Turkish Journal of Forestry

349-354

Authors: Ünver DEMİR, Gökhan AYDIN

This study was conducted in 2019 in Kurşunlu Waterfall Natural Park (Antalya) to investigate the effects of different human activities on insect species. The selected habitats were grouped as habitats with high human activity (K0), low density (K1) and no human activity (K2), and pit trap sampling method was used in these habitats. As a result of the study, Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity indexes were found to be higher in the area where human activity is intense compared to the areas where human activity is less and not more balanced. When the percent similarity results between habitats were considered, it was found that habitats did not resemble each other. In addition, this study Dasylabris intermedia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) species were identified for the first time in Turkey.

364-372

Authors: Fatih SİVRİKAYA, Ramazan KARAKAŞ

In this study, parameters of Weibull function with three parameters were predicted for natural Stone Pine stands in Önsen town, which is in Kahramanmaraş Regional Directorate of Forestry Kahramanmaraş Directorate of State Forest Enterprise, Hartlap Forest Enterprise Chief. To model diameter distribution of natural Stone Pine, 30 sample plots were taken from field survey and six different methods were used for predicting parameters of Weibull function with three parameters. Error index values were applied for comparison of different parameter estimation methods. Percentile-Based method, which use 25%, 50% and 95% of diameter values together and have 2.967 average rank number, is the greatest successful function to define diameter distributions for Stone Pine based on error index values estimated by differences between actual diameter distribution and predicted diameter distribution in accordance with different parameter estimation methods.

383-387

Authors: Ayse Gülden ADAY KAYA, Tuğba DOĞMUŞ LEHTİJARVİ

Heterobasidion annosum Fr. Bref. sensu lato is a highly destructive disease factor that causes root and root collar rot in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, especially in coniferous tree species. In the control of Heterobasidion species, the selection of tree species that are not host to the fungus, chemical substances and biological control agents are used. However, none of these control methods provide complete protection against the pathogen. In this context, it is important to search for sustainable alternative methods of combating the disease agent. Many fungal species, including Heterobasidion species, are known to host a large number of different mycoviruses. These mycoviruses are used as biocontrol agents to minimize the losses caused by pathogenic fungi and control the disease. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the possibilities of fighting against annosum root and butt rot by mycovirus transmission. In the experiments, two donor isolates infected with HetPV3-an1 and HetRV6-ab6 viruses and 5 H. annosum sensu str. and 20 H. abietinum isolates without virus were used. Isolates in both groups were tested in a dual culture in Petri dishes with 2% malt extract agar and incubated at 20 ° C for 3 months. At the end of the incubation period, the hyphae taken from the tip of the developing hyphae and the junction between the colonies were transferred to Malt-Orange Serum Agar medium. Potential dsRNA transfer to the recipient isolates occurred was determined using the RT-PCR method with specific primers. At the end of the trials, the dsRNA particle of 15% of the tested H. abietinum isolates and 20% of the H. annosum isolates were successfully transferred and the presence of single segment virus was confirmed by RT-PCR. Based on these results, even it is thought that the percentage of mycovirus transmission is low, and it can be used as biocontrol agent in future in vivo studies.

396-406

Authors: Mehmet EKER

Terrestrial road networks constitute the main transportation and transportation infrastructure for opening up of the forests in an optimal way. Skidding distances are tried to be shortened by constructing skidding and / or tractor roads as tertiary roads in main and secondary forest roads and forest areas that cannot be opened to operation sufficiently. Any treatment on the forest ecosystem has negative effects. Drag road networks also contain the potential to damage the forest ecosystem with their temporary and permanent effects. However, there is not enough data, information and records about how the skidding path length increases during or after the production in any production chamber or divider. The aim of this study is; to summarize the characteristics of the skidding paths, to calculate the skidding densities in some sample production blocks, and to evaluate the potential ecological effects of the skidding path networks. Within the boundaries of Isparta Regional Directorate of Forestry, data on the existence of skidding paths was collected and analyzed over the pre-production and post-production satellite images of 30 randomly selected production sections using the Google Earth program. Accordingly, at the end of the production season, it was determined that the average length of the skidding road per production compartment was 3290 m and the skidding road density was 83.1 m/ha on average. When it is accepted that the skidding roads cause an area loss of 3 m width; approximately 2.5 % of 1 ha of forest area is lost due to skidding roads.

