Science almanac of Black sea region countries

5

Authors: Petrova Yu.

The scientific and technological revolution of the past and present centuries causes global changes, contributes to the interconnection of continents, countries and people. Citizens overcome national, social and linguistic differences. Studying languages, we get to know the world and create our own linguistic worlds, and already through them we learn a lot about the linguistic picture of the world as a whole. The Bulgarian language is considered as one of the languages of the large family of Slavic languages, which are part of the Indo-European languages. Like any other language, Bulgarian is a historical phenomenon. It emerged as an independent language with its own typical and distinctive features at a certain stage in the development of dialects of Slavic tribes. During its centuries-old existence, the Bulgarian language has undergone significant development. The origin of the Bulgarian language can be found in the distant past, and its gradual development continued over the centuries. In its development, there were no sharp leaps and transitions from one quality to another, which is considered in our study.

6

Authors: Yandarov M.

The religious activities of the Chechen Sufi Kunta-Haji Kishiev are revealed. Kunta-Haji expressed his views orally, he sermonized for his followers, demonstrating the practice of performing the ritual associated with the Qadiriyah Tariqa. In Chechnya he became the founder of the Qadiriyah Tariqa. In writing, the teachings of Kunta-Haji are recorded in several arabographic texts which were published in the tsarist period at the beginning of the 20th century in private printing houses in Dagestan. These works were rare, that limited the possibilities of their wide analysis and involvement in scientific circulation. Only in the late 90s of the 20th century, they began to be published in Arabic and Chechen, that allowed to use them wider, assessing the substantive aspects of the teachings of Kunta-Haji. Ideas calling for peace, condemnation of war, violence, cleansing of sins, spiritual perfection, and the search for a path leading to God are valuable in his teaching.

7

Authors: Makhrinova M., Berkovsky V., Litvinova E.

One of the most important topics related to the development of culture, its traditions and its role in modern life is folk art. Folk art as a part of culture is a rich complex of many phenomena, which together make up the essence of the concept, folk tradition, phenomena that are especially noticeable in the cultural heritage of the people in their entertainment. This applies to folk art, both traditional and modern. The latter, for the most part, rooted deep in history, still bears a living trace of the past and thus is a form of a revived tradition. The connection with the past and continuity are manifested in folk art much more strongly than in any other area of folk culture. This feature of folk art in the period of progressive universalization of culture determines its role in the development of modern national culture. The stability of the phenomenon of artistic folk art, as well as its vitality both in material embodiment and in various socio-economic and cultural-ideological manifestations, is of fundamental importance.

8

Authors: Ten Yu.

The relevance of the appeal to the study of the development of culture on a global scale is due to the fact that in the modern period no people or region or country can exist in isolation. In the face of the latest challenges of globalization (the pandemic, the environmental crisis, the threat of man-made disasters, etc.), all countries must join forces in solving world problems. The author proposes a structural-systematic approach to the analysis of the essence of the phenomenon of culture. Hence, the goal of the research is to analyze culture as a complex structured system. In the article, culture is considered by analogy with the "iceberg culture" model, consisting of different layers. The author`s attention is focused on the analysis of the process of forming the upper (world) layer of human culture. This layer of culture is a system of ideas, ideals, knowledge, norms and values that are accepted by most countries of the world. The adoption of this system of meanings of the world culture is an important step towards overcoming intercultural communication barriers. Thus, the author draws attention to the fact that although since ancient times the countries of the Black Sea region have been united by a common cultural history, political and trade and economic ties, nevertheless, barriers for mutual understanding have not been eliminated yet. Therefore, today it is very important that all the peoples realize the need to find ways and technologies to form a common language of the world culture.

8

Authors: Sklyarova E., Kamalova O.

