Turkish Journal of Forestry

65-72

Authors: Eda DEMİR, Bora İMAL

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the impact of water stress on germination and determine drought tolerant provenances in different Anatolian Black Pine provenances. Levels of water stress between 0 and -0.8 MPa were applied by using solution of PEG-6000 and germination tests were carried out. Our results revealed that germination values significantly decreased with increasing water stress level among provenances. Accordingly, Nallıhan, K. Hamam, Çerkeş and M.K. Paşa provenances, which represent regions with lower rainfall, had higher germination values up to -0.6 and -0.8 MPa water stress levels compared to other provenances. In this respect, mentioned provenances were found to be more resistant to drought. This result shows that there are variations within species in Anatolian Black Pine in terms of drought tolerances. Using provenances, which are determined to be drought-tolerant in this study, can increase afforestation success in semi-arid regions.

83-90

Authors: Ebru Hatice TIĞLI KAYTANLIOĞLU, Hüseyin FAKİR, Aslı Nisa AYDEMİR

In this study was made to determine the local recipes of some natural plant taxa that grow naturally in the Onikisubat region (Kahramanmaraş) and are consumed as food. A questionnaire with 10 questions was used as a data collection tool in the study. The survey application was made with 101 people living in rural areas. As a result of the survey, 9 plant taxa were determined. The determined plants were collected in the 2019 vegetation period. As a result of the study, the plants used in cooking; ısgın (Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. palaestina (Boiss.) Engler), tırsik (Arum maculatum L.), yarpuz (Mentha pulegium L.), ebegümeci (Malva sylvestris L.),gelinali (Papaver rhoeas L.),semizotu ( Portulaca oleracea L.), su teresi, ıspatan (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.), ısırgan (Urtica dioica L.), ciris (Asphodelus aestivus Brot.). These natural plants, in addition to healthy and natural nutrition, provide economic gain by the local people. In order to consume the naturally grown plants in the Onikisubat region as food and to transfer this information to future generations, local recipes made with these plants are included. The wrap made from Pistacia terebinthus and the soup made from Mentha pulegium have been brought to the literature.

97-104

Authors: Sinan KAPTAN

The study and evaluation of land use/cover changes that are considered to be the driving force of global disasters contribute significantly to healthier and more consistent decisions for decision makers, planners and managers. Especially in the forestry sector, where time, Labor and cost are high, it is very important to study, report and map changes. In this study, a detailed temporal and spatial assessment was made for changes in land use/cover, forest areas, development stages and crown closure classes of Karabiga Forest Planning Unit of Biga Forest Enterprise. In the study, the forest cover type maps of the forest plan unit obtained from the General Directorate of Forestry in 1995 and 2018 were used. Using ArcGIS 10.8, one of the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) software, categories under two separate classes, forest and non-forest, were created through stand types data included in the attribute data of the relevant maps. In the study in which the changes in forest areas were discussed in terms of tree type, development stage and crown closure classes, a matrix table showing the total change, net change, loss, gain and swap change amounts of each category was created instead of the classical land change matrix. With the help of this table, more detailed information was obtained about the changes and trends in each category of forest and non-forest areas. According to the results of the study; 27% of the land cover, 56% of the development stage and 55% of the crown closure class have changed. In the category of land cover, broad-leaved forest decreased by 61%, treeless forest by 30% and agricultural by 1%, while coniferous forest increased by 9% and settlement area by 20%. During the period 1995-2018, changes in the mixed, maquis, non-forest and special afforestation categories consist of only a net change, while changes in other categories consist of both net and swap changes.

111-116

Authors: Emre GÖKSU, Gamze SANER

Pine honey is the one of the most important non-wood forest products are exported in Turkey. For this reason, determining the price of pine honey and making a future price prediction is considered as a guiding tool for the decisions to be taken for production planning. In this research, real price (2003=100) forecasting for the years 2021-2025 by using pine honey producer sales prices in the annual registration bulletins of İzmir, Aydın and Muğla Commodity Exchanges in the Aegean region where pine honey production is the most intensively. Box-Jenkins method which is one of techniques used in time series analysis was used for the forecasting in the research. According to the model results, it is expected that starting from 2021, pine honey producer real sales prices will follow a fluctuating trend and will tend to decrease. It is forecasted that the average real honey price, which was 4.15 TL/kg (2.77 $/kg) in 2020, will decrease by 18.07% by the end of 2025 and reach the level of 3.40 TL/kg (2.27 $/kg).

