Science almanac of Black sea region countries

5

Authors: Petrova Yu.

The scientific and technological revolution of the past and present centuries causes global changes, contributes to the interconnection of continents, countries and people. Citizens overcome national, social and linguistic differences. Studying languages, we get to know the world and create our own linguistic worlds, and already through them we learn a lot about the linguistic picture of the world as a whole. The Bulgarian language is considered as one of the languages of the large family of Slavic languages, which are part of the Indo-European languages. Like any other language, Bulgarian is a historical phenomenon. It emerged as an independent language with its own typical and distinctive features at a certain stage in the development of dialects of Slavic tribes. During its centuries-old existence, the Bulgarian language has undergone significant development. The origin of the Bulgarian language can be found in the distant past, and its gradual development continued over the centuries. In its development, there were no sharp leaps and transitions from one quality to another, which is considered in our study.

6

Authors: Yandarov M.

The religious activities of the Chechen Sufi Kunta-Haji Kishiev are revealed. Kunta-Haji expressed his views orally, he sermonized for his followers, demonstrating the practice of performing the ritual associated with the Qadiriyah Tariqa. In Chechnya he became the founder of the Qadiriyah Tariqa. In writing, the teachings of Kunta-Haji are recorded in several arabographic texts which were published in the tsarist period at the beginning of the 20th century in private printing houses in Dagestan. These works were rare, that limited the possibilities of their wide analysis and involvement in scientific circulation. Only in the late 90s of the 20th century, they began to be published in Arabic and Chechen, that allowed to use them wider, assessing the substantive aspects of the teachings of Kunta-Haji. Ideas calling for peace, condemnation of war, violence, cleansing of sins, spiritual perfection, and the search for a path leading to God are valuable in his teaching.

7

Authors: Makhrinova M., Berkovsky V., Litvinova E.

One of the most important topics related to the development of culture, its traditions and its role in modern life is folk art. Folk art as a part of culture is a rich complex of many phenomena, which together make up the essence of the concept, folk tradition, phenomena that are especially noticeable in the cultural heritage of the people in their entertainment. This applies to folk art, both traditional and modern. The latter, for the most part, rooted deep in history, still bears a living trace of the past and thus is a form of a revived tradition. The connection with the past and continuity are manifested in folk art much more strongly than in any other area of folk culture. This feature of folk art in the period of progressive universalization of culture determines its role in the development of modern national culture. The stability of the phenomenon of artistic folk art, as well as its vitality both in material embodiment and in various socio-economic and cultural-ideological manifestations, is of fundamental importance.

8

Authors: Ten Yu.

The relevance of the appeal to the study of the development of culture on a global scale is due to the fact that in the modern period no people or region or country can exist in isolation. In the face of the latest challenges of globalization (the pandemic, the environmental crisis, the threat of man-made disasters, etc.), all countries must join forces in solving world problems. The author proposes a structural-systematic approach to the analysis of the essence of the phenomenon of culture. Hence, the goal of the research is to analyze culture as a complex structured system. In the article, culture is considered by analogy with the "iceberg culture" model, consisting of different layers. The author`s attention is focused on the analysis of the process of forming the upper (world) layer of human culture. This layer of culture is a system of ideas, ideals, knowledge, norms and values that are accepted by most countries of the world. The adoption of this system of meanings of the world culture is an important step towards overcoming intercultural communication barriers. Thus, the author draws attention to the fact that although since ancient times the countries of the Black Sea region have been united by a common cultural history, political and trade and economic ties, nevertheless, barriers for mutual understanding have not been eliminated yet. Therefore, today it is very important that all the peoples realize the need to find ways and technologies to form a common language of the world culture.

8

Authors: Sklyarova E., Kamalova O.