The medical and social features and consequences of the Crimean War (1853 – 1856) are considered. Based on the historical and genetic research method, the author analyzes the process of creating an army health system, the problem of corruption in the context of the history of Great Britain, the Ottoman and Russian empires in the middle of the 19th century. Public health, nursing training, and army health care became a new field of medicine. The consequence of the Crimean War was the formation of women`s medical activities, the organization of state care for the wounded, the elimination of corruption in the army, which were carried out in the Crimean hospitals (in Sevastopol, Bakhchisarai, Karasu-Bazar, Kozlov, Simferopol), in Turkish hospitals (in Scutari, Renkio), Great Britain (London, Chatham), as well as in the USA and Japan. For the first time, the army`s health care received an official status and recognition, thanks to the joint activities of reformers from different countries of the world N.I. Pirogov, L.A. Beckers, E. Chadwick, N. Arnott S. Smith, W. Farr, Lord Herbert, F. Nightingale, L. Richards, E. Parks. The transformation of public health took place on the territory of military hospitals located in the Ottoman Empire and Crimea. It is shown that, having become an integral element of the international politics of the countries of the world, during the Crimean War, public health and nursing were separated from clinical medicine, becoming a new area of state medical care.

9

Authors: Mustafaeva M., Hiyasova S., Musaeva E.

The features of the Dagestan mentality are studied, the characteristic of the traditional system of customary law embodied in adats and Sharia is given, the conclusion about their direct influence on the formation of the mentality of the Dagestan peoples is made. A number of customs and traditions of the peoples of Dagestan are analyzed, including such public institutions as hospitality, kunachestvo (friendship), twinning, atalychestvo (fosterage) and others, which embodied the identity, national psychology and mentality of the highlanders. The creative, humanistic beginning of the traditional national culture of Dagestan is justified and its key role in consolidating the peoples of Dagestan and strengthening good neighborhood relations with the peoples of the North Caucasus is emphasized. Analysis of the origins of traditional Dagestan culture allows us to better understand and accept the features of the modern Dagestan mentality, its specificity and uniqueness.

9

Authors: Kratova N.

Some directions of the development of the Muslim ummah of Karachay-Cherkessia in the second decade of the 21st century after the Report-and-election Congress of Mus-lims of Karachay-Cherkessia and Stavropol are shown. An overview of the state of affairs in the Spiritual Administration of Karachay-Cherkessia and Stavropol Territory at the end of the 2000s is given. Along with the obvious achievements that allowed the muftiate to take a worthy place in the social structure of the republic, by this time a serious set of contradictions had accumulated, requiring a reform of the muftiate`s management system. First of all, the task was to make up for the human losses: prominent spiritual leaders who had great authority in the local ummah and were killed in several years. In addition, it was necessary to involve representatives of young educated clergy in the work of the muftiate. An important task was to prevent a split in spiritual unity in the conditions of the exit from the Muftiate of the Stavropol Ummah, which formed its own muftiate. The system of administration created after the Report-and-Election Congress of Muslims of Karachay-Cherkessia and Stavropol Territory is also examined in detail. The criterion of its effectiveness was the work on countering the ideology of extremism and terrorism. The presence of educated clergy in the system of governance by the muftiat made it possible to adequately resist the agitation of adherents of organizations banned in Russia and prevent the formation of an aura of “champions of truth” and “defenders of justice” among members of extremist cells. The negative side of the created scheme of governance of the muftiate was stagnation: for ten years, the governing bodies were practically not updated. An attempt to create a personal site ended in failure. During the same period, illegal armed formations of supporters of religious extremist ideology continued to appear in the republic, the elimination of which required significant efforts of law enforcement agencies.

10

Authors: Caberty N., Dzhioev A.

The article is devoted to the study of regional characteristics of the birth-rate among urban and rural population in the regions of the North Caucasian Federal District. In the works of Russian and foreign authors, the level of urbanization is recognized as an important factor influencing the reproductive behavior of the population. The purpose of the study is to determine characteristics of the level and change in the intensity of the birth-rate in the regions of the North Caucasian Federal District in the context of city-village. The analysis covered a fairly long period (1990 – 2018). It is revealed that despite the fact that the demographic crisis in the North Caucasus is relatively mild, it negatively affected all processes of natural movement, including the birth-rate. A comparative analysis of overall and partial birth-rate coefficients in urban and rural areas of all regions of the North Caucasian Federal District was carried out and it is found that over the entire analyzed period there was a convergence of the birth-rate indicators of cities and villages. The difference reduced mainly due to the decrease of the rural birth-rate. Regional features of such convergence in individual subjects of the North Caucasian Federal District are revealed. Based on the results of a survey of the population on the desired and expected number of children in the family, in micro-census of 2015, it is concluded that the regional and rural-urban differentiation of the intensity of the birth-rate in the North Caucasus will continue in the future.