417-427

Authors: Tuncay AKGÜN, Kenan OK, Ersin YILMAZ, Ali Ayhan KUL, İ̇kram ÇELİK

This research has been carried out to analyze priorities of ecotourism attractiveness quantitatively, at the examples of an urban forest, a historical area with prominent cultural values, and wildlife conservation areas. Historical Site of Gellipoli War, Wildlife Improvement Area at Çilingoz and Urban forest at Sultangazi were selected as research areas. In this direction, Ranking, Rating and Pairwise Comparison Techniques which are multi criteria decision methods have been utilized. As a result of the study, it has been found that the priority and importance values of ecotourism attractiveness are different in national parks, urban forests and wildlife development areas. In addition, the priority values of ecotourism attractiveness can vary according to the applied technique both in terms of order and importance. As a result, it is not possible to accept the same priority or importance for any ecotourism atractiveness in any places because of different status, organizational purpose and local characteristics and it doesn't adopt computed priorities for other areas.

438-444

Authors: Ahmet Cihangir YALINKILIÇ

This study was carried out to determine the impact of bleaching and varnishing on the flame source combustion light intensity of wood material. For this purpose, specimens prepared according to ASTM D 358 from European Oak, Oriental beech and Scotch pine wood are bleached with a solution of 18% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), sodium silicate (NaSiO3), acetic acid (CH3COOH), sodium disulfide (Na2S2O5), oxalic acid (C2H2O4) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4). The bleached specimens are varnished with synthetic (Sn) water-based (Sb), polyurethane (Pü) and acrylic (Av) in accordance with ASTM D 3023. The light intensity were determined in accordance with ASTM E 160–50. Consequently; According to the interaction wood species, bleaching solution and varnish types, the most light intensity; synthetic varnished oriental beech bleached with KMnO4+Na2S2O5+H2O2 (R5), the least light intensity; acrylic varnished scotch pine, bleached with Na2S2O5+C2H2O4 (R4), were obtained. Accordingly, it can be suggested to consider this situation in application areas since the samples with the least light intensity can increase the risk of smoke drowning in fire.

451-460

Authors: Levent GÜRLEYEN

It is necessary to know the different properties of the wood material belonging to each tree species to be able to use it correctly and efficiently. This study was carried out to investigate the evaluation possibilities of persian silk (Albizia julibrissin) wood in UV system parquet industry. UV system parquet varnishes were applied to persian silk wood in 3 and 5 layers in a parquet factory according to industrial applications. The materials obtained later were exposed to accelerated UV aging processes using UVA-340 lamps for 252 and 504 hours. Color parameters (L*, a* and b*), glossiness values, könig pendulum hardness and surface adhesion resistance (MPa) tests were carried out before and after aging. It has been observed that these tests change with aging. As a result, persian silk (Albizia julibrissin) wood can be used in the parquet industry.

468-474

Authors: Hikmet YAZICI, İ̇smail ÖZLÜSOYLU

In this study, the effect of the accelerated weathering process on some surface properties of heat-treated sweet bay wood (Laurus nobilis L.) was investigated. Wood samples were heat-treated at 160 ℃, 180 ℃, 200 ℃and 210 ℃ for 2 hours. After heat treatment, weight loss, color, glossiness, and surface roughness values of the samples were determined. Accelerated weathering was applied for 8 hours UV, 15 minutes water spray and 3 hours and 45 minutes conditioning. The changes in surface properties were determined by measurements taken before weathering (0 hours) and after weathering (100, 250 and 500 hours). The results obtained showed that there was a significant increase in weight loss by increasing the heat treatment temperature to 210 ℃. With the effect of heat treatment, there was a decrease in the glossiness and roughness values, and the total color change and surface roughness increased with the increased heat treatment temperature. As the weathering time increased, the graying on the surfaces increased, and a 25% increase was observed in the 60° glossiness value.

