The Animal Biology

16-21

Authors: B. V. Hutiy

The article presents the results of search data under the influence of cadmium chloride on the performance of indicators of non-enzymatis system of antioxidant defense in young cattle. It was found out that when fed young bulls with toxicant at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg of animal body weight the level of reduced glutathione, selenium, vitamin A and E levels in experimental calves throughout the experiment was decreased. The lowest indices of antioxidant system that was investigated, it was found on the twenty-fourth day of the experiment. In the conditions of cadmium load of young cattle it was used a new integrated drug with antioxidant action «Mevesel», which is composed of sodium selenite, vitamin E and methionine. We found the stimulating effect of the drug on the activity of antioxidant protection. In particular it was determined the reliable increase of level in reduced glutathione, selenium, vitamin A and vitamin E in the blood of young cattle, which carried cadmium loading. These changes are due to complex action of components of the drug, that leads to normalization of metabolic and free radical processes in the bulls organism. The results of the study indicate antioxidant action of «Mevesel» at feeding its young cattle and the validity of its input to improve the antioxidant status of the organism in cadmium loading.

31-37

Authors: L. G. Kalachnyuk

It has been early discovered disturbance in the functioning of reactions of anaerobic- glycolytic pathway, especially at its final stage (during the formation of pyruvate and lactate) in hepatocytes of newborn calves under conditions of disorder of processes of digestion. The purpose of the following investigations was to continue the study of influence of factors of digestive system disorders of alimentary nature on intracellular metabolism, especially on activity of regulatory enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the liver of newborn calves. For the research, 1–7 days old calves were used. Animals that are on the principle of unique (equivalent in age, breed, sex, weight) divided into two groups (n=5) with a body weight 28–36 kg. Calves of the first (I, control) group were clinically healthy, and the second (II, experimental) — a disorder of the digestive system of alimentary origin. The activity of citrate synthase (CS; EC 4.1.3.7) and cytochrome с oxidase (COX, EC 1.9.3.1) in the ultrasound-treated liver homogenates were determined by the generally accepted methods (Shepherd D., Garland P.B., 1969; Smith L., Conrade H., 1956). It has been taken into account that the level of CS activity reflects the state of the initial phase of the TCA cycle functioning — more precisely, rate of condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate. It reflects citric acid production efficiency and successfulness of subsequent series of important reactions. Additionally, the COX (and O 2 ) is the ultimate supply of electrons coming from oxidation of nutrients, as well as direct transport of protons across the inner membrane of mitochondria. This in complex provides the ultimate effect of stage biological oxidation, ie recovery of molecular oxygen by electrons. As a result, the research found that, under conditions of disorder of the digestive system of alimentary nature in hepatic cells of newborn calves, the activity of CS is significantly decreased. CS catalyzes the initial stage of the TCA cycle functioning and hence the rate and capacity of catabolism and synthesis of many important intermediates in it. Disorders of the digestive processes also significantly reduces the activity of COX, ie, inhibits the final stage of oxidation- reduction of molecular oxygen by electrons. It should be noted that a direct reflection of the regularities of the detected changes can be considered as the value of the СОХ : CS ratio. The revealed changes are associated with disorders of structural and functional state of mitochondrial membranes and other compartment of hepatic cells due to deficiency of nutrients supplies from the gastrointestinal tract and inhibition of many important parts of the overall and intracellular metabolism.

44-48

Authors: I. Y. Kotsyumbas, O. I. Fediakova

Manifestations of disease caused by T-2 toxin and its metabolites (necrosis in the oesophagus, decreased appetite, liver damage, diarrhoea, reduce livestock performance, decrease in body weight) is often observed in the poultry industry that employs the largest share of grain and grain products. Therefore, the aim of our work was to find optimal ways to prevent mycotoxicoses, mainly the study of the influence of some individual sorbents on trichothecenes content. In the article there are results of content of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in various components of poultry’s food (wheat, triticale, peas, barley, corn) performed by ELISA. Established natural contamination studied samples of corn and barley at concentrations of 0.15 and 1.8 ng/g grain, respectively. Four groups of samples were formed to study the effectiveness of certain drugs (aerosil, «Kormosan» ceolite, «Mykotox») that neutralize trichothecenes toxins. Samples were incubated at the temperature of 38 ˚C. Gastric juice and bile was added accordingly to physiological norms of individual sections of chicken’s digestive system. Analyzed the ability of these drugs to neutralize toxins studied in vitro within the crop, stomach and intestines. Found high rates of sorption by aerosil and «Kormosan» of researched mycotoxins in feeds. However, comparing the obtained experimental data in different parts of the digestive tract of chickens aerosil was the most effective sorbent.