5

Authors: Adzhemian M., Petrova Yu.

The article reveals the concepts of "religiosity" and "Armenian religious identity" in modern Armenia, some examples of the Armenian national religion. In particular, the traditions of Armenian apostolic Christianity and its folk versions, expressed in religious holidays and rites, are considered. Armenians are one of the oldest peoples of the world, the documentary history of which dates back about three millennia and Armenia was the first country where Christianity was proclaimed as a state religion. For such a long time, the people have repeatedly experienced tragic periods of their history, and periods of unprecedented heyday, and creative work. The national features of the character of Armenians usually include hard work, determination, energy, resilience, entrepreneurship. They have a special addiction to teaching and crafts, respect for written culture, devotion to their language, home and family. This people is characterized by irascibility and self-love, combined with good-natured peacefulness, hospitality, love of music and subtle humor; they are easily appeased. At the same time, Armenians are characterized by developed individualism, unwillingness to submit to anyone, this allowed them to preserve their culture and religion, which have been vividly embodied in the customs and traditions of religious and secular character of this ethnic group and which are significant to this day.

7

Authors: Khudina J., Wiegel N., Shishkanova J.

The article deals with the influence of modern culture and society on the formation of the level of personality perception. Features of human interaction with environmental reality in extreme conditions (self-isolation period in conditions of COVID-19 pandemic) are considered separately. Features of social influence on formation of so-called social fears are shown. The problem of fear has its own history and remains relevant in modern society. Together with the development of society, fear takes on new forms, and unlike, for example, the fear of primitive man – darkness, loneliness and unclean power – the fears of modern man are directed by the cultural dominants of globalization into the field of science. Fear is not only inevitable, but also necessary, it is called upon to energize the forces of a person and stop him in moments of danger. Fear also has a number of negative qualities, directing human actions into a destructive channel. Only through rationalization is it possible to get away from a negative scenario to a positive one, thus managing your fear. The ability to adequately perceive reality, constructive marketing offers is the principle of common sense of a person. Analyzing a healthy lifestyle as a brand and direction of the culture of globalization, and in particular proper nutrition, the authors of the article call for a responsible approach to the new proposals of the consumption society in the context of the formation of human habits and lifestyle of the 21st century.

7

Authors: Zholobova I.

The peculiarities of worldview and spiritual culture of Turkic people are considered, due to general historical, ethnogenetic, cultural and religious factors. The influence of the old Turkic nomadic component on the formation of the religious system and ethnoculture of peoples is noted. The main attention is paid to the features of the cult associated with the veneration of the most ancient deity Tengri, references to which are still found and indicate the syncretic nature, the presence of assimilated autochthonous beliefs in religious systems, in the part of spiritual culture of such Turkic-speaking peoples as the Crimean Karaites, the Crimeans and the Crimean Tatars. Information about Tengrianism is given, the characteristic of cult practice in relation to Heaven is given, the significance of the cult of ancestors and the cult of veneration of sacred trees is noted, which have until recently remained relevance for the indigenous peoples of the Crimea, especially for the Crimean Karaites.

8

Authors: Goncharov V., Tronina L., Khokhlova E.