481-488

Authors: Neslihan DOYGUN

This study aimed to determine perception of urban environmental problems in İzmir and İstanbul, two big cities of Turkey. Q methodology, which enables classifying human subjectivity through different perspectives bringing together the strong aspects of both qualitative and quantitative research methods, has been used as the research methodology. As a result of analysis of the participants’ views on urban environmental problems, which were sorted according to a certain guideline, two factors, in other words, two points of views were determined. Discrepancy correlation values of the factors were low, therefore, results states that the discrepancy of the two factors shows the represented point of views are clearly distinct. Significant majority of the participants from both cities agreed on factor 1 that “air pollution” is the primary environmental problem due to urbanization regardless of education background and gender. The other group forming factor 2 agreed on “smell pollution” as the primary environmental problem due to urbanization. The issues forwarded by the participants in this study significantly overlapped with the previously determined environmental problems of the two cities. As a conclusion, it has been pointed out in this study that Q methodology is an important tool in determining social opinions and priorities; guiding or supporting research; enlighten managers and planners in improving the effectiveness of their works.

498-508

Authors: Almira UZUN, Ömer K. ÖRÜCÜ

Analyzing how the vegetative material, which is the most important design element of Turkey and the most important design element of the Landscape Architecture profession, will be affected by climate change, is of great importance in order to plan the future use of these species in planting studies. The article consists of two main sections. Firstly, the presence data of Adenocarpus complicatus (L.) Gay and WorldClim 2.1 version of 19 bioclimatic variables at 2.5 minutes (approximately 20 km2) spatial resolution were used to estimate the potential distribution area of the species in today's conditions. In the next stage, in order to determine how the range of the species will be affected by climate change, the 6th IPCC report was created based on the IPSL-CM6A-LR climate change model, which is one of the paired model comparison Project (CMIP6) models. The potential distribution area of the species for the periods 2041-2060 and 2081-2100 was modeled according to the SSP2 4.5 and SSP5 8.5 scenarios. In addition, the spatial and spatial differences between the present and future distribution areas of the species were revealed by analysis of change. According to the findings, the areas that are considered suitable and very suitable in the current distribution area are calculated as 63.695 km2.The spread of the species will decrease according to the model results. According to SSP5 8.5 scenario ~2090, it will predicted not seen the kind in Turkey.

195 - 200

Authors: Ozan GÜNEŞ, Bülent YAŞAR

This study was conducted in 2017-2019 in Aydın province in order to detect armored scale insects that are harmful in park and ornamental plants. As a result of the determinations, 9 species belonging to the Diaspididae family were identified. These species are; Aonidia lauri (Bouche), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus), Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Leucaspis pini (Hartig), Parlatoria oleae (Colvée), Pseudalaucaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock). In this study, Ceratonia siliqua with Comstockaspis perniciosa, and Viola sp. with Lepidosaphes ulmi found on them are new record hosts in the world. Also in Aydın province, Populus sp. with Chionaspis salicis and in Turkey, Aonidiella aurantii, were detected for the first time on which Hedera helix.

215 - 223

Authors: Halim ŞAHİN, Yasin KARATEPE

The present study aimed to show how the vegetation structure in the southern part of the Gelibolu (Gallipoli) Peninsula (south of the Eceabat-Kabatepe Highway) is formed according to the site characteristics. For this purpose, 100 sample areas each with a size of 400 m2 were taken. Proportions of the trees, bushes and perennial plants in the sample areas were assessed according to the Braun-Blanquet method. In order to determine the general soil characteristics of the study area, topsoil samples were taken at 0–30 cm depth level from 51 sample areas and the bedrock type was determined. Analyses were made on the soil samples for soil reaction (pH), lime, organic carbon, total nitrogen and texture. Additionally, coordinate, elevation, aspect and slope determinations were made in each sample area. For assessments,in consideration of geographical characteristics and especially topographic structure, the study field was divided into 6 different districts, and the vegetation structure was examined at these 6 districts. As a result of study, 61 different plant species were determined, and it was found that especially topographic structure and aspect were very influential on the distribution of these species. The influence of aspect can be explained by the effects of insolation and prevailing wind on field moisture. The study also determined that individuals of the species in wind-exposed areas and especially in areas close to seashore were often shorter and deformed compared to those in areas sheltered from wind. This can be explained by the fact that where the Mediterranean climate is dominant, plants reduce their above-ground parts for avoiding exposure to physiological drought because strong winds trigger transpiration.

