Turkish Journal of Forestry

355-363

Authors: Kürşad ÖZKAN

An ecosystem diversity index was proposed by the present study. The proposed index (H_wd ) considers not only the species compositions of the meta communities and their land cover areas but also heterogeneities of their geographical distributions. H_wd is therefore includes fractal dimension (w_j ) as well as Shannon-like expression of average conflict (H_d ). Estimation of ecosystem evenness was also given in the present study. With regard to ecosystem evenness (E_wd ), the proposed equation is H_wd⁄(2 ln⁡K ) since maximum fractal dimension value of a meta community equals to 2 (w_maxj=2). The purpose of the ecosystem diversity and evenness indices give the information as numerical data about the general conditions of the ecosystems. Both of the indices may therefore be employed for monitoring and comparing the ecosystems.

373-382

Authors: Utkun KARAKUYU, Ramazan OZÇELİK

Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) is one of the most important tree species in Turkey for establish industrial plantations. In this study, stem taper models were developed for maritime pine plantations in İstanbul-Sarıyer region. For this aim, two commonly used and well-known taper models belonging to different groups (segmented and variable-form) were evaluated. In this frame, totally 194 destructively sampled trees were used. The equations were fitted with ordinary nonlinear least squares method. We incorporated a second-order continuous-time autoregressive error structure (CAR(2)) to address of autocorrelation problem and used condition numbers to detect presence of multicollinearity. The predictive performance of the taper models was evaluated using five different evaluation criteria (R2, RMSE, AIC, BIC, and AAE). According to evaluation statistics, Fang et al. (2000) model provided better results than the Kozak (2004) model for height at a specific diameter, merchantable volume and total volume predictions except for diameter at a specific height. However, there are no significant differences among both models in terms of prediction performance of the models. Therefore, it will be more reasonable for the decision maker to decide which model will be preferred in maritime pine plantations.

388-395

Authors: Meriç ÇAKIR, Muhammet Ali Ali ÖZATA

Soil arthropods (Arthropoda) in forest ecosystems play an important role as primary and secondary consumers in the process of litter fragmentation and decomposition. Amount, diversity, and community structure of arthropods in the soil ecosystem reacts very quickly to changes in habitat characteristics. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the seasonal changes, diversity, and effects of soil biological quality of soil-dwelling arthropods in Taurus Fir (Abies cilicica (Antoine & Kotschy) Carrière) ecosystem at different altitudes. The study was carried out in pure fir stands between 1600-1730 meters (3 different altitudes) in Berçin highland (Tomarza-Kayseri) forests. Sampling made from the litter using a cylinder core 10 cm diameter and height was performed in winter, spring, summer, and autumn seasons. The amount, diversity, trophic structure, and soil biological quality (QBS) values of arthropods were determined in seasonal and different altitudes. QBS abbreviations for soil biological quality based on arthropod (arthropoda; QBS-ar) and Collembola (Collembola; QBS-C) communities. As a result of the study, in the distribution of arthropods according to the seasons, the highest number of individuals was found in summer, and in the distribution depending on altitude, the highest number of individuals was found at an altitude of 1613 m. No statistical difference was found between elevations in terms of diversity index. Soil biological quality both QBS-ar and QBS-C value decrease along an elevation gradient. Identified Collembola species are new records for Kayseri/ Berçin Highland while Protaphorura microsellata species are new records for Turkey.

407-416

Authors: Derya GÜLÇİN

Various decision-making scales in landscape planning entails the measurement and visualization of the value of ecosystem services that do not have an economic contribution. In order to maintain and manage cultural landscapes successfully, it is significant to understand the spatial distribution of cultural ecosystem services. Modeling cultural ecosystem services (CES) using social media data creates an approach that can be integrated into existing planning and policy tools. This study was conducted in Datça Peninsula, Turkey and used geotagged photographs (GPs) downloaded from Flickr social photo network via application programming interface (API). The aim of this study is to map cultural ecosystem services based on Kernel density approach. GPs were examined within the scope of physical, experimental, intellectual, and inspirational values. 57% of them had aesthetic, 20.1% of them had inspirational, 15.4% of them had cultural heritage and identity, 6.9% of them had recreational, and 0.7% of them had spiritual and religious values. The geographical locations of the photographs were used to apply the Kernel density estimation model. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the photographs reflecting the cultural heritage and identity value were concentrated in the ancient city of Knidos and its environs. It was also found that the photographs illustrating the recreational value, aesthetic value and inspiring values were concentrated in the settlement of Datça Peninsula, where the old town of Datça is located. The density of points suggested that there was a spatial variation of CES throughout the peninsula. It is noteworthy that spiritual and religious values were concentrated only at one location in the center of the peninsula. This study aims to reach researchers focusing on the mapping of ecosystem services and presents a methodological approach that can be useful, within the scope of landscape management underpinning the sustainability of cultural values.