In the development of modern society, organizational and ideological educational activities are important. Successful realization of economic and social development is impossible without taking into account human factor, in particular skills and knowledge of people, their production experience. Therefore, cultural, economic and everyday traditions are now gaining real significance, especially in different regional conditions. The increasing interest in folk culture is determined not only by the needs of the spiritual sphere, but also by the practical conditionality and vitality of folk labor traditions. This creates the need to study cultural and historical experience of the people and their practical application. The range of problems related to labor traditions is very wide. Some of them are important for the whole country, while others have regional specifics. Domestic researchers consider labor traditions as a constantly operating element of folk culture, concentrating collective experience transmitted from generation to generation. Under the influence of socio-economic and economic changes, some of them become anachronism and die off, while others, transforming, retain their significance. Some of them are secondary forms generated by new production and living conditions, by both previous and new labor experience.

8

Authors: Petrova Yu., Bukreyeva V.

The article examines the cultural penetration of the Ottoman Empire into the territory of the Balkan Peninsula. The once developing peoples of the Balkans, overcoming their own crises, are becoming an indispensable goal of a rapidly emerging empire. The proximity to Europe and close interaction with it became a decisive factor for its conquest, as well as the inability of the allied countries to resist the Ottomans. The gradual seizure led to the complete elimination of most of the existing in the 12th century independent states. For the most part, the dialogue of cultures took place as a forced assimilation. The result was the complete displacement of a foreign culture outside its own territory. Despite this, some of the cultural aspects have firmly entered the life of ordinary people and have become entrenched in it as part of their own culture. This article is dedicated to identifying these entrenched traditions as well as Turkey`s contemporary influence in the Balkans.

9

Authors: Dzhioeva I., Gurieva L., Techov A.

The article is devoted to the study of the unique historical experience of agricultural development in South Ossetia during the implementation of the new economic policy of 1920-1930. The authors focus on the problems of collective farm construction and agricultural cooperation in South Ossetia, as well as new mechanisms of state management in the agricultural sector of the economy during the study period. It is shown that since agriculture was not directly subordinated to the state by 1920, it was very difficult to coordinate the labor and economic activities of peasant farms, as well as to manage their innovative development; in addition, the situation was extreme and did not allow the use of administrative methods of management. The only thing that the state could afford during this period was to increase the efficiency of management of this industry by economic methods. Thus, there were new incentives for peasant farms to expand the volume of commodity production. As a rule, the agrarian-industrial transformation corresponds to the free market, especially in agriculture, but this was not typical for Russia attempts at market transformations in the agricultural sector were stopped for the first time by the revolution of 1917. As for the new economic policy, it was an effective market regulator that takes into account the current economic situation in the country, in particular, in the period under study– the reluctance of farmers to sell grain below the market price, and buy essential goods at prices several times higher above their cost, which in any reforms severely limits the amount of savings. In this situation, people only try to consume, not invest, because of distrust of the financial policy of the state. Using the successful experience of agricultural reforms during the NEP period can help solve the problems of sustainable rural development in South Ossetia in the XXI century.

14

Authors: Nesmeyanov E.

The last third of the XX and the first decade of the XXI centuries. show the growth of scientific and scientific-journalistic works on the problems of the peculiarities and forms of existence of deception and lies in European culture and social life. Concepts have emerged that prove the necessity and value of certain forms of lying to preserve the state, family, and the implementation of real practice of communication between people. Some psychological and pedagogical works substantiate the idea of the importance of lying and deceit for the development of the child`s intellectual abilities and prosperity in the society of an adult. With all the variety of theoretical sources on this topic, there are much fewer generalizing philosophical and cultural studies of lies and deception. This article is an attempt to partially fill this shortcoming. The article begins with an analysis of the rather well-known phenomenon of “Russian lies” as a real mental feature of Russian culture, initially considered in fiction and religious philosophy in Russia (late 19th and first third of the 20th centuries). Based on the analysis of the works of F.M. Dostoevsky, I.A. Ilyina and L.N. Andreeva, shows the influence of the concept of lies of Augustine (Father of the Church of the 4th century) on the theory of "Russian lies" or "All-Russian lies". The author substantiates the decisive influence of Augustine on the views of Russian thinkers associated with the advancement of the problem of lies to the status of the most important moral, religious and socio-psychological theme of Christian theology. The transition of the problem of lies and lies from the Christian-colored religious-philosophical "paradigm" created by Augustine to the secular axiological view of L.N. Andreev, and then, to a complete change of emphasis and the identification of new meanings and facets of this problem Yu.M. Lotman. It is concluded that the theory of Yu.M. Lotman "closes" the problem of "Russian lies" as a negative characteristic of the Russian mentality, taking the phenomenon out of the field of religious philosophy and morality into the sphere of cultural studies. At the same time, the concept of Yu.M. Lotman does not refute the theory of Augustine, which retains its relevance for understanding the modern system of spiritual values in Russian culture of the XXI century.