231 - 242

Authors: Nilufer YAZICI, Nergiz KOÇER

Water is one of the basic elements of human sustainability in the world. Throughout history, people have lived their lives with water and wanted to realize their settlements around water resources. Man owes his existence to water. Water resources are important not only for human beings, but also for the survival of all living beings and the habitable environment on Earth. Problems in water resources, which are vital for all living things, often arise when water resources are exposed to environmental influences. Today, water sources polluted and decreased due to negative effects from both natural and artificial environment are in a higher priority than ever. In this study, a survey was conducted with a total of 400 people on a face-to-face basis to determine the water consumption attitudes and behaviors of people living in Kırklareli province. With this 31-question questionnaire; their gender, age, educational background, occupation, how many years they have lived in this province, their monthly income status, their preferences in drinking water use, their water consumption behaviors and their use of water. As a result, it was concluded that individual approach, awareness, satisfaction and expectations directly affect water consumption.

254 - 259

Authors: Hasan DEMİRCİ, Emel ORDU

Turkey has a great number of karstic caves which are unexplored and have unknown microbial diversity. The biodiversity characterisation of these caves has not yet been systematically studied from the molecular point of view. Çal Cave in Trabzon, Turkey is one of the important karstic caves. In the present study, a metagenomic approach was used to explore the microbial diversity of Çal Cave for the first time to assess the potential of gene sources. Detailed taxonomic profiling was defined by sequencing all environmental genomes instead of a specific marker gene such as 16S rRNA which only targets prokaryotes. Taxonomic analysis revealed that the Çal Cave soil sample was represented as 98% Bacteria, 2% Eukaryota, 0.3% Archaea, and 0.01% Virus. Results showed that, the 31 distinct bacterial phyla represented in the Çal Cave soil sample were dominated by Actinobacteria (65%) and Proteobacteria (31%). The most dominant bacterial genus was Streptomyces. Among the 2% Eukaryotic population, the largest phylum was Ascomycota and it was mostly represented as Sordariomycetes. It was determined that 77% of Archaea was Halobacteria. The most abundant class of viruses dwelling in Çal Cave was Caudovirales. 91.61% of total readings could not be classified into any specific kingdom. Overall, classified and unclassified data verify that there exists vast microbial biodiversity in Çal Cave which could not be identified with classical microbiology techniques, and this microbial diversity provides a promising gene source for novel enzyme and bioactive compounds to be used in biotechnological applications.

267 - 278

Authors: Murat ÖZEN, Hasan ALKAN

In this study, it is aimed to determine the satisfaction levels of customers who purchase products from Isparta Regional Directorate of Forestry. The research data were collected with the help of documentation analysis, observation, interview and questionnaire. The survey studies were carried out with 59 companies that purchased a significant part of the products produced by the regional directorate. The data obtained was evaluated according to the Expectancy Disconfirmation Model. According to the research findings, the top three issues that the customers are most satisfied with are; The physical suitability of sales venues, the suitability of tender times and the kindness of salespeople. The first three dissatisfied issues are; The problem of standardization in stacks in warehouses, the high loading unit costs in the warehouses and the products offered for sale are not as neat as desired.

294 - 303

Authors: Aşkın BOZKURT, İ̇smet DAŞDEMİR, Kısmet Kubra KALKAN BALCI

The majority of the number of employees in terms of poplar wood processing industry enterprises in Turkey are micro and small-scale enterprises. They generally operates in a atelier style. The satisfaction of the poplar wood industry business employees by the work done by the company is of great importance in terms of the continuity of both poplar wood using industry and poplar culture. This study aims to determine the main factors affecting job satisfaction of enterprises employees processing poplar wood in the Sakarya, Samsun and Bursa provinces, to control the difference of job satisfaction according to some features (age, gender, marital status, education, position, total service time), to reveal the relationships between some features of enterprises employees and job satisfaction levels and to reach the findings to increase the levels of job satisfaction. Thus, contributions will be made to increase the productivity of labor, to increase the productivity, profitability and performance levels of the enterprises, to the continuation of the poplar industry and the poplar that provides raw materials to this industry, to the efficient and productive use of resources, to increase employment and thus to ensure sustainable development. The research data were obtained from a survey conducted in the Sakarya, Samsun and Bursa provinces in Turkey. In the first part of this questionnaire, there are some questions created to determine the features of the employees such as age, gender, marital status, educational status, position and total service period. In the second part, there are 25 questions Job Satisfaction Scale prepared according to the 5 point Likert scale in order to determine the job satisfaction of the employees. The questionnaire forms were applied to 475 enterprises employees randomly selected in 2017-2018 via face-to-face interview method. Factor Analysis, Kruskal-Wallis H-Test, Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis were used to evaluate the data. As a result of analysis; the most important factors affecting the job satisfaction of the employees were put forward as (1) Wage, promotion, working conditions and intention to pursue existing work, (2) Executive approach, individual autonomy, success and appreciation. Additionally, it was determined that the total job satisfaction of the employees varies according to age, education, position, total service time. As a result of the study, some suggestions were made to increase the job satisfaction of the employees working in poplar wood in the Sakarya, Samsun and Bursa provinces.

