The Animal Biology

24-31

Authors: S. S. Grabovskyi

The results of researches of some lipid classes content (phospholipids, monoacylglicerols, diacylglicerols, triacylglicerols, non-etherified fatty acids (NEFA), cholesterol and its etherified form) in broiler chickens blood plasma before slaughter are presented in the article. The spleen extract (biologically active substances) has been additionally entered to the basic ration of experimental groups of bird by aerosol method which was obtained with and without application an ultrasound. The content of such phospholipids as lysolecithin, sphingomielin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositole, phosphatidylethanolamine, cardiolipin, phosphatidic acid in broiler chickens blood was determined. The results about influence biologically active compounds from the spleen extract at for pre-slaughter stress on separate lipids and phospholipids classes content in broiler chickens blood plasma were obtained. Before slaughter the phospholipids are prevailed in broiler chickens blood plasma of all experimental groups, less content of free cholesterol and triglycerides content was observed. The highest level of phospholipids and NEFA content was observed before slaughter crucial period in broiler chickens blood of the first experimental group, which additionally to the basic ration entered the spleen extract, obtained with the application of ultrasound. Such fractions of phosphotides prevail in broiler chickens blood plasma of all groups: lysolecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine, while less than there is phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositole and phosphatidic acid. The lysolecithine level rose in broiler chickens blood plasma of the first experimental group, and phosphatidic acid — reduced almost in three times; phosphatidylcholine content diminished a little. The phosphatidylinozitole level reduced, and phosphatidylethanolamine — rose almost twice in broiler bhickens blood plasma of all experimental groups.

39-46

Authors: B. V. Hutiy

The article deals with the results of studies of the effect of cadmium chloride on the indices and non-enzymatic system of antioxidant defense in young cattle, namely on the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione levels, vitamins A and E. It is established that feeding of calves given at a dose of toxicant 0.04 mg/kg of body weight the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione levels, vitamins A and E in the blood of experimental animals throughout the experiment was reduced. The lowest indices of antioxidant system in the blood of young cattle it was found on the twenty fourth day of the experiment, which is originated connected from the enhanced activation processes of lipid peroxidation and an imbalance dysfunction between the activity of the antioxidant system and lipid intensity of peroxide oxidation. By the condition of the cadmium loading, young cattle were fed with a new integrated complex preparation with antioxidant action «Mevesel» consisting of sodium selenite, vitamin E, and methionine. We found out stimulating effect of the drug on the activity of antioxidant protection. In particular, the significant increase was determined in the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione levels, vitamin A and vitamin E in the blood of young cattle, which carried cadmium stress. These indicated changes are due to complex components of drug action «Mevesel», which leads to normalization of metabolic and free radical processes in the calves organism. The obtained results of the studies indicate antioxidant action of «Mevesel» in its using of young cattle and the validity of its input to improve the antioxidant status of the organism in chronic cadmium toxicosis.

54-65

Authors: I. I. Kovalchuk, R. S. Fedoruk

Two sets of investigations of tissues and products of melliferous bees in the different agroecological zones of Carpathians region of Ukraine were conducted. The first study were undertaken in a spring-summer period in the agroecological conditions with different intensity of technogenic loading on apiaries placed at distance of 15 kilometres and 30 kilometres from an industrial centre, as an ecological zone of the intensive technogenic loading, where colony of control apiary was kept out. The second researches were conducted in agroecological zones with different anthropogenic loading on an environment — low-laying area, foot-hill and mountain zones of Carpathians. An apiary farm placed in a low-laying area agroecological zone was chosen as a control. The apiary farms of foot- hill and mountain zones were chosen as experimental ones. The bees tissues and products are taken from 3 beehives of every zone in a spring-summer period and the concentration of some heavy metals (Fe, Сu, Ni, Cr, Zn, Pb and Cd) have been determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer SF-115 PC. As a result of studies it have been set that keeping of melliferous bees in agroecological conditions with the insignificant level of technogenic contamination is accompanied by lower content of heavy metals in the production. Lower Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb concentration in the heads of melliferous bees kept out at the distance of 15 and 30 kilometres from the zone of the intensive technogenic loading were found. The thorax of melliferous bees of 1st and 2nd experimental groups had lower amount of Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and higher content of Cr compare to bees of a control group. The same concentrations of all investigated heavy metals except Cu were found in the abdomen where Cu concentration was not different from the level in a control group. Agroecological conditions of foot-hill and Carpathian Mountains decreased the Cu and Ni contents in the tissues of head, thorax and abdomen of melliferous bees as well as in honey and bee pollen and lowered in these products the Pb and Cd contents to the trace levels. The results of investigations show that products of beekeeping may be used as bioindicators of contamination of environment by heavy metals. The influence of agroecological conditions and nutrition of melliferous bees on the indices of mineral composition of beekeeping products are speculated.

