Science almanac of Black sea region countries

5

Authors: Magomedova M.

The ethnoculture of the peoples of the North Caucasus is a part of the common cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia. It has a great social, cultural and political significance. In the context of globalization, it is important to preserve the national languages, traditions, folklore and originality of all North Caucasian peoples. It is also important to create the conditions for their free national self-affirmation and popularization of the ethnocultural heritage. The research of the problems of the traditional culture of the North Caucasian peoples is especially actualized by the leveling the significance of ethnocultural values in the Russian society. Preserving ethnoculture is also one of the important factors in countering extremist ideology in the North Caucasus, whose supporters, using the influence of religion in the region, are trying to distort the meaning of the ideas laid down in Islam, pulling them out of the context and treating them tendentiously. Conducting preventive measures among young people is much more productive than the elimination of the consequences of their extremist and terrorist activities. Radical religious organizations use misinformation, intimidation, manipulation of public con-sciousness, the substitution of concepts and facts extensively, use the Internet for recruiting of new members, including suicide bombers. In contrast to the activities of destructive forces in society, it is necessary to recall and revive the traditional values of the peoples of the North Caucasus, on which our ancestors relied: honoring their elders, mentoring young people, protecting women and children, respecting the traditions of their ancestors, etc. If this foundation, on which the whole social structure was built in the Caucasus, collapses then the younger generation will have nothing to build its future on.

6

Authors: Goncharov V., Kolosova O.

It is proved in this article that ethnographic researches represent one of the components of scientific cul-tural and historical research of social development. According to the authors, not only cultural artifacts but also many other ones are infused with religious attitude and more with associations of religious character. All these artifacts reflect ideological aspects of consciousness formation, the system of behavior and relationship of peo-ple. The tradition force, selectivity and the normalizing nature of national culture allowed remaining some ancient plots so that they can be a source of replenishment of data on pre-Christian religious views of the Slavs. Understanding the initial semantics of these plots and disclosing their value are possible only with attraction of comparative data on beliefs and ceremonies, with application of various historical evidences and the most an-cient historical monuments. All this can be historically comprehended only taking into account the ancient pagan world outlook. The Slavic paganism is a part of the huge universal complex including the most ancient beliefs, ceremonies and mythology that served as a component of the latest world religions. The church treated pagan-ism as an antithesis to Christianity that has nothing in common with the true situation, with science about reli-gion. Historians, religion scholars, archeologists and ethnographers proved that the Christian church, fighting against local cults, nevertheless, absorbed them and included in its dogma, agreeing with insufficient integrity and logic of the turning-out synthesis. The characteristic of religion in general is that with emergence of new representations the old ones do not disappear, and continue to exist along with new even if contradict them.

7

Authors: Berkovskiy V., Tronina L.

In philosophy, cultural studies and pedagogy, the concept «culture» is considered as a phenomenon of social life, as a specific way of activity, including the process of creative individuality and uniqueness of the indi-vidual as a subject. Culture is reviewed as knowledge characterizing various historical epochs, ethnic groups, spheres of life activity, informing about the level of development of society, about the creative forces and abili-ties of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activity of people, their mutual rela-tions in society. There are two spheres of culture: the material and the spiritual. Material culture includes the objective results of human activities; spiritual culture combines those phenomena that are associated with con-sciousness, with the intellectual and emotional-psychological activity of man. Material and spiritual culture are in organic unity, integrating into a certain single type of culture, which is historically variable, at each new stage of its development, inherits all the most valuable created by the previous culture. The psychological aspect of the phenomenon of culture is interconnected with the problem of objective and subjective in becoming a person and is studied in connection with human life on the basis of the active assimilation of social forms of consciousness and behavior. Mental processes are considered in the context of the relationship of man with the world of cul-ture. Culture is a syncretic phenomenon, a background for harmonious relations of man with nature, society and himself, the synthesis of material and spiritual values, a necessary condition for a harmonious relationship with the outside world and ensuring a civilized future. Culture, permeating the entire vital activity of society, is one of the components of the generalized criterion of a specific historical being. This is a specific way of life activity in the unity and diversity of historically developed forms.

7

Authors: Kuleshin M., Leonova N., Nemashkalov P.

It is known that each new generation addresses the past not only for the purpose of understanding of connections with the past, but also because of the present interests. At any historical stage, there is time when historical figures or events are of great interest. It is noted that most of the peoples pay special attention to the past that obviously coincides with the growth of national consciousness. It has been recently occurred that the attention to the historical past is connected with the judgment of modern realization of the principles of social development. Therefore, from the scientific and practical point of view it makes sense to consider the question about the ratio of historical and national consciousness of the folk. The important place is taken here by the historical memory in the system of historical consciousness. Ethno-social researches allow giving the real vision of the situation in the life of the folk. The vision of the historical past is one of the components of national consciousness if to understand it widely not only as identification of people on the ground of nationality, but also as an image of the folk in general, that is the vision of features of the folk, its culture, past and present and the national interests connected with it. At the same time visions, knowledge of people of this or that community about their past, including mythological knowledge, scientifically got historical data have not been the historical consciousness yet. It is possible to call such knowledge and visions the historical memory. It is an indispensable part of culture in which continuity stabilizes the ethnos. The historical memory is a peculiar spiritual potential of the folk. It can be used, and it is really used sometimes for the benefit of all folk and sometimes of separate social groups.

8

Authors: Sklyarova E., Kamalova O.

The article considers features of the formation of the British-Turkish diplomatic relations during the Victorian time. The diplomats and figures of the public health service who had the official and unofficial status during the Crimean War (1853–1856) and the Russian-Turkish War (1877–1878) defined the significant role in their development. Being engaged in parliamentary and diplomatic activity Austen Henry Layard was elected the lord-rector of the University of Aberdeen, he worked in the British Foreign Office, and he was appointed the first member of the commission of public works, which dealt with the issues of public health service. Considering his versatile abilities, periodic stay in Constantinople, knowledge of traditions of the Ottoman Empire he was appointed the ambassador of Great Britain in Constantinople. Before him, the British ambassador in Turkey the lord Stratford Canning took the influential position in Constantinople. This lord had a considerable impact on the formation of the Anglo-Turkish and Russian-Turkish relations. All the information obtained from H. Layard was transferred by the lord Stratford Canning in his reports about the situation in the Ottoman Em-pire to the British Foreign Minister. In this period in Constantinople there was a race for power between the Reform party, Sultan and Rashchid Pasha's environment, various political groups. Turkey was in difficult eco-nomic and social situation, which was worsened by the influx of refugees and by the national and religious contradictions. The population movement defined the need of social reforms, new sanitary problems of army and the cities of empires. The British parliament carefully monitored the development of the Russian-Turkish relations on the eve of the Crimean War. The government of Britain was interested in disruption of the political relations between Russia and Turkey, and in the weakening of military-political power of the Russian Empire. The British press warmed up the negative attitude of Great Britain to Russia. Insanitary conditions of soldiers in the Crimea and Turkey became the subject of the parliamentary reports, having defined the formation of medical diplomacy. Successful maneuvering of the British government for the purpose of realization of their own military-political ambitions became the feature of the Anglo-Turkish relations of the Victorian time. London successfully used consequences of the Crimean War, knowledge and experience of the non-staff diplomats, their anti-Russians and pro-Turkish sentiments, the corresponding publications of the press for the weakening of the Russian Empire and the expansion of its own possession at the expense of Turkey.