International Journal of Commerce and Finance

1-11

Authors: Medina Braha

Theory X and Theory Y represent assumptions on manager’s attitude towards human nature and behavior. Theory X assumes a negative manager attitude, while Theory Y assumes the opposite. Accordingly, Douglas McGregor, founder of this theory, believed X-type leaders should convert to Y-types if they are to motivate and perform successfully. This work aims to provide real-life support of McGregor’s assumption through a case study on the leadership profile of Larry Page, co-founder and twice CEO of Google and current CEO of Alphabet. Page’s leadership profile drawn from this analysis acts in favor of Theory Y’s assumptions, howev-er, transfer from X appears to have taken place beforehand. The conversion appears to be associated with the benefits anticipated by McGregor.

25-39

Authors: Zerihun Ayenew Birbirsa, Emnet Negash Debele

Many studies found that value chain risk management plays great role to get competitive advantage in the chain. However, despite its role, managing prevailing risks in the chain was not studied in comprehensive way by including both internal factors. The sample size of the study was a total of 275 farmers, input dealers and market traders found in East Shawa zone. The source of the data of the paper was both secondary and primary data in which the primary data was collected through questionnaires and interviews which was developed in English language and translated in local language. To achieve this objective, this study was divided in two stages: an exploratory and casual relationship testing. The findings of the study show that there is no efficient risk management program, there is no cooperation and coordination among value chain actors. In addition there is no design strategy to mitigate value chain risks and internal factor risks elements have medium importance in business activities to manage value chain risks. The multiple regression result show internal factors were significantly and positively influence effective risk management.

46-56

Authors: Danstun Ngonyani

This paper presents the results of the study on the effect of credit collection policy on portfolio risk management among microfinance institutions in Tanzania. The study used cross-sectional survey data of microfinance institutions in three regions of Dar es salaam, Morogoro and Dodoma. Random sampling was employed to obtain a sample of 219 microfinance institutions in all three regions. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the effect of credit collection policy on portfolio at risk of microfinance institutions. Results show that, there is a positive relationship between interest rates charged and portfolio at risk of microfinance institutions. On the other hand, the variable for grace period on loans and loan sizes to borrowers had a negative relationship with portfolio at risk of microfinance institutions. These results suggest that, microfinance institutions can focus on explanatory variables used in the study for enhanced quality of financial performance of the microfinance industry.

60-93

Authors: Lorin Koçu

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of business-IT Alignment effects on business agility. The questionnaire of this study was given to 504 people via online survey who work as a manager in 3 public, 9 private and 16 foreign capital banks in Turkey. 334 valid questionnaires were collected back and analyzed. Corellastion, Regresion and Multiple Regretion analysis were used. According to the findings business-IT alignment has a positive effect on the business agility. As sub dimensions intellectual alignment and business alignment have a positive effect on the business agility. When we look at Business –IT alignment effect on business agility dimensions. It has positive effects on all six dimension of business agility (Agile Values, Technology Workforce, Change Management, Collaboration & Coordination and Flexible Infrastructure.).

108-117

Authors: Ahu Tuğba Karabulut, Esra Ergun

A scrum is widely used since 1990s in software development industry which is a fast changing and demanding industry so companies need to hire qualified employees who can manage themselves in a team based organizational structure to meet and exceed customer expectations. A scrum management offers advantages to software development companies to have and sustain competitive advantages. Its adaptations into other industries may be worthwhile to be explored from a management perspective to make contributions to both software development industry and other industries. The purpose of this paper is to shed a light to a new way of management which is a scrum management to make contributions to both software development industry and other industries. The concept, roles, objects, ceremonies, process and challenges of a scrum will be explained respectively in this paper which provides a comprehensive understanding of a scrum management.

128-133

Authors: Mehmet Enes Aşçı

In this study we will look at the relations between Turkey and the EU from the perspective of the Custom Union. First we will try to observe and understand the process of the Custom Union and its possible effect on the Turkish economy. Then we will try to understand the problems with Custom Union and its results on the relationships between Turkey and EU countries. Finally, we will make a general assessment in order to cover the whole issue.

1-9

Authors: Etty Susilowati; Andre Aghata Rezaldy Moeladi

The increasing population in Indonesia leads to increasing demand for motorcycles as one of transportation means. Ease of operation and affordable prices cause motorcycles as a very popular transportation means in Indonesia, especially in big cities. This is because of the traffic density and the people's desire to arrive at their destination quickly. One of the Japanese brands, Honda Beat is the highest selling motorcycle brand in Indonesia based on the data from The Indonesian Motorcycle Industry Association. In this study, we investigate the relationship of marketing mix with consumer purchasing behavior of this specific brand. A judgmental sampling was applied to 100 consumers in Greater Jakarta. Multiple linear regression was employed to analyze the data. The results indicated that promotions have the highest influence on consumer purchasing behaviors of the brand (coeff. = 0.503), then followed by products (coeff. = 0.320), and price perceptions (coeff. = 0.224). This study contributes to the marketing literature by adding a new empirical evidence on how marketing mix can generate perception and preference of brand personality, especially in motorcycle brands. The findings of this study will assist managers of motorcycle brand to maximize specific factors from marketing mix analysis to increase consumer purchasing behavior. Finally, in terms of the method employed in marketing studies, this study contributes to the literature by adding a new combination of a quantitative study of multiple linear regression and personal opinion of consumers.