318 - 323

Authors: Ahmet Ali VAR, Mehmet DEMİR

The effects of hot-cold bio-oil treatment on properties of wood material from pine species are not known. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of hot-cold bio-oil treatment on oil uptake, density and moisture content properties of Brutia pine wood. This study used castor oil (Ricinus communis L.), flaxseed oil (Oleum linii), mixtured oil (castor oil + flaxseed oil) and Brutian pine sapwood (Pinus brutia Ten.). The wood samples were treated with hot oil (110 ºC ± 2 ºC) for 6 hours before cold oil (23 ºC ± 2 ºC) for 2 hours. Then, the oil uptake, density and moisture content of treated and untreated wood samples were measured. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistical program (p0.05). The results showed that hot-cold bio-oil treatment had a significant effect on oil uptake, density and moisture content of Brutia pine wood; and there were significant differences among these effects at 95% confidence level. Such treatment increased the treated wood density between 40.38% - 78.85% compared to untreated wood, while it reduced the moisture content between 93.44% - 96.72%. It was measured the highest density in linseed oil treatment, and the lowest density in castor oil treatment. Flaxseed oil treatment gave the lowest moisture content, while the highest moisture content was measured in mixed oil treatment. Mixed oil treatment increased the moisture content compared to others; increased the density compared to castor oil; reduced compared to flaxseed oil. Accordingly, the moisture diffusion may have been prevented. Because the porosity and penetration in Brutia wood have been limited with reduced the moisture content and increased the density.

332 - 343

Authors: Ayşe Esra HAKVERDİ

Forests have been one of the most important sources for humanity throughout history. Sustainable management of this vital resource and moving it into the future is one of the most important issues today. In this study, the Criteria and Indicator set in the 2008 Sustainable Forest Management report prepared by the General Directorate of Forestry was compared with the 2018 National Sustainable Forest Management Criterion and Indicator set. As a result, it is seen that new indicators were added to the 2018 Criteria and Indicator set, some indicators used in the first starter set and the 2008 report were included in the sub-indicators category (additional indicator that facilitates the interpretation of the data on the main indicators and access to the main cause) in the 2018 set and the scope of the new set was extended. In the first set, it is seen that the General Directorate of Forestry included the indicators that it excluded from monitoring due to the fact that it did not fall within its scope, and that the scope was expanded by adding indicators such as monitoring the effects of global climate change, carbon stock, dead wood and certified forest.

106 - 112

Authors: Sezgin AYAN, Cihan ERKAN, Esra Nurten YER ÇELİK, Orhan GÜLSEVEN, Şeyma Selin AKIN, Ergin YILMAZ

Forest fires are a frequent event in Mediterranean climate-dominated regions and have great importance on succession. This reality, which is also valid for forest trees, facilitates the regeneration of some species and causes some species to lost their presence in the area. Therefore; it is important to know the fire ecology of the each species. To know the effects of the fires on seed viability and germination; will facilitate the development and follow-up of existing species in the area. In this study, different heat shocks (70, 90, 110 and 130 ºC) at different durations (1 and 5 min.) were applied on seeds obtained from 15 different populations of Anatolian black pine [Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold ssp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe] from four different main breeding zones and germinations was followed. As a result, the treatment of 130°C-5 min. reduced germination ability of seeds. However, it was found that Anatolian black pine seeds can withstand high heat shocks without affecting the germination ability up to 110 ºC. In addition, it was found that 1 min. heat shock application did not decrease the germination ability. Among the populations Sütçüler-Tota (1600 m), Çal-İnceler (1560 m), Alaçam-Gölcük (1050 m) Bursa (950 m) and Domaniç-Dereçarşamba (1400 m) populations have shown the highest germination capacity as general mean. And the treatments of 70ºC-5 min, 90ºC-1 and 5 min, 110ºC-1 min and 130ºC-1 min among the applications increased germination percentage according to the control group.