6

Authors: Agapov E., Pendyurina L.

The article considers the influence of ancient Greek charity on the social assistance of the Black Sea region peoples. Social work became a profession only at the beginning of the last century, but its roots go back to antiquity, when forms of social assistance began to develop among various peoples. It was then that a social assistance mechanism developed, which boiled down to the fact that the family, community and other traditional structures protected everyone. This mechanism of social assistance was characteristic of Tauris, Scythians, Sarmatians and other Black Sea peoples. The same relations were characteristic for Ancient Greece as well as for other states of the Middle East region until the era of antiquity, the beginning of which dates back to the second third of the 1st millennium BC. These relations was marked by the dominance of community ties and the inherited Basileus power as well as the underdevelopment of private property. However, in the 8th century BC in Ancient Greece, structural transformations began, private property relations, the dominance of private commodity production, the exploitation of slaves, the absence of strong centralized power and the policy of self-government came to the fore. With the transformation of the state into an instrument of domination of private owners, social assistance was of a class nature, which manifested itself in the fact that slaves were actually deprived of it. On the other hand, charity, which manifested itself in the organization of public meals, the distribution of money to the needy, the construction of churches and baths through private donations, and other events, became an integral element of the antiquity`s public life. According to the authors, we can talk about two channels of influence of ancient Greek charity on the social assistance of the Black Sea peoples. The first of these channels called direct is associated with the creation of Greek colonies along the Black Sea coast. The second channel can be called indirect, since it was mediated by the culture of Ancient Rome. At the beginning of the 1st millennium in ancient Roman society, a contradiction arose between the need for social assistance and the limited possibilities for its implementation, which was removed by Christianity. According to Christianity, mercy follows from love, which coincides with the essence of God and charity is a practical expression of mercy. Therefore, the spread of Christianity that began in the Black Sea countries in the 4th century contributed to the development of charitable activities in them.

8

Authors: Magomedova M.

Over the past twenty years, state and municipal authorities, civil society institutions in the North Caucasus have gained great positive experience in countering religious extremism and terrorism. The Muslim clergy had a great influence on the socio-political processes in the republics of the North Caucasus. The leadership of the Spiritual Directorates of Muslims of Russia, the traditional Muslim clergy, and ordinary believers have been fighting against the spread of a radical religious ideology that distorts the basis of Islam for more than two decades. Back in the early 90-s, the Islamic newspapers "Assalam", "Nur-ul-Islam", "Islamic Herald" and the Spiritual Board of Muslims began to explain to the population the whole danger of the ideology of Wahhabism (the extreme form of Salafism, which is commonly called in the republics of the North Caucasus). “Wahhabis” in scientific and journalistic literature are considered to be followers of the religious-political current in Sunni Islam, which arose in the middle of the 18th century based on the teachings of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Many modern followers of Wahhabism prefer to call themselves Salafiyun, i.e. “walking the path of righteous ancestors” (al-salaf al-salih) – the first generations of Muslims. The article sets the task of analyzing the effectiveness of ideological counteraction to religious extremism and terrorism in the North Caucasus, determining the role of representatives of the Muslim clergy in countering radical religious ideology. The main theological contradictions between the trends in Islam are analyzed. It is shown that representatives of the Muslim clergy play a significant role in the ideological opposition to religious extremism in the North Caucasus.

9

Authors: Makhrinova M., Makeenko I., Kashirina O.