428-437

Authors: Esmagül GÜLSOY, Mehmet KORKMAZ

Nowadays, climate change is one of the most important problems. In this article, the differences in the perception and knowledge levels of university students on global warming and climate change according to their socio-economic characteristics were examined. Within the scope of the study, a detailed questionnaire study was conducted for senior students of different faculties of Süleyman Demirel University. 579 students participated in the study. The data in the study were analysed using the chi-square test. The findings have revealed that there are significant differences in university students' lack of knowledge and perceptions about climate change. In addition, as a result of the statistical evaluations made, it has been determined that there are significant differences in the perception of students according to gender, marital status, family income, professions and places they live. Results of this study; It can contribute to the development of climate change policies and actions and to generate support for climate change adaptation and mitigation initiatives.

445-450

Authors: İ̇brahim BEKTAŞ, Ahmet TUTUŞ, Celal UĞUR

Today, reduction of forest resources and wood-based panel production of intense pressure from environmentalists on this issue has led to new searches. At this point, various studies and researches are carried out on the subject.This research was also planned within this scope. In this study, mechanical properties of particle boards (650 kg/m3) produced using urea cotton stalks and wood (% 100, 75, 50, 25, 0) for general purposes under laboratory conditions were investigated. At the same time, the results were compared with relevant standards. For production of particleboards, urea formaldehyde resin (65%) and as hardening agent ammonium chloride (33%) were used. The result showed that the mean value of bending strength, modulus of elasticity and resistance to axial withdrawal strength of the specimens, janka results ranged from 13.11 to 18.01 N/mm2, from 2819 to 4620.8 N/mm2, from 984.6 to 1089.4, from 0.55 to 0.97 N/mm2 and from 32.2 to 54.41 N/mm2, respectively. In the statistical analysis, (except for 100% wood chip) it was understood that, properties of the particleboards have improved with the rising percentage of wood particles in the particleboards. In addition, it was determined that the bending resistance and the modulus of elasticity in bending, the tensile strength perpendicular to the surface and the screw holding resistance perpendicular to the surface were meet the minimum requirements required in TS-EN 310, TS EN 319 and BS 1811, respectively.

461-467

Authors: Bekir Cihad BAL, Ümit AYATA

Pine and poplar wood types grow in many places in Turkey. Each tree species has different physical and mechanical properties due to its anatomical structures. In this study, some physical and mechanical properties of black pine (Pinus nigra) and black poplar (Populus nigra L.) wood were investigated, and compared with each other. According to the results of the research, moisture content, air-dried density, bending strength, modulus of elasticity, compression strength and impact bending strength of black pine wood were 9.77%, 508 kg/m3, 118.7 N/mm2, 9789 N/mm2, 57 N/mm2, 0.416 kgm/cm2, respectively. In addition, moisture content, air-dried density, bending strength, modulus of elasticity, compression strength and impact bending strength of black poplar wood were 9.81%, 396 kg/m3, 75.1 N/mm2, 5438 N/mm2, 42 N/mm2, 0.438 kgm/cm2, respectively.

475-480

Authors: Ahmet Cihangir YALINKILIÇ, Hakan KESKİN, Musa ATAR, Eyüp AKSOY

This study aims to determine the effects of the bleaching and varnishing process on the collapse time in combustion of some wood materials. For this purpose, samples prepared from wood of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and Scoth pine (Pinus sylvestris Lipsky) according to ASTM D 358, were covered with waterbased (Sb), synthetic (Sn), polyurethane (Pu) and acrylic (Av) varnishes in accordance with ASTM D 3023 after bleaching with 18 % solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and sodium silicate (NaSiO3). The collapse time on combustion of repared samples were determined according to ASTM E 160-50. According to the result of reseach, collapse time according to interaction of wood types was gained the highest time Oriental beech (877.6 sn), the lowest time Scotch pine (570 sn), according to varnish types was gained the highest time polyurethane (776.7 sn), the lowest time waterbased (563.1 sn), according to bleacher types was gained the highest time R5 (800.3 sn), the lowest time R2 (645 sn). According to the interaction of wood type, varnish type and decolouring solution, longest collapse time was obtained in I+R4+Sb (1260 sec) and the shortest in the combination of I+R3+St (630 sec). Accordingly, in places where there is a risk of fire, Oriental beech wood R4 bleaching solution + water based varnish combination can be recommended.

489-497

Authors: Birsen KESGİN ATAK, Ebru ERSOY TONYALOĞLU

Rising population in the world triggered the increase of artificial surfaces like buildings, roads, etc in urban areas and has many negative impacts on climate change, ecosystems, environment, and people. Accordingly urban climatical research has been a significant research topic. Therefore, quantitative analyses of the impact of different land use / land cover (LULC) types and vegetation cover on the urban heat island (UHI) is very essential for urban planning. The UHI formation is generally measured by land surface temperature (LST), vegetation cover is characterized by Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI) through the use of airborne or satellite thermal infrared remote sensing. In this context, this research aims to analyse the effects of changes in LULC, NDVI and LST between the years of 1990 and 2017 in Aydın, Turkey. In this paper, various quantitative analysis methods based on remote sensing and geographic information system have been used to measure the effects of LULC and NDVI on AYS. In this respect, the main materials of the analyses are composed of ten cloud free Landsat 5 in 1990 and Landsat 8 images in 2017 for the summer period in Aydın as well as the CORINE land cover data set. The results showed that decreasing vegetation cover in LULC had the strongest influence on the LST. On the other hand, the presence of vegetation and water especially woody patches (e.g. forest and water and wetlands) reduced this effect even the air temperature was highest.