The medical and social features and consequences of the Crimean War (1853 – 1856) are considered. Based on the historical and genetic research method, the author analyzes the process of creating an army health system, the problem of corruption in the context of the history of Great Britain, the Ottoman and Russian empires in the middle of the 19th century. Public health, nursing training, and army health care became a new field of medicine. The consequence of the Crimean War was the formation of women`s medical activities, the organization of state care for the wounded, the elimination of corruption in the army, which were carried out in the Crimean hospitals (in Sevastopol, Bakhchisarai, Karasu-Bazar, Kozlov, Simferopol), in Turkish hospitals (in Scutari, Renkio), Great Britain (London, Chatham), as well as in the USA and Japan. For the first time, the army`s health care received an official status and recognition, thanks to the joint activities of reformers from different countries of the world N.I. Pirogov, L.A. Beckers, E. Chadwick, N. Arnott S. Smith, W. Farr, Lord Herbert, F. Nightingale, L. Richards, E. Parks. The transformation of public health took place on the territory of military hospitals located in the Ottoman Empire and Crimea. It is shown that, having become an integral element of the international politics of the countries of the world, during the Crimean War, public health and nursing were separated from clinical medicine, becoming a new area of state medical care.

9

Authors: Mustafaeva M., Hiyasova S., Musaeva E.

The features of the Dagestan mentality are studied, the characteristic of the traditional system of customary law embodied in adats and Sharia is given, the conclusion about their direct influence on the formation of the mentality of the Dagestan peoples is made. A number of customs and traditions of the peoples of Dagestan are analyzed, including such public institutions as hospitality, kunachestvo (friendship), twinning, atalychestvo (fosterage) and others, which embodied the identity, national psychology and mentality of the highlanders. The creative, humanistic beginning of the traditional national culture of Dagestan is justified and its key role in consolidating the peoples of Dagestan and strengthening good neighborhood relations with the peoples of the North Caucasus is emphasized. Analysis of the origins of traditional Dagestan culture allows us to better understand and accept the features of the modern Dagestan mentality, its specificity and uniqueness.

9

Authors: Kratova N.

Some directions of the development of the Muslim ummah of Karachay-Cherkessia in the second decade of the 21st century after the Report-and-election Congress of Mus-lims of Karachay-Cherkessia and Stavropol are shown. An overview of the state of affairs in the Spiritual Administration of Karachay-Cherkessia and Stavropol Territory at the end of the 2000s is given. Along with the obvious achievements that allowed the muftiate to take a worthy place in the social structure of the republic, by this time a serious set of contradictions had accumulated, requiring a reform of the muftiate`s management system. First of all, the task was to make up for the human losses: prominent spiritual leaders who had great authority in the local ummah and were killed in several years. In addition, it was necessary to involve representatives of young educated clergy in the work of the muftiate. An important task was to prevent a split in spiritual unity in the conditions of the exit from the Muftiate of the Stavropol Ummah, which formed its own muftiate. The system of administration created after the Report-and-Election Congress of Muslims of Karachay-Cherkessia and Stavropol Territory is also examined in detail. The criterion of its effectiveness was the work on countering the ideology of extremism and terrorism. The presence of educated clergy in the system of governance by the muftiat made it possible to adequately resist the agitation of adherents of organizations banned in Russia and prevent the formation of an aura of “champions of truth” and “defenders of justice” among members of extremist cells. The negative side of the created scheme of governance of the muftiate was stagnation: for ten years, the governing bodies were practically not updated. An attempt to create a personal site ended in failure. During the same period, illegal armed formations of supporters of religious extremist ideology continued to appear in the republic, the elimination of which required significant efforts of law enforcement agencies.

10

Authors: Caberty N., Dzhioev A.

The article is devoted to the study of regional characteristics of the birth-rate among urban and rural population in the regions of the North Caucasian Federal District. In the works of Russian and foreign authors, the level of urbanization is recognized as an important factor influencing the reproductive behavior of the population. The purpose of the study is to determine characteristics of the level and change in the intensity of the birth-rate in the regions of the North Caucasian Federal District in the context of city-village. The analysis covered a fairly long period (1990 – 2018). It is revealed that despite the fact that the demographic crisis in the North Caucasus is relatively mild, it negatively affected all processes of natural movement, including the birth-rate. A comparative analysis of overall and partial birth-rate coefficients in urban and rural areas of all regions of the North Caucasian Federal District was carried out and it is found that over the entire analyzed period there was a convergence of the birth-rate indicators of cities and villages. The difference reduced mainly due to the decrease of the rural birth-rate. Regional features of such convergence in individual subjects of the North Caucasian Federal District are revealed. Based on the results of a survey of the population on the desired and expected number of children in the family, in micro-census of 2015, it is concluded that the regional and rural-urban differentiation of the intensity of the birth-rate in the North Caucasus will continue in the future.