Ethnic upbringing is a purposeful interaction of generations, as a result of which ethnic self-consciousness is formed that is adequate to treat oneself as a subject of an ethnic group, a sense of pride in their ethnic group, a positive attitude to the language, history, culture of their ethnic group, as well as a sense of respect and tolerance for representatives of others ethnic groups. The essence of ethnic education is the preservation, formation and development of the ethnic identity of the individual, his culture, self-identity, language based on the continuity of generations, taking into account the changing conditions. As a content and means of ethnic education, the development of ethnosocial roles is considered, the formation of which is the mastery of this role in accordance with age. To preserve their identity, integrity, independence, individual freedom, you first need to understand your ethnic upbringing. This is the first step and at the same time the main thread of life, it is not discrete, it is continuous, it starts from the moment of conception of a child and continues throughout life. However, at the same time, ethnic education is a deeply specific upbringing, it must penetrate the whole spirit of the family, the general educational institution, especially the initial link, and then, really, on the basis of the native, the education of a multicultural personality should be carried out. The ultimate goal of ethnic education is the upbringing of an ethnocultural personality, identifying himself with his own ethnos, which perceives the world through the prism of its national-specific features.

9

Authors: Zholobova I.

The article provides historiographic information that allows us to consider various approaches to the problem of the emergence of Crimean Karaites, to reveal the main ethnoculturological and religious features of this now small people due to a combination of factors such as the specificity of the territory of their stay, neighborhood with various peoples, many of which are very close to each other in terms of the features of religion, language and individual traditions. The main content of the article is devoted to the study of religion (Karaism), religious worship, confession of faith, traditions of Crimean Karaites as an integral part of their ethnoculture. In addition, the conducted historical and cultural analysis allows us to refer to the question of the multinational nature of Crimea, currently the Republic of Crimea, a territorial subject of the Russian Federation, where many indigenous and non-indigenous peoples lived and live, distinguished by their ethnicity, culture and religion. Their coexistence could not but leave its mark in the process of forming the ethnoculture of Crimean Karaites, their identity. It is noted that modern conditions are associated with the strengthening of the processes of "ethnic revival" and, at the same time, with the activation of assimilation processes that erode ethnoculturological boundaries.

9

Authors: Shishova N., Bondarev V., Tikidzhian R.

The issue of cultural interaction is highlighted, the relevance of which has increased significantly in the context of the world`s growing confrontation between globalization and counter-globalization. The urgency of this problem is evident in Russia as in the multinational State. One of the regions where such interaction took place most actively is the Azov-Black Sea region. The article examines the dynamics of cultural interinfluence processes in the region. The retrospective analysis has been carried out, which makes it possible to conclude that historically the Azov-Black Sea region has been a crossing of civilizations, where the migratory flows of Western and Eastern civilizations have been directed and where representatives of these civilizations have come into contact with each other. Periodization of intercultural contacts in the region, including a number of qualitatively different stages is supposed. It has been proved that within the boundaries of various stages the cultural influence of various peoples and civilizations has prevailed: the Greeks and the Romans, the Turkic-speaking nomads, the Turks, the Cossack communities, the Russian Empire. While in the era of antiquity the leading role in intercultural interaction was played by the Greeks and then by the Romans, who had a stimulating and guiding effect on the Iranian-speaking nomads of the Scythians and the Sarmatians, in the Middle Ages the situation changed seriously, which was connected with the collapse of the Graeco-Roman colonies due to the arrival of a new wave of nomads, this time Turkic-speaking, in the region. It is noted that the brightest example of active inter-ethnic and intercultural contacts in the Azov-Black Sea region and, at the same time, the extreme importance of these contacts in giving vitality to certain communities and state entities, is the Cossacks, which arose as a result of interaction of a number of different ethnocultural communities. The valid conclusions are the following, first, the leading trends in the Azov-Black Sea region were active inter-ethnic (intercultural) contacts, which resulted not only in the mutual enrichment of cultures and lifestyles of their participants, but also in the formation of new communities, such as the Cossacks; second, these contacts have acted and continue to act as a means of cementing and stimulating the development of multi-ethnic State entities, including Russia.

83-91

Authors: Khuako F.

