Science almanac of Black sea region countries

5

Authors: Olenich T.

Iran holds a specific geopolitical place in the world arena. The main focus of extremists is the Middle East region, the location of which draws the attention of all states of the world. Iran policy in the fight against terrorism in the region is an important factor of global security. This country reduces the costs of other states to fight terrorism, since Iran active concerns in the fight against terrorism undermines the expansionist potential of extremist organizations. The policy of deterring jihadists has a beneficial effect on constructive cooperation between Iran and other countries. The article examines the understanding of war and peace in Islam, according to the Qur`anic views. In Islamic principle there is no such category as "terrorism", but however Islam, being a world religion, opposes any kind of violence, unless it is caused by the need for self-defense. The article focuses on the issues of fighting against religious extremism in the Islamic Republic of Iran and in the world. The article gives concepts of categories of jihad, considers the conditions for its legitimacy based on the norms of canon law. Special attention should be paid to the main directions of Iran domestic policy on countering terrorism.

6

Authors: Daudov R.

In modern Chechen Republic a special concept is formulated. It includes the spiritual and moral education of the younger generation. This concept promotes the development of such fundamental values as patriotism, religiosity and traditionalism. Having gone through many trials and difficulties throughout history, the Chechen people have come to a peaceful and prosperous way of life. Of course, this is largely due to the successful policies of such statesmen as the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin and Akhmad-Hadzhi Kadyrov, whose way to this day is being continued by his son, the head of the Chechen Republic, Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov. To form true values in the republic, all representatives of the government, the clergy and the people themselves are involved. The presence in the world of such trends as Islamic modernism and traditionalism also influenced the formation of the spiritual and moral values of Chechen society. From many sources it is known that representatives of traditionalism advocate the preservation of those values that were still in the time of the Prophet Muhammad (the beginning of the VII century). Otherwise, representatives of modernism believe that it is necessary to adapt traditional values in the modern world. Modern Chechen Republic copes brilliantly with the problem of opposites, thanks to the well-coordinated work of all branches of power and the clergy. All this is due to the unified concept of spiritual and moral education, in which every citizen of the republic takes part directly. The close and effective interaction of the clergy and various branches of power in the Chechen Republic, and to this day, gives its positive results in the formation of a civil society responsible for its destiny. Much attention is paid to the formation of spiritual and moral values, special attention is given to the younger generation of Chechen Republic, for the preservation of a given pace for the future. Great emphasis is placed on the literacy and education of the population. Since it is precisely uneducated people who most often succumb to provocations from extremism and radicalism. To date, the Chechen people, who have missed military conflicts through their own destiny on the basis of religion and nationality, are perfectly adapted and set up to prevent past mistakes and preserve peace in the republic. The concept of spiritual and moral upbringing and development of the Chechen Republic is a kind of yardstick combining true and unshakable values in which the Chechen code of honor "nokhchalla" is emphasized. The word "nokhchalla" is not translated into any other language, but every Chechen knows perfectly what it means. This is a kind of a set of rules, unwritten anywhere, concerning ethics and morality that has been guiding true Chechens from early times.

7

Authors: Ageeva N.

The article raises the questions of the necessity of medical activity bioethical measurement in the process of training and retraining of personnel for treatment and prophylactic institutions of the Crimean Federal District. In 2014 a resonant and long-awaited event took place – the annexation of the Crimea to the Russian Federation. From the very first days of the status change on the peninsula, the modernization of the health care system of the Republic of Crimea began by adapting it to modern Russian legislation. At the stage of transition, in difficult socio-political conditions, doctors were required the strict observance of the norms of international and Russian law. The author emphasizes that in the process of medical activity the doctor should be guided by the observance of ethical principles: justice, voluntariness, confidentiality and truthfulness. At the same time, according to the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of the Protection of Citizens’ Health in the Russian Federation” (Article 71), doctors promise to be merciful, highly moral, patient, in every way to protect the health of people, helping all without discrimination, keep a medical secret, to oppose euthanasia, to respect their teachers and colleagues, to improve their professional knowledge and skills. Article 20 of the abovementioned Federal Law establishes the observance of the ethical principle of voluntariness, article 13 – confidentiality, article 22 – veracity. Observance of the principle of justice is dedicated to the Federal Law “On Compulsory Medical Insurance”. Fulfilment of these principles with a doctor is a marker of a high level of his legal conscience and professional culture in general. The multinational and multi-religious composition of the population in the Crimean Federal District points to the need for physicians to take into account the sociocultural and religious characteristics of patients. The author proceeds from the premise that high requirements to the level of training and retraining of personnel for the healthcare system of the Republic of Crimea can be realized on the condition that a single ethical and legal space is created in the territory of medical and preventive institutions of the Crimean Federal District.

7

Authors: Reshetnikova E., Sklyarova E., Kamalova O.

The article for the first time compares the formation features of the scientific and pedagogical staff of the Istanbul and Sofia universities in the XX century. This topic has not received comprehensive coverage in the domestic historiography on the history of medicine and pharmacy, chemistry and biochemistry. Istanbul University has firmly entered the scientific world community, especially after the scientific discoveries of the medical faculty graduate of this university A. Sandzhar. Professor of Biochemistry and Radiology A. Sandzhar in the XXIst century is one of the leading biochemists and molecular biologists of the world, whose scientific research was published at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, in the encyclopedia of molecular biology in New York. The scientist shared the Nobel Prize with a Swede and an American with the phrase “for studying the mechanisms of DNA reconstruction”, explaining the mechanisms by which the cells protect genetic information from damage. Conclusions of scientists will form the basis for the development of further ways to struggle cancer diseases. A. Sandzhar became the first graduate of the medicine faculty of Istanbul university, who received the Nobel Prize in chemistry. Professor, founder of analytical chemistry, the first president of the “Bulgaria Chemists Union” Z. Karaoglanov, who formulated one of the first equations of electrochemical kinetics, became the author of the first Bulgarian textbook on analytical chemistry, published in Sofia University, glorified the Sofia University. Professor K. S. Agadjanyants taught in the Russian Imperial University of Warsaw, Don University during the First World War, and after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and political emigration he taught at the Universities of Constantinople and Sofia. This became a factor that determined for many years the silence of scientific research about his contribution to the development of the Don and the Black Sea science universities. Professors of the Istanbul and Sofia universities perfectly mastered several foreign languages, which allowed them to work in the universities of the world. Istanbul and Sofia universities have become centers of emigration, as well as training and research activities of the world’s leading specialists in the fields of medic