128-134

Authors: Abdullah ÖZKALAYCİ, İbrahim BEKTAŞ, Bekir Cihad BAL, Ayşenur KILIÇ AK

In this study, the effect of moisture content and density of panel on some physical and mechanical properties of fiberboard was investigated. The effect of moisture and density differences on some properties of fiberboard were aimed to be revealed. The test samples were obtained from fiberboards which were divided into three different density (0.590 g/cm3, 630 g/cm3 and 0.680 g/cm3) and moisture contents (6%, 9% and 12%) groups. Within the scope of the study, physical properties such as water absorption and thickness swelling and mechanical properties such as bending strength, modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength, Janka hardness and screw holding capacity were determined. The physical and mechanical properties of the boards with different moisture and density values differed significantly. For instance, the internal bond strengths were determined as 0.34 N/mm2, 0.39 N/mm2 and 0.62 N/mm2 in the low, medium and high density groups, respectively. Respective values for moisture content groups were found 0.52 N/mm2, 0.45 N/mm2 and 0.38 N/mm2, respectively. Furthermore, the screw holding capacity which is important strength for fiberboard were determined as 15.3 N/mm2, 18.8 N/mm2 and 25.3 N/mm2 in the low, medium and high density groups, respectively. And respective values for moisture content groups were found as 19.8 N/mm2, 20.1 N/mm2 and 19.4 N/mm2, respectively. In the samples belonging to the same moisture group, high mechanical properties at low moisture content and low mechanical properties at high moisture content were obtained. Research results revealed that the mechanical properties increased in parallel with the increase in density. Physical and mechanical properties of MDF boards change as the board density increases. Generally, as the board density increased, all mechanical properties increased. However, with the increase in moisture percentage, the mechanical properties of the boards decreased.

143-150

Authors: Evren ERSOY KALYONCU, Meryem ONDARAL

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the chemical and morphological suitability of using pseudo-stem which are formed in large amounts during the fruit harvesting of the banana plant (Musa sapientum) with a widespread agricultural area in the world, as raw material in the paper industry. The main chemical constituents of banana pseudo-stem holocellulose, α-cellulose and lignin were determined as %77.5, %51.0 and %12.7, respectively. Hot water solubility was 17.3%, cold water solubility 13.0%, alcohol and 1% NaOH solubility values were 9.2% and 33.3%, respectively. It has been determined that banana pseudo-stem waste fibers, which are similar to softwood fibers in terms of fiber length and hardwood fibers in terms of fiber width, have high slenderness and flexibility ratios with low Runkel ratio, rigidity coefficient and Mühlstep ratio. The results obtained from chemical and morphological analyzes indicated that banana pseudo stem waste is a suitable raw material for pulp and paper production.

157-164

Authors: Eser SÖZEN, Timuçin BARDAK, Kadir KAYAHAN

Wooden materials used in the building sector are exposed to different loading types and different strength depending on the place of use. The use of materials suitable for the type of loading affects important factors such as safety, performance and cost. Another important issue in wooden materials used in the building sector is wood-water relations. Moisture causes significant changes on the physical, mechanical and technological (hardness, wear) properties of wood. In this study, 5-layer LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber) was produced from 2 mm beech (Fagus orientalis L.) veneer obtained by peeling process. Produced LVLs were subjected to four different moisture (0%, 12%, 18% and 25%) compressio strength in two different directions, perpendicular and parallel to the fibers. Using the data obtained from the specified moisture values, the pressure resistance values in other moisture amounts were estimated by artificial intelligence. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Decision Trees (DT) and Random Forest (RF) algorithms are used in the predictions. According to the mechanical test results, the highest compression strength value (51.96 N/mm²) was obtained in the loading parallel to the fibers of the samples with 0% moisture (oven dry). The lowest compression strength value (13.57 N/mm²) was determined in the loading vertical direction to the fibers of 25% moisture samples. The highest prediction success was obtained from the Random Forest algorithm with a value of R2 = 0.984. As a result, it has been determined that artificial intelligence techniques can be used successfully as a solution to predict the pressure resistance of LVLs at different humidity.

171-185

Authors: Can VATANDAŞLAR

Ecosystem services (ES) have become one of the most popular concepts in environmental research over the last decades. Nevertheless, the concept is quite new for the Turkish forestry sector. The number of national ES studies is very limited, and they have been conducted in recent years. Moreover, the term ES is often confused with forest functions (FF) in the literature. Such confusion may yield deceptive results stemming from inaccurate scientific assessments, including classification, digitizing, and mapping schemes. In this case, policy- and decision-makers will be misinformed in the future. This study aims to differentiate the ES and FF concepts explicitly and introduce the ES concept’s opportunities to Turkish forestry. To this end, the ES and FF terms were separately identified, forestry applications using these concepts were thoroughly examined, and the two concepts were compared with each other from a forest management point of view. Furthermore, the ES cascade model was adapted to forest ecosystems, and thus, the cause-and-effect relationship between ES and FF was indicated with real-world examples from the sector. Finally, the ES of Turkey’s forests were systematically documented based on the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) for the first time. The results showed that the ES concept was more useful than the FF for multiple-use forestry. Specifically, the ecosystem-based multifunctional forest management planning (ETFOP&ETÇAP) system can greatly benefit from adopting the concept. However, the ES is a relatively novel research area in Turkey, and thus, researchers have a long way ahead. They may begin the work by developing ecological indicators for unquantified ES or monetarizing the intangible ES, such as thermal comfort, and cultural heritage. Thus, the contribution of Turkey’s forests to the natural capital will be able to unveil in time.