We consider the image of a woman and its reflection in literature using examples of the work of Adyghe authors of the first half of the 20th century (H. Teuchezha, J. Tlyusten, A. Evtykh). The author turns to regional North Caucasian scientific works affecting gender issues, argues the idea of the peculiarity of this line among the Adyghe with their ethnic consciousness. It is concluded that there is little coverage of the image of a woman in literary criticism, especially in an ethnic (Adyghe) context. The traditionality of the Adyghe ethnic group is analyzed in detail; the problem of discrimination in relation to the Adyghe woman in the family; the charactero-logical series of the female image both in society and in the family, and in works: hard work, needlework, etc., as well as the ability to survive in a difficult situation. Based on a number of traits of a female character both in the ethnic group and in the works there is the assertion that it is permissible to consider the Adyghe woman’s right to positively influence conflict situations in society as evidence of the absence of any discrimination that could directly and fruitfully influence the development of centuries of ethnic consciousness.

5

Authors: Ivushkina E., Dashkova E.

In Russia, there are prospects for the development of various types of tourism. Historically, Russia has long been an agricultural country and large territories belong to rural settlements. Therefore, one of the priority types of tourism in our country is rural tourism. The interconnection of structural elements in the development of rural tourism is presented. In the Chechen Republic, there is some experience in the development of tourism in small towns since the Soviet era. For example, a tourist base in the village of Benoy in the Vedensky district functioned successfully. The base was of All-Union significance and up to three thousand tourists passed through it in a season. The modern socio-economic development of the Chechen Republic is aimed at the revival of the tourism industry. In the Chechen Republic, 65.26% of the population are rural residents. They are well aware of the way of rural life, traditions, customs, and features of rural life. The basis of rural tourism is the stay of tourists in the countryside, where the rural family takes care of the accommodation, food and service of the tourists. Organization of rural tourism may become a priority for the Chechen Republic

6

Authors: Petrova Yu., Kuleshova K.

The issue that is relevant for Turkish linguistics i.e. borrowing words from various European languages is considered, Turkish is a language belonging to the Turkic group of languages. For a long time, the Turkish alphabet consisted of letters in Arabic letters, until they were replaced by Latin ones. Currently, the national Turkish language is a synthesis of the Turkish folk language, Old Turkic language and Asian Turkic languages. The Turkish language also contains many borrowings that come from the vocabulary of other countries. It is noted that a large number of borrowings in it are from the French language, which penetrated into the vocabulary of the Turks through the inclusion of French literature in the educational program of schools. Since that time, an important criterion for human education was the ability to speak a foreign language. The growing importance of Turkey in the field of trade and shipping has led to the emergence of many marine terms borrowed from the Italian language. The Lausanne Treaty, on the basis of which there was an exchange of settlements between Turkey and Greece, is the reason for the Greek borrowings of feudal terminology and household vocabulary existing in the Turkish vocabulary. It is emphasized that the source of English borrowing is scientific and technological progress, the terminological explosion of which forced to adopt vocabulary from the English language, since the number of new names was so great that the creation of neologisms was not relevant. Currently, due to the global spread of media and the Internet, the number of borrowings in the Turkish language has increased unusually. Using linguistic and cultural procedures and taking into account the peculiarities of cultural and historical evolution, the Turkish language reveals the national identities of a nation by means of language, preserving and transmitting the value connotations of the cultural code.

7

Authors: Kuleshin M., Nemashkalov P., Plyako O.