123 - 130

Authors: Ş. Doğanay YENER

The coasts, which are considered as part of the land that limits the sea, are important living spaces for many living things. People have used the coast throughout history for a wide variety of activities. Rapid urbanization increased the intensity of this usage and in time the coastal areas began to be insufficient for the use of the people and then the concept of coastal landfill was emerged. In this study, woody plants in the coastal areas which have a great contribution to the landscaping of the city of Istanbul were evaluated. For this purpose, the most important coastal areas of the city, Sarıyer in the north, Avcılar, Maltepe and Kartal in the south were determined as examples and the woody plants used primarily in these areas were determined. Then these plants were evaluated by taking into consideration the ecological tolerance criteria (frost, drought, salinity and air pollution). As a result of the field studies carried out in the Sarıyer, Avcılar, Kartal and Maltepe coastal areas, totally 51 woody plant taxa belonging to 26 families were identified. 37 of the identified woody plants were angiosperm and 14 were gymnosperm taxa. It is also identified that 28.57% of gymnospermae and 21.62% angiospermae taxa have a high salinity tolerance and their use in coastal areas is appropriate; 35.71% of gymnospermae and 35.14% of angiospermae taxa doesn’t have a salinity tolerance so they shouldn’t be used in coastal areas.

136 - 140

Authors: Hüseyin BAYKAL, Muhammed İ̇kbal ÇATAL, Adil BAKOĞLU

The aim of this study was to determine the rate of botanical composition, canopy covering of plants and the degree of pasture.of the Palovit plateau of Çamlıhemşin district of Rize province, In 2019, 112 plant samples were collected from the lines taken by the Loup method as a result of the field studies carried out in July, when the plateau reached the climax stage of the pasture vegetation. A total of 25 taxa belonging to 22 genus and 15 families were identified as 10 monocotyl and 15 dicotyl. In the research area, from the families are important in terms of botanical composition in determining the status of pastures according to the quality of pasture is represented by Poaceae family 6 taxa and 54.98 % and Fabacaeae family a very low with 1 taxa and 2.88 %. In the research, total botanical composition ratio of 13 families including 18 other taxa was found to be 42.14 %. As a result of the research, 70.75 % of the total canopy cover rate of plants; pasture were found to be weak according to the calculated 2.383 pasture degree.

148 - 158

Authors: Erdoğan ATMIŞ, Hikmet Batuhan GÜNŞEN, Damla YILDIZ

Since the services that protected areas offer become more understandable, the importance of these areas is increasing day by day throughout the world. Therefore, efforts to increase both the quality and the quantity of these areas have accelerated. On the other hand, economic gains desired from existing or potential protected areas can disrupt the protection of these resources. This study was carried out to investigate the protected area status of nature parks, which are managed for utilization rather than protection, in the regime of protected areas. Accordingly, nine nature parks in three provinces in the Western Black Sea Region were examined, current master plans were evaluated in terms of nature protection and surveys were conducted with users in the three nature parks that are open to use. According to the findings of the study these areas are mostly used for picnics. The fact that the nature parks are established in the forest is the most attractive side for the users. However, the majority of interviewed nature park users do not even know that the place they come is a protected area and thinks that the promotions of these parks are insufficient. Users do not even know which organization manages the nature parks. It is clearly seen that nature parks play an important role in the protection of nature in areas where absolute nature protection is not possible due to human-nature interaction. However, instantaneous political decisions regarding nature parks, regardless of knowledge, legislation and participation, cause the protection-use balance to shift towards the use in nature parks, and cause the right place of nature parks in the protected area regime to change negatively. In order to prevent this change, it is necessary for the nature parks to regain a management approach in which nature protection gains importance.