54-62

Authors: Ya. V. Lesyk, R. S. Fedoryk, I. I. Kovalchyk, O. P. Dolaychyk

The aim of effects prolonged suspension watering chlorella, sodium sulfate, chromium chloride and citrate on immunobiological status and reproductive systems rabbits and viability of their offspring. We determined the content of individual glycoproteins and their carbohydrate component monosaccharide’s, the concentration of circulating immune complexes, the average molecular weight, the phagocyte activity of neutrophils, phagocyte index, phagocyte number lizotsym and bactericidal activity of blood rabbits, the number and quality of offspring, survival rabbits. Research conducted on females rabbits that received from mothers who consumed along with the above-mentioned additives offspring from birth and were divided into five groups, similar to the scheme this experiment. Rabbits of the control group were fed a balanced granulated feed with free access to water. Females and research groups to the main diet of water received 50– 80 ml or chlorella 12.5–20 ml suspension per kg body weight. Animals I experimental group consumed a similar diet food and the experimental group with the introduction of the water additive sodium sulfate in an amount of 37.5–42.5 mg S per kg of body weight. Rabbits third experimental group received a diet of Group II with additional watering except chlorella and sodium sulfate, a chromium chloride in an amount of 7–8.7 mkg Cr per kg of body weight. Rabbits fourth experimental group fed with feed and water similar group II with the introduction of the water in the amount of chromium citrate 2–3 mkg Cr per kg of body weight obtained by using nanotechnology. Research has found that females in the blood of rabbits II, III and IV research groups consumed in the diet plus sodium sulphate, chloride and citrate chromium content of glycoprotein’s and their carbohydrate monosaccharides individual components was significantly higher on day 20 of lactation compared with the control group. Introduction to ration females rabbits III and IV research groups mineral and organic chromium compounds led to their high immunological reactivity of the organism with increased blood levels of circulating immune complexes, neutrophil phagocyte activity, lizotsym and bactericidal activity of serum, compared with animals I and II experimental and control groups. The use of sulfur and chromium supplementation in the diet rabbits positive impact on their reproductive function, affecting higher milking females for 20 days of lactation and higher body weight and safety of offspring at 20 and 40 days of life compared with controls.

70-77

Authors: D. V. Muzyka

Highly pathogenic avian influenza and Newcastle disease still pose a significant threat to the poultry industry worldwide. One way to monitor and control these diseases is vaccination. Development of multi-component vaccines against Newcastle disease and avian influenza with different subtypes of hemagglutinin is perspective. The need for establishment of means of specific prophylaxis is confirmed by long-term circulation of influenza virus subtype H5 in the world, as well as the emergence of new strains of virus subtype H7N9. Therefore, the aim of our research was to create a domestic trivalent vaccine against avian influenza subtypes H5, H7 and Newcastle disease, and to explore the characteristics of specific immunity formation in birds of different species after vaccination with these biological product. The paper presents the results of studies on the antigenic properties of the trivalent inactivated vaccine against highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5, H7 and Newcastle disease, created on the basis of domestic strains. It was established immune response to twice administration of the experimental samples of vaccine of differfent with antigens ratios at poultry during 120 days. The features of the dynamics of specific antibodies accumulation to each of the virus in chickens and ducks is defended.

84-95

Authors: Yu. Osadcha

The paper analyzes the current research work concerning on chickens functional genomics. It is shown that the identification of genetic markers of quantitative traits loci QTL (quantitative trait loci) makes it possible to estimate the true genetic potential of birds, excluding the impact of environmental factors, and identify desirable in terms of selection. Variants of these genes allows to the traditional selection birds, such as body weight, egg production, etc., to conduct selection directly at the DNA level, namely MAS (marker assisted selection). Describe the basic system diagnostic markers that are used to identify genes associated with the manifestation of economically useful characteristics. Each of these systems has its own diagnostic markers technological features and benefits, but they allow molecular genetic polymorphism screening, reliable identification of specific target loci or closely linked with their genes or fragments of DNA sequences of these genes using efficient modern technologies, that are based on polymerase chain reaction. Deals with numerous research results QTL, associated with meat and egg productivity, quality, resistance to diseases and behavioral manifestations. Revealed that the identification of genes responsible for the phenotypic characteristics of complex traits remains an important challenge remains unknown possible function of most genes identified by genome sequencing and complementary DNA. The importance of developing a number of approaches to reduce the number of candidate genes positioned is emphasized.

105-110

Authors: І. M. Popyk, O. I. Vischur

One of the most actual scientific and practical issues of contemporary pond fish farming is to increase the resistance of fish to diseases and negative anthropogenic environmental factors. In this regard, the development of effective methods of carps feeding, considerable attention is given to the search of the immune status of fish. In the specialized fish farms fish breeding is closely connected with its feeding, which aim is to get maximal number of high quality products in the shortest terms for the least feed cost. It is important to ensure a complete fish ration with vitamins, especially vitamin A. The purpose of the search ascertain the influence of different levels of vitamin A in the ration of female-nursery carps on the activity of T- and B-cell immune units. The search was conducted on three groups of female-nursery scaly carps, to which during before-spawning period, vitamin A was carried in, in the form of retynilacetate at doses of 2500 IU and 5000 IU. It was determined that additional input into the content of the ration of female-nursery carps vitamin A is finding out the stimulating effect on the number of T-and B-lymphocytes, as well as on their functional activity through the redistribution of lymphocyte receptor system in the direction of increasing their avidity. In particular, the number of T-lymphocytes (total, active, theophylline- resistant and-susceptible) and B-lymphocytes in the blood of female-nursery carps, which in addition to the feed were fed with vitamin A was greater than that of female-nursery carps, who consumed only a standard feed. It was found out a greater number of T-and B-lymphocytes in the blood of female-nursery carps from experimental groups compared to the control.

120-124

Authors: M. R. Simonov, V. V. Vlizlo

During the first weeks of post-partum period in high-yield dairy cows is observed negative energy balance caused by discordance between inadequate diet energy supply and high consumption of glucose for metabolic processes and milk production. In order to compensate it animals use own reserves by means of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Results, which characterize the level of protein catabolism in ketotic cows are presented in the paper. The study was performed on ten cows (5 clinically healthy, with negative results of test for ketone bodies in urine and 5 with positive ketone tests) of Ukrainian black and white dairy breed at age from 2 to 5 years, with productivity above 5500 kg of milk for previous lactation. Blood samples were taken in March, two or three weeks after calving. Blood was withdrawn from jugular vein before morning feeding. Conducted research has shown that under hypoglycemia and hypoinsulinemia an increased activity of compensatory mechanisms in organism of high-yielding cows is registered. Particularly, significant (р<0.001) increase of plasma cortisol level is revealed. This allows to increase amino acid release from muscle proteins (proteolysis) and to provide necessary starting compounds for gluconeogenesis. As a result, an significant increase of 3-methylhistidine (by 78.9 %; р<0.001) and creatinine (by 26.8 %; р<0.01) is registered in blood of cows with ketosis in comparison with healthy animals. Herewith the ratio between creatinine and 3-methylhistidine rose almost 4-fold from 5.5 to 19.1. Considering obtained results, and that 3-methylhistidine after entering circulation does not undergo further metabolism and is excreted via urine, it might be suggested that the plasma content of 3-methylhistidine in dairy cows is an informative indicator of destructive changes of contractile proteins, and that determination of ratio creatinine/3-methylhistidine gives an information about relative rate of catabolism in muscle tissue.

132-139

Authors: I. Suprun

The use of population-genetic parameters with the high degree of objectivity allows to determine the pedigree value of animals and develop the plant-breeding programs effectively. Phenotypical changeability, correlation between traits, inheritance and their repetition are the major among stud-breeding-genetic parameters. The results of researches are based on materials of pedigree account of more than 800 horses (2002– 2010 birth) of Orlov, Russian and French trotting breed, which are tested on the Kyiv hippodrome. Arithmetic mean value, degree of changeability of genetic parameters of playfulness and measures of trotting breed horses, inheritances of their playfulness, correlation, are studied between separate stud-breeding descriptions, and also force of factors influence on playfulness, height in withers, slanting length of body, circumference of breast in shoulder-blades and circumference of metacarpus of horse of trotting breeds is studied. Comparison of playfulness of stallions and mares of Orlov trotting breed of all age categories testifies in behalf on stallions playfulness. An authenticity (р>0.99) difference between sexes is 5.52 с. Among three trotting breeds the senior age horses of Orlov trotting breed have the greatest playfulness. Repetition of results of hippodrome tests on distance 1600 meters for the horse of Orlov trotting breed two and three-yeared age is 0.60 at Р>0.95. This index is higher than middle level of traits repetition, that allows to conduct the effective selection with two year aged horses, forecasting their further playfulness. The greatest coefficient of inheritance was got at the pair of mother-daughter and mothers- sons. So it is possible with probability of 36–44 % to expect the same descendants from mothers with high playfulness. In relation to prognostication of descendant’s playfulness by the results of fathers, more reliable it is for sons.