The concept of stereotype, or ethnic stereotype, in ethnic science is associated with the formula «ethnic stereotype of behavior». Numerous works by ethnographers, culturologists and other scientists confirm the special relevance of the study of this phenomenon. There is an urgent need for a holistic consideration of ethnic stereotypes of behavior, not just in the usual way to ethnographers (as expressed in a particular form of elements of traditional everyday culture), but also in terms of their functioning in the sphere of everyday consciousness. However, stereotyping in ethnic tradition is a concept that covers a wider range of issues that differ from exclusively behavioral forms. Stereotyping is a phenomenon that is characteristic of many manifestations of the functioning of elements of traditional everyday culture. Tradition is understood as experience accumulating in the form of a system of stereotypes of human activity (activity), stereotypes of ideas about them and ways of their designation or symbolization. From this point of view, behavioral acts can be considered as particular manifestations of symbolic stereotypes. Relevant here are the aspects of human activity related to the production of material components of culture, ideas about them, or their perception as ethnic carriers. The main thesis - communicativeness is one of the most important functions of tradition, involves a number of questions: which of the components of the material culture of peoples most persistently retain their specificity, being ethnic indicators of historical consciousness; how they function in time, what are the factors that stabilize, consolidate and transmit precisely these, and not other components of culture, what is the intensity of their historical existence (discreteness, continuity). In that case the problem of territorial and spatial relations appears, that is, the correlation of sub-ethnic, ethnic and superethnic in the cultural tradition, in this case, in its material components and their functioning.

9

Authors: Goncharov V., Kolosova O., Volkov A.

In a multi-ethnic state, the general principles for solving ethnocultural problems are often given by a political formula expressing the general national-state idea, including the principles of ethnic integration. An educational institution is one of the sociocultural mechanisms for implementing a specific national-state idea. Cultural differences, especially in customs and religion, were perceived more or less tolerantly in many parts of the world. However, in such an important area of culture as education, tolerance is manifested much less frequently. The most receptive cultures responded to the globalization of the economy and industry of Western culture with measures aimed at finding and maintaining ethnocultural identities. The self-assertion of ethnoculture becomes a force that makes it possible to withstand the crisis of identity generated by globalization. As a result of ethnocultural self-affirmation, new modern forms of expression of identity arise. The processes taking place on a global scale are characterized by the desire of peoples to maintain their identity, emphasize the uniqueness of their culture and psychological makeup, and millions of people to realize their belonging to a particular ethnic group. A person feels the non-stability of the world. He seeks protection, support and self-confidence in the enduring, eternal, stable values of his ancestors, seeks to preserve his identity, unique culture. Interest in their roots in individuals and entire nations is manifested in a variety of forms: from the revival of ancient customs and rituals, folklorization of culture, to the desire to create and restore their national statehood. Therefore, it is intergenerational stable communities, primarily ethnic groups, which acquire great significance in the life of the modern man. Ethnocultural revival is considered as one of the main features of human development in the 21st century. The main channel for the reproduction of culture in society is education, one of the broadest spheres of human activity, a specific structural element of ethnic culture that fulfills the function of continuity of generations.

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Authors: Baskaeva Zh., Tatrova F.

In the course of evolutionary historical development in Russia, the national education system has been built and it is developing, including preschool, school, multi-level professional and additional education. Preschool education in the modern Russian Federation is understood as education, training and development, as well as supervision, care and rehabilitation of children of preschool age from 2 months to 7 years. According to the analytical report of the international audit and consulting company FinExpertiza, in 2019 78.9% of Russian babies (4.1 million children) under the age of 3 years did not attend a day nursery. At the same time, the largest share of babies under the age of 3 years who do not attend nurseries is recorded, according to the study, in the Republic of Ingushetia. Here, 96.59% of toddlers stay with their mothers, and only 800 out of 23,492 children of the republic under the age of 3 visit the nursery. This figure is slightly lower in the Republic of Dagestan. Here 94.22%, or 139,205 babies stayed at home, and 8 540 babies go to the nursery. In third place is the Republic of Crimea, in which 91.13% of toddlers are with their parents at home, and only 8.87%, or 5,665 kindergarten children attend. Given the fact that in Russia now more than a third of young families with a child are not provided with preschool institutions, and in the south of Russia these statistics are even higher, preparing parents for the basics of family preschool education is becoming one of the most important tasks of youth family policy. It is obvious that the system of preschool education, like the entire system of relations in the field of education and upbringing of the younger generation, is influenced by powerful civilizational and technological trends, which often destroy historical features and national traditions. In this regard, the study of the characteristics of the national education system in its historical evolution is of particular relevance and significance.