166 - 173

Authors: Tarık GEDİK, Gülsüm ÖZÇELİK

Institutionalization includes the ways, methods and rules to be followed in order to perform business functions correctly. In this study, where the concept of institutionalization addressed, the steps that should be taken in the way of institutionalization of the forest products industry enterprises operating in the Central Anatolia Region and the institutionalization levels of the enterprises are investigated. Within the scope of the study, 381 questionnaires received from forestry products and furniture industry enterprises with 10 or more employees in the region designated as the universe. The questionnaire, which was used as a data acquisition tool, was composed of 11 questions and 43 judgments. As a result of the study, it was determined that businesses should make improvements in management organization and adopt participatory management approach in the way of institutionalization. It has been determined that businesses should make strategic plans to increase their institutionalization levels, standardize in management functions and give importance to professionalization.

179 - 187

Authors: Ömral Ünsal ÖZKOÇ

Kars has an important location in Turkey due to its location on the African-Eurasian bird migration routes and suitable breeding and stopover sites through the province. In this study, the results of observations carried out in Kars Province during 50 days in migration and breeding periods of 2017-2018 were evaluated. According to the results of the study, 193 bird species belonging to 51 families and 8 orders were recorded in Kars Province. 11 of these species listed as globally threatened according to the IUCN criteria. It has been found that 51 species are confirmed breeders, 33 are probable breeders, and 84 are possibly breeding within the borders of province. With the presence of suitable stopover areas, it also hosts a significant number of migratory birds during migration seasons. Also, some of the globally endangered species breed in the province. In Kars and surroundings, important areas that are vital for birds, especially Kuyucuk Lake, need to be protected.

1 - 5

Authors: Ahmet Turan TURNA, Sezgin AYAN, Salih PARLAK, Ergin YILMAZ, Orhan GÜLSEVEN, Seyma Selin AKIN

In this study, it was tried to determine the effect of grafting method and time on the success of graft in silvery linden (Tilia tomentosa Moench.) that is used in urban landscape as well as for therapeutic purposes and is a very important non-wood forest product. The research was carried out from Bursa Forest Nursery affiliated to Bursa Forest Regional Directorate. It was used the methods of cleft scion graft and chip budding graft which applied during March and September with 20-day interval. As a result of the research; The grafting in March, the highest success rate was found in 57% in the method of cleft scion grafts and %29 in the method of chip budding grafts. The grafting success in April was %14 by using the method of cleft scion graft. High temperatures occurring during the summer season were considered as the main reasons for the inability to be successful in grafts.

6 - 14

Authors: Siğnem ÖNEY BİROL, Nihal ÖZEL, Paul F GUGGER, Kürşad ÖZKAN

Within the scope of this study, current distribution areas and habitat preferences of Kasnak oak (Quercus vulcanica [Boiss. et Heldr. ex] Kotschy) species, which is known as one of the most rarest oak species in the world, have been revealed and a new distribution area has been determined around Ankara-Nallıhan-Sarıcali Mountain for the distribution map. Within the new distributon area, extent of occurrence calculated to be 166.597.545 km2, an area of occupancy calculated to be 68.000 km2 so, the threat category was updated as Least Concern (LC) in this study. Latitude, longitude, altitude (m), geographic location, geographical exposure, slope (%), parent material type, vegetation type, vegetation height (m) and the data related to vegetation cover (%) and climate data were recorded and evaluated during 2018 and 2019 field work. In addition, 112 species and 11 endemic were identified in the same habitat of the Kasnak oak. Consequently, in order to protect the genetic resources of the Kasnak oak species which is endemic to the country, it is very important to update the current distribution areas of the species and to preserve the biological diversity of the country.

35 - 42

Authors: Mustafa ÜMİT, Muammer ŞENYURT

In this study, five different compatible taper equations were used for Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) trees within the border of Asar Forest Sub-district in Antalya Forest Management Directorate of Antalya Forest District Regional. These five equations were produced from the equations of Max & Burkhart (1976), Jiang et al. (2005) and 3 different models of Kozak (1988). The fitting results of these equations were compared. As a result of the comparison that made according to success criteria’s, the equation of Jiang et al. (2005) with 95.95% model explanation was found to be more successful in predