Business and Economics Research Journal

1-15

Authors: Billur Engin Balin

Studies analyzing the environmental impacts of economic growth and considering the nexus between the stages of development remain popular since the 90s. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis suggests that there is an inverted-U-shape relationship between per capita income and damage to the environment. Within the vast EKC literature, various variables that may have an impact on environmental pollution were included in the models. However, studies examine the effect of education on environmental quality are relatively new. In this study, the EKC hypothesis is tested in terms of per capita income and education level by using data from the period of 1998-2014 of 47 countries. Environmental pollution is measured by carbon dioxide per capita; income level is measured by GDP per capita, and education level is measured by the number of students enrolled in tertiary education and the share of public expenditures on education in GDP. According to the empirical findings; (i) The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is confirmed for only the number of students enrolled in tertiary education, (ii) there is a significant and negative relationship between the share of public expenditures on education in GDP and CO2 emissions. Therefore education can be evaluated as a powerful tool for environmental policy.

33-47

Authors: Necmettin Alpay Kocak

The relationship between consumer prices and producer prices has been discussed in the literature. In this study, the existence and dimensions of the relationship in question for Turkey are examined between the consumer (CPI), the producer (D-PPI), and the agricultural sector (AGR-PPI) prices. The stationarity characteristics of time series are examined using five different tests in the study in which the period between January 2011 and June 2020 is covered. The cointegration relationship between the time series is investigated with the standard Johansen, Johansen with structural break, and Lütkepol with structural break, and the short-term dynamics of the relationship are analyzed with the Vector Error Correction model. Unlike the literature, the long-term relationship between time series has been estimated using different estimation methods. The findings indicate that there are statistically significant cointegration relationships between them, as well as short-term causality relationships. In the long run, it is determined that the effect from AGR-PPI and D-PPI to CPI is statistically significant but small in size. On the other hand, the effects from the CPI to AGR-PPI and D-PPI are significant and bigger in size. Considering these findings, it can be claimed that a two-way relationship between producer prices and consumer prices are exist in Turkey for 2011-2020 period, but consumer prices have stronger effect on producer prices.

65-88

Authors: Emine Demet Ekinci Hamamci, Kubra Anik

Poverty, narrowly, is the inability of people to meet basic human needs with their current income. Poverty affects different groups of society in different dimensions. However, empirical studies have shown that women and their children are most affected by poverty. One of the most important reasons behind this result is gender inequality against women. By preventing women from benefiting from education equally, participating in employment, and having better working conditions as high wages, social security rights, etc., gender inequality leads to more impoverishment of women. This study aims to determine the dimensions of women poverty and the reflections of this poverty on both their own and family lives. To accomplish this aim, a survey has been conducted with 200 poor women that are in the first 10% decile according to the distribution of annual equivalized household disposable income in Erzurum. Field research was conducted in the period March-May 2019. According to the results, the women have felt less poor if their husbands work or there is an insured employee in the household. Also, as household income decreases, the women have experienced greater negativities in meeting basic needs (education, health, etc.), and this negativity is also passed down from generation to generation.

111-126

Authors: Zekai Senol

In recent years, the volatility of financial assets has significantly increased. High volatility causes instability in financial markets and increases portfolio risks. Under these conditions, modeling the volatility, determining the volatility relationships, and volatility spillovers are important for market actors. In this study, for the period January 2, 2010 – April 10, 2020, it was investigated the volatility spillover and correlation relationship between the Borsa Istanbul (BIST) 100 Index, the exchange rates ($/₺), interest rates, and credit default swap (CDS) premiums. It was also examined the effects of economic, political, and social factors on the correlation relationship. In the study, it was seen that the bidirectional volatility spillover between the BIST 100 index – exchange rates, interest rates – exchange rates, and CDS premiums – interest rates, on the other hand, unidirectional volatility spillover from CDS premiums to the exchange rates. A positive volatility relationship was determined between CDS premiums – interest rates and CDS premiums – exchange rates while the negative volatility relationship between interest rates – BIST 100 index and CDS premiums – BIST 100 index. It was also determined that political, economic, and social factors affect the relationships of correlation between variables.

157-172

Authors: Ibrahim Yikilmaz, Deniz Devrim Tasdemir, Hulya Gunduz Cekmecelioglu

Within the organization and market environment, where the number of businesses that provide services focused on a single culture is decreasing, the number of multinational companies that appeal to different customer profiles is increasing, the borders and distances between organizations are reducing, and cultural intelligence and emotional labor concepts are becoming increasingly important in terms of providing vital outputs to organizations. In this study, the data obtained from 261 participants from 50 countries serving for NATO in Afghanistan were evaluated. In the study, the relationship between cultural intelligence, emotional labor, and individual job performance, and the mediating role of emotional labor (surface, deep and genuine acting) in the relationship between cultural intelligence and job performance were examined. The results of the research show that in a multicultural work environment consisting of individuals from different countries and cultures, the cultural intelligence levels of the employees affect their emotional labor behavior and individual job performance. The results also show that the two emotional labor subdimensions (surface and genuine acting) have a partial mediating effect in the relationship between cultural intelligence and individual job performance. The study makes important contributions by addressing the exhibition of emotional labor specifically for public officials (providing security services) and by examining cultural intelligence as the premise of emotional labor and, as a consequent, job performance in an international cultural context.