of sex ratio.