73-79

Authors: O. V. Melnyk, V. G. Spyrydonov, V. V. Dzitsiuk, S. A. Osadchyj

The aim of the present work was to conduct a genetic analysis of 12 goals of Shetland pony with known pedigree by microsatellite DNA loci for individual identification, parentage testing and population-genetic characterization of the selected livestock. In a study genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood. PCR was performed by 7 microsatellite loci of DNA (HTG04, HTG06, HMS06, HMS02, AHT04, ASB17, ASB23), recommended by the International Society of Animal Genetics (ISAG). Amplification products were denatured formamide and separated by electrophoresis on a genetic analyzer. A totalnumber of 37 alleles were detected. The number of detected alleles per locus ranged from 4 (HTG06) to 7 (ASB23) with the mean number 5.29. The mean value of observed heterozygosity (0.619) was lower than expected (0.723), indicating the prevalence in the studied group of animals homozygous genotypes. Despite the fact that all analyzed loci were polymorphic (PIC>0.550), the most polymorphic locus was ASB23 (0, 812). In turn, the locus HMS02 had the lowest value of PIC (0.589). Combined exclusion probability was 99.04 %. Conducted genetic analysis has shown the efficiency of selected microsatellite loci of DNA for individual identification, parentage testing and population- genetic characterization of Shetland pony. In future available is genetic analysis of more number of pony of this breed using additional microsatellite DNA loci.

85-94

Authors: M. Z. Paska

The results of the study of the influence of feed additive «Mikrolipovit» on protein status and basic slaughter quality parameters of fattening bull-calves of Volyn meat breed different types of higher nervous activity are presented in the article. The study was conducted at the «Agricultural firm «Dobrosyn» Zhovkva district, Lviv region on bull-calves meat direction of productivity. The types of higher nervous activity (HNA) in calves was determined using the outside the chamber method of making motor-food conditioned reflexes A. S. Makarov. Based on the investigations conditioned reflex activity formed four experimental groups of five animals most typical representatives of specific types of HNA in each. The first group animals were strong balanced mobile type of HNA. The second group animals were strong balanced inert type of HNA. The third group were animals strong unbalanced type of HNA. The fourth group was animals of weak type of HNA. Animals of all groups received basic diet in which the part of the grain ration replace by 5 % of plant-vitamin and mineral supplements «Mikrolipovit». At blood serum wete determined: total protein with biuret reagent, the ratio of protein fractions (%) by electrophoresis on plates of 7.5 % polyacrylamide gel. To study the effect of dietary compounds on animal performance measured absolute, average daily and relative gains. Established that feeding up the feed additive «Mikrolipovit» causes increasing protein content in blood serum of calves, relative content of albumin and β-globulins, growth albumin- globulin ratio, reducing the amount of α-globulin in calves of all types of higher nervous activity. The most optimal values were in bull-calves of strong balanced inert type of higher nervous activity. Correction of the diet of young fattening by biologically active substances improves productivity, which shows by the growth in body weight, absolut and average daily rate. Maximizing productivity found in fattening bull- calves of strong balanced inert type compared with other research groups.

