The Animal Biology

14-20

Authors: V. V. Dovhanyuk, V. P. Rosalovsky, Yu. T. Salyha

Physiological and biochemical parameters of Danio rerio fish with toxic injury by chlorpyrifos, one of the most well-known organophosphorus compounds, an active substance of many pesticides were studied. The studies were conducted on adult Danio rerio fishes with an average weight of 0.6 g per 10 individuals per group. To determine the toxicity of chlorpyrifos, the experimental groups of fishes were placed in 5 l aquariums for 96 hours with water in which chlorpyrifos was added in the range of concentrations of 0.375–2 mg/l. Biochemical studies were carried out in blood plasma, which was taken from fish at different concentrations and duration of exposure to the xenobiotic. The parameters of the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos for Danio rerio were determined. With experiment duration of 96 hours, the maximum concentration of chlorpyrifos, in which the death of D. rerio fish was not fixed, was 0.375 mg/l, the absolute lethal concentration was 2 mg/l, half-lethal concentration (LC50) was 1.23 mg/l. Danio rerio intoxication by selected concentrations and duration of chlorpyrifos was accompanied by a decrease of cholinesterase activity in blood plasma; at the influence of chlorpyrifos at the concentration of 1 mg/l, an increase in the number of hemolysed erythrocytes was observed at 16.5 % (P<0.05), which may indicate a structural damage to the protein-lipid matrix of erythrocytes membranes, while the duration of hemolysis of erythrocytes of experimental fish compared to control did not undergo significant changes. The obtained results prove the efficiency of the use of Danio rerio fish as a biological model for toxicological studies of organophosphorus compounds, in particular chlorpyrifos.

27-33

Authors: L. V. Koba, O. E. Nipot, O. O. Shapkina, A. E. Zhujkova, V. A. Bondarenko

In this work, age features of sensitivity of the 1- and 12-month rats’ erythrocytes to hypertonic environment conditions after their temperature modification at +49 °C and/or incubation in sucrose solutions were investigated. The obtained data shows that temperature modification of cells increases their sensitivity to hypertonic stress. In this case, the red cells of the 1-month rats are more sensitive. Pre-incubation in hypertonic sucrose from 0.4 to 0.8 M significantly increases sensitivity to hypertonic shock in both 1 and 12-month-old rats. Increasing the incubation time in sucrose also increases the sensitivity of erythrocytes in both age groups to the influence of the hypertonic solution. Additionally, the cells of 1-month-old animals became more sensitive. It is believed that denaturation of ankyrin at a temperature of 49 °C leads to partial detachment of the spectrin from the membrane and increases the sensitivity of erythrocytes of 1-month-old rats to hypertonic stress. It has been shown that for native cells, the erythrocytes’ degree of sensitivity different aged rats to hypertonic stress does not depend on previous incubation in solutions of sucrose, whereas after the previous temperature modification at 49 °C, erythrocytes of 1-month rats become more sensitive. Consequently, low ionic strength equally affects the cells of rats of different ages, which demonstrates the complete formation of the spectrine-actin complex in 1-month-old rats. Removal of the spectrum-ankyrin interaction via thermodenaturation leads to an increase in the sensitivity exlusively in 1 month-old animals. This indicates the presence of additional links in erythrocytes of adult animals that appear during the process of organim’s maturation as a substitute for the spectrin-ankyrin bonds. Thus, the erythrocytes osmotic stability (cells of the erythrocytic population) of rats in the early stages of ontogenesis is determined by the state of the structural-functional complex spectrin-ankyrin, while mature cells demonstrate a more diverse complex of plasma membrane-cytoskeleton ligaments, which determine their resistance to selected modifications.

40-47

Authors: O. L. Orobchenko, M. Y. Romanko, Y. M. Koreneva, O. T. Kutsan

The spectrum of environmental impacts of inorganic origin toxicants, trace elements, in particular, on the cellular, systemic and organism levels mostly depends on the concentration of the toxic substance exposure duration and the previous health condition of the animals and their immunological reactivity. It has been found for today that mechanisms and the rate of trace elements penetration through various biological barriers and selective accumulation depends not only on their physical and chemical properties and chemical composition, but also on the conditions of the internal environment of the microorganism. One of such element is Bromine. The article presents the results of experimental studies of Bromine toxicodynamics parameters in rats under an acute poisoning with sodium Bromide at a dose of 37.0 (1/100 DL50) and 370.0 mg/kg (1/10 DL50) of the body weight (by Bromine). It has been found that with a single oral administration of sodium bromide at a dose of 370.0 mg/kg of the body weight the total hemoglobin reducing (16.1 %), the amount of proteinograms indicators (by reducing of the total protein and its albumin function on average of 13.5 and 13.5 %) and nonspecific immune resistance (due to the decrease of circulating immune complexes formation by 13.4 % and the rising of serumkoids by 20.7 %), and also hypoglycemia (17.1%) and hypofermentemia of both aminotransferases (due to a decrease of the ALT and AST activity by 8.0 and 13.8 %; 8,2 and 10.3 %; Р<0.05) were registered in the rats blood just on the end of the experiment (7th and 14th day). Thus, the mechanism of toxic action of Bromine in rats was characterized by redirection of metabolic reactions the prevalence of catabolic processes over anabolic along with the loss of structural and energy resources and is dose-dependent. Considering a single injection of a toxicant and a degree of explored indicators deviation, I can assume that as a result of adaptation processes in the animal body, it is possible to restore such parameters to the physiological level in future. However, conducting further research on the parameters of toxicodynamics in the conditions of chronic (prolonged) receipt of Bromine in the organism of laboratory and productive animals is relevant today.

55-64

Authors: L. G. Slivinskа, I. А. Maksymovych

The article presents the results of studies on the correction of electrolyte balance in sports horses during physical activity of medium intensity and shows the positive effect of the use of minerals on rehydration. After exercise the disbalance of electrolytes develops for sport horse, as content of natrium and potassium goes down in the serum of blood, a tendency is marked to the decline of content of general calcium and inorganic phosphorus. However, physical activity for sport horse did not influence on the exchange of magnesium in blood. In horses electrolytes play an important role adjusting and balance of liquid, acid-base balance, support of osmolality and muscular activity. The row of factors influences on the exchange of electrolytes for horse, in particular duration and intensity of loading, condition of environment (temperature, humidity of air), feeding, and for working animals, the deficit of ions arises up as a result of their loss with sweat. At exercise sweating for horse is accompanied by dehydration and loss of five basic elements, in particular to the natrium, chloride, potassium, magnesium and calcium. Dehydration is accompanied by the decline of effective volume of circulatory blood and perfusion through internal organs, that is why a consumption of necessary amount of water is important for a capacity and endurance of horse. It has been found that the horses of the experimental group recovered after treatment capillary refill time and skin turgor test, the color of mucous membranes, increased exercise tolerance, heart rate normalized, and the frequency of arrhythmias decreased. At the same time, in the control group of horses, symptoms of dehydration developed (increased capillary refill time, skin turgor test, redness and cyanosis of mucous membranes, tachycardia, fatigue, increased recovery time after exercise), incidence of arrhythmias increased. The use of electrolytes to sports horses contributed to an increase in fluid intake and rehydration (a decrease in total protein and hematocrit in the blood). In the horses of the control group, indicators characterizing the degree of dehydration tended to increase. In the horses of the experimental group, after the treatment, the serum sodium and potassium levels increased, a tendency to an increase in the calcium content was established, while in the control electrolyte imbalance (decrease in the sodium and potassium content in the blood) was aggravated.