Science almanac of Black sea region countries

5

Authors: Ivushkina E., Dashkova E.

In Russia, there are prospects for the development of various types of tourism. Historically, Russia has long been an agricultural country and large territories belong to rural settlements. Therefore, one of the priority types of tourism in our country is rural tourism. The interconnection of structural elements in the development of rural tourism is presented. In the Chechen Republic, there is some experience in the development of tourism in small towns since the Soviet era. For example, a tourist base in the village of Benoy in the Vedensky district functioned successfully. The base was of All-Union significance and up to three thousand tourists passed through it in a season. The modern socio-economic development of the Chechen Republic is aimed at the revival of the tourism industry. In the Chechen Republic, 65.26% of the population are rural residents. They are well aware of the way of rural life, traditions, customs, and features of rural life. The basis of rural tourism is the stay of tourists in the countryside, where the rural family takes care of the accommodation, food and service of the tourists. Organization of rural tourism may become a priority for the Chechen Republic

6

Authors: Petrova Yu., Kuleshova K.

The issue that is relevant for Turkish linguistics i.e. borrowing words from various European languages is considered, Turkish is a language belonging to the Turkic group of languages. For a long time, the Turkish alphabet consisted of letters in Arabic letters, until they were replaced by Latin ones. Currently, the national Turkish language is a synthesis of the Turkish folk language, Old Turkic language and Asian Turkic languages. The Turkish language also contains many borrowings that come from the vocabulary of other countries. It is noted that a large number of borrowings in it are from the French language, which penetrated into the vocabulary of the Turks through the inclusion of French literature in the educational program of schools. Since that time, an important criterion for human education was the ability to speak a foreign language. The growing importance of Turkey in the field of trade and shipping has led to the emergence of many marine terms borrowed from the Italian language. The Lausanne Treaty, on the basis of which there was an exchange of settlements between Turkey and Greece, is the reason for the Greek borrowings of feudal terminology and household vocabulary existing in the Turkish vocabulary. It is emphasized that the source of English borrowing is scientific and technological progress, the terminological explosion of which forced to adopt vocabulary from the English language, since the number of new names was so great that the creation of neologisms was not relevant. Currently, due to the global spread of media and the Internet, the number of borrowings in the Turkish language has increased unusually. Using linguistic and cultural procedures and taking into account the peculiarities of cultural and historical evolution, the Turkish language reveals the national identities of a nation by means of language, preserving and transmitting the value connotations of the cultural code.

7

Authors: Kuleshin M., Nemashkalov P., Plyako O.

The concept of stereotype, or ethnic stereotype, in ethnic science is associated with the formula «ethnic stereotype of behavior». Numerous works by ethnographers, culturologists and other scientists confirm the special relevance of the study of this phenomenon. There is an urgent need for a holistic consideration of ethnic stereotypes of behavior, not just in the usual way to ethnographers (as expressed in a particular form of elements of traditional everyday culture), but also in terms of their functioning in the sphere of everyday consciousness. However, stereotyping in ethnic tradition is a concept that covers a wider range of issues that differ from exclusively behavioral forms. Stereotyping is a phenomenon that is characteristic of many manifestations of the functioning of elements of traditional everyday culture. Tradition is understood as experience accumulating in the form of a system of stereotypes of human activity (activity), stereotypes of ideas about them and ways of their designation or symbolization. From this point of view, behavioral acts can be considered as particular manifestations of symbolic stereotypes. Relevant here are the aspects of human activity related to the production of material components of culture, ideas about them, or their perception as ethnic carriers. The main thesis - communicativeness is one of the most important functions of tradition, involves a number of questions: which of the components of the material culture of peoples most persistently retain their specificity, being ethnic indicators of historical consciousness; how they function in time, what are the factors that stabilize, consolidate and transmit precisely these, and not other components of culture, what is the intensity of their historical existence (discreteness, continuity). In that case the problem of territorial and spatial relations appears, that is, the correlation of sub-ethnic, ethnic and superethnic in the cultural tradition, in this case, in its material components and their functioning.

9

Authors: Goncharov V., Kolosova O., Volkov A.

In a multi-ethnic state, the general principles for solving ethnocultural problems are often given by a political formula expressing the general national-state idea, including the principles of ethnic integration. An educational institution is one of the sociocultural mechanisms for implementing a specific national-state idea. Cultural differences, especially in customs and religion, were perceived more or less tolerantly in many parts of the world. However, in such an important area of culture as education, tolerance is manifested much less frequently. The most receptive cultures responded to the globalization of the economy and industry of Western culture with measures aimed at finding and maintaining ethnocultural identities. The self-assertion of ethnoculture becomes a force that makes it possible to withstand the crisis of identity generated by globalization. As a result of ethnocultural self-affirmation, new modern forms of expression of identity arise. The processes taking place on a global scale are characterized by the desire of peoples to maintain their identity, emphasize the uniqueness of their culture and psychological makeup, and millions of people to realize their belonging to a particular ethnic group. A person feels the non-stability of the world. He seeks protection, support and self-confidence in the enduring, eternal, stable values of his ancestors, seeks to preserve his identity, unique culture. Interest in their roots in individuals and entire nations is manifested in a variety of forms: from the revival of ancient customs and rituals, folklorization of culture, to the desire to create and restore their national statehood. Therefore, it is intergenerational stable communities, primarily ethnic groups, which acquire great significance in the life of the modern man. Ethnocultural revival is considered as one of the main features of human development in the 21st century. The main channel for the reproduction of culture in society is education, one of the broadest spheres of human activity, a specific structural element of ethnic culture that fulfills the function of continuity of generations.

9

Authors: Baskaeva Zh., Tatrova F.

In the course of evolutionary historical development in Russia, the national education system has been built and it is developing, including preschool, school, multi-level professional and additional education. Preschool education in the modern Russian Federation is understood as education, training and development, as well as supervision, care and rehabilitation of children of preschool age from 2 months to 7 years. According to the analytical report of the international audit and consulting company FinExpertiza, in 2019 78.9% of Russian babies (4.1 million children) under the age of 3 years did not attend a day nursery. At the same time, the largest share of babies under the age of 3 years who do not attend nurseries is recorded, according to the study, in the Republic of Ingushetia. Here, 96.59% of toddlers stay with their mothers, and only 800 out of 23,492 children of the republic under the age of 3 visit the nursery. This figure is slightly lower in the Republic of Dagestan. Here 94.22%, or 139,205 babies stayed at home, and 8 540 babies go to the nursery. In third place is the Republic of Crimea, in which 91.13% of toddlers are with their parents at home, and only 8.87%, or 5,665 kindergarten children attend. Given the fact that in Russia now more than a third of young families with a child are not provided with preschool institutions, and in the south of Russia these statistics are even higher, preparing parents for the basics of family preschool education is becoming one of the most important tasks of youth family policy. It is obvious that the system of preschool education, like the entire system of relations in the field of education and upbringing of the younger generation, is influenced by powerful civilizational and technological trends, which often destroy historical features and national traditions. In this regard, the study of the characteristics of the national education system in its historical evolution is of particular relevance and significance.