100-105

Authors: M. P. Prus, P. P. Dshus, N. S. Perehinyak

For the first time in Ukraine conducted a comprehensive diagnostic study of horses. Investigated hematological and cytogenetic changes in blood parameters Ukrainian horse breed horses on their own modifications. The features of clinical-morphological changes in horses with Anaplasmosis Babesiosis — invasion, blood parasite infestation animal disease pathogens (Babesia caballi, Babesia equi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ehrlichia equi)), depending on age. Statistical processing of the results of research that has allowed to analyze the dynamics of morphological parameters of blood of infected animals before and after treatment, animal carriers compared with the control group. The dependence of the frequency of clinical manifestations in mixed infestations of age, the virulence of pathogens, the reactivity of animals. The highest recorded invasion pathogens in horses 12-years. The differences in the dynamics of the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and hemoglobin at different duration and severity. Fixed increased number of monocytes and lymphocytes in the blood of animals of experimental groups. In infested animals spontaneously noted a sharp decline in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin, except for the carriers. However, after the treatment of horses and animals of carrier hemoglobin decreased more slowly and quickly rebuilt. Horses on the adjacent invasion agents hematozoons found violations of genetic homeostasis, is shown elevated levels of cells with micronuclei, quantitative karyotype violations by type of aneuploidy and increased the frequency of formation of chromatid fragments. According to the results of cytogenetic analysis assessed the level of somatic variation in Ukrainian horse breed horses on the adjacent blood parasite invasion of pathogens diseases. It is recommended to conduct a comprehensive cytogenetic monitoring horses in danger of invasion of pathogens blood parasite diseases.

112-118

Authors: Y. T. Salyha, Ye. O. Dzen, I. V. Luchka

Chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl-O-3,5,6- trichlor-2-pyridylphospfothioate, C 9 H 11 Cl 3 NO 3 PS) is one of the most widely used organophosphate pesticides worldwide. Like other organophosphates, it causes inhibition of the acethylcholinesterase — an enzyme, which function is to degrade acethylcholine, a neuromediator activating cholinergic neurons. However, chlorpyrifos toxicity is not limited by this mechanism, but can also be mediated by other metabolic pathways. In animal tissues specific changes can occur, manifested in increased or decreased content of some essential elements, particularly metals. The aim of the study was to investigate changes in iron and copper concentrations in rat brain, myocardium, liver, and kidney tissues after 1, 3, 6, and 10 days after single chlorpyrifos application at 30 mg/kg body weight. Adult male Wistar rats were studied. Animals were housed under standard vivarium conditions with 12-hour dark/light period and unlimited access to water and food. Studied metals content in animal tissues was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. We found a tissue-specific and experiment period-dependent effects of chlorpyrifos exposure on iron and copper content in the studied organs. The largest iron accumulation was observed in the brain, liver, and kidney tissues of intoxicated animals, whereas myocardial tissue level was lower than in control group. It was shown that chlorpyrifos intoxication caused a decrease in copper concentration in myocardium, liver, and kidney tissues, and almost no effect on brain tissue, and the most prominent decrease of copper concentration in these organs was observed on 6th and 10th days after chlorpyrifos exposure.

128-133

Authors: О. V. Fedorova, S. O. Kostenko

The accident that occurred at Chernobyl is one of the largest technological disasters in the history of mankind. As a result of the accident, were subjected to the influence of ionizing radiation in Ukraine, Russia and Belarus. Studies on the effects on living organisms of the Chernobyl accident have become particularly relevant in recent decades, as even small doses increase the likelihood of mutations. In order to assess the impact of chronic low-dose ionizing radiation performed cytogenetic analysis of Mus musculus laboratory strain Af, and their children (F1). Conducted diagnostic radiation-induced genetic damage in the body, directly experienced the effects of the operation of chronic low-dose ionizing radiation, analyze the possibility of their transfer to the next generation of genetic instability. Animals were housed one month under the action of chronic low-dose ionizing radiation (3,3±0,1 mcg / g), after which the animals within 10 days mated. Cytogenetic analysis was performed with the Mus musculus Chernobyl exclusion zone. Cytogenetic preparations were made from bone marrow, which we extracted from the femur of animals. In each animal analyzed at least 3000 cells. It has been found that as a result of chronic exposure to ionizing radiation, animals an increase in the frequency of bone marrow cells with micronuclei (5,9 ± 0,96 ‰) compared to control (4,20 ± 0,16 ‰). The children of irradiated parents found an increase in the mitotic index (4,5±0,33 ‰) compared with controls (3,1±0,21 ‰). The results of various authors about the transgenerational transmission of genomic instability are contradictory, so it is important to conduct long-term monitoring of the vital activity of organisms and their descendants in the contaminated area.