27-39

Authors: Erik Nugraha, Audita Setiawan

This research is based on one of the biggest risk faced by sharia banking that is related to problematic financing that happened due to failure in funding process at Bank Syariah. Sharia Banks must have the ability to manage risks on the distribution of financing so as to prevent the creation of non-performing financing (NPF). This study aims to examine the effect of return on Financing Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS), Bank Size and Inflation to Non-Performing Financing (NPF). The method used in this research is an analytical descriptive method to explain each research variable and verification with the quantitative approach to show whether there is the influence of the free variable on a dependent variable. The data to be analyzed in this study using panel data and will be analyzed by using multiple linear regression. The result of the research shows that the return of financing Profit and Loss Sharing has significant effect to Non-Performing Financing with negative influence direction, bank size influence to Non-Performing Financing with negative influence direction and inflation has no significant effect to Non-Performing Financing with positive direction. This study also shows the result that the return of financing Profit and Loss Sharing, bank size and inflation simultaneously (simultaneously) have an influence on Non-Performing Financing.

52-65

Authors: Hamed Alavi

Documentary letters of credit (DLCs) are method of payment developed to facilitate the process of international trade by replacing the payment risk of importer with irrevocable payment guarantee of a bank to exporter. Instead, the exporter is supposed to present fully compliant set of documents required by the credit. Documentary nature of DLCs make them vulnerable to the risk of discrepancy. This risk is will affect exporter’s business as he is the one who should absorb it. Therefore, it will be recommended to exporters to negotiate the minimum number of required documents while closing the underlying contract of sales with importer. Since different delivery terms (INCOTERMS) require presentation of different documents, this paper studies the correlation between using different terms of delivery with existence of discrepancy in export DLCs in Estonia. For this purpose, author takes empirical approach to answer following research questions: what is the relation between documentary discrepancy and choice of delivery terms and third party documents? and what is the correlation between above mentioned factors and documentary discrepancy in process of DLC operation in Estonian export landscape? The paper is divided into four parts: after the introductory section, the literature review will briefly analyses process of international DLC operation and latest version of INCOTERMS plus their role as delivery terms in international trade. Next section will discuss methodology and results of empirical study done on choice of delivery terms and third party produced documents on discrepancy rate in DLC operation in Estonian export trade. Last but not the least, final section will provide conclusions of the study.

76-83

Authors: Merve Tarım

Leader-member relations are important for an organization’s future, because in a dynamic changing world, an organization’s survival depends on the strength of its culture and the ties between both leader and the members this kin. In order to build this kind of power, it is necessary to spend much labor from both sides. In this research, two different private university and three different groups were compared to each other. The main aim was to find out the relationship between LMX and Emotional Labor. It was showed that labor is the keyword to carry the commitment and performance further by creating a real relationship between both sides.

96-106

Authors: Mehmet Enes Aşçı

Today, global energy politics, mainly determined by oil and natural gas. These policies shape the basis of the regions have the largest share the reserves in Middle East, Central Asia and Caspian Regions.There is a significant global competition in the search for oil and natural gas exploration, production, and delivery to international markets. The fact that Turkey is going to become a country with increasing requests in energy market / sector is important for Turkey to become a strategic country for petrol and natural gas producers. Therefore, supply and demand variety in natural gas and petroleum import, supply security, and the sustainability/continuity of this situaton, energy transportation projects are essential for Turkey.

121-133

Authors: Vahdet Hüseyin Günay, Ahu Tuğba Karabulut

The purpose of this paper is to find out the effect of the corporate entrepreneurship on the company performance in the service sector. The convenience sampling was used in this study which was conducted to 280 white collar employees who worked in a service sector. The questionnaire was sent to 300 employees. 280 questionnaires were collected back and analyzed. The frequency distribution analyses, factor analyses, reliability analyses, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were conducted to the collected data. The entrepreneurial orientation scale was used from Eren (2006) whereas the company performance scale was used from Zehir (2016). The findings of this research supported the theory. It is found out that the corporate entrepreneurship has a positive effect on the company performance. It is expected that this research will make contributions to studies which will be conducted in the future about the effect of the corporate entrepreneurship on the company performance.