141-149

Authors: R. S. Fedoruk, N. M. Khomyn, M. M. Khomyn

The necessity of the study of biological effects of citrate nanoparticles of Cr and Se, as of essential, but not enough studied elements towards physiological and biochemical mechanisms of their action in mammals in general, and in compounds with organic acids in particular. The study was carried out in a vivarium of Institute of Animal Biology of NAAS on females- sisters with newborn rats, divided into 5 groups. Control (I) group — female with offspring fed standard diet (SD) of granulated fodder and vegetables. Animals of II (experimental) group with the SD obtained chromium citrate nanoparticles in dose of 37.0 mg Cr/kg of b.w./day via drinking water from day 10 of lactation during period of 60 days. Animals of III (experimental) group — SD and citrate nanoparticles chromium in dose of 74.0 mg Cr/kg of b.w./day. Animals of IV (experimental) group — SD and were applied citrate nanoparticles of chromium and selenium in the amount of 37.0 mg Cr and Se/kg of b.w./day. Rats of V (experimental) group SD and were applied citrate nanoparticles of chromium and selenium in the amount of 74.0 mg Cr and Se / kg of b.w./day. The study of body weight of females and young rats was conducted during preparatory period, as well as at days 40 and 60 of supplementation. At days 40 and 60 young rats- analogues were decapitated for blood collection and determination of retinol, α-tocopherol, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, cholesterol, triacylglycerols, urea and alkaline phosphatases. During the decapitation a body weight of young rats and weight of their internal organs was determined. In the liver and muscle tissues the content of phenols was analized. It has been established that the addition to rats of Group III of mineral supplements leads to increased activity of alkaline phosphatase and reduction of blood level of cholesterol, increase of their body weight and also weight of liver and pancreas. Integrated supplementation of animals of group IV by fewer amount citrate nanoparticles of Cr and Se enhanced the intensity of detoxification processes, content of phenolic sulphates and phenolic glucuronide in liver and muscles, increased body mass of young rats and weight of their liver. Under the condition of the increase in citrate nanoparticles Cr and Se content in drinking water of animals of group V, the formation of phenolic sulphates and phenolic glucuronide in liver and muscle tissues remained at the level similar to fourth group but the concentration of free phenols increased and increased the weight of liver and stomach compared with these parameters in animals of control group.

159-165

Authors: I. I. Khariv

The articke deals with the results of studies of the effect of anti-eymeriozic preparation of «Amprolinsyl» and brovitacoccides on the indices of cellular and humoral immunity of turkeys for eymeriozic and histomonozic invasion, namely the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, T- lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, lizocymic and bactericidal activity of blood serum, the level of circulating immune complexes and seromucoides. Brovitacoccides is a highly effective means of anti-eimeriozic action. Because of eymeria and histomonad death negative effects of toxins is stopped on the immune system of turkeys which were treated with brovitacoccides. However, brovitacoccides even in therapeutic doses has immune-depressive action that we found in experiments on intact turkey. Therefore, the immune system of turkeys treated with the above mentioned drug, is recovering slowlier and not completely. Rapid and complete recovery of the functional state of the immune system in turkeys infected with eymeriozic and histomonozic invasion was found at feeding of turkeys with «Amprolinsyl» containing hydrochloric amprolium (active ingredient of brovitacoccides) and powdered fruits of milk thistle. Fruits contain a group flavolignates under the title «Silymarin», which have immunostimulatory action at the immunodeficiency state of organism. At the same time, «Silymarin» acts as haepatoprotector and enhances protein synthesis, including immune gamma globulin. It blocks the excessive lipid peroxidation and protects cell membranes against aggressive oxygen species, which provides to the high mentioned preparation, the high antioxidant action. Therefore, the restoration of the functional state of cellular and humoral immunity, follows on a period of clinical turkeys recovery (on the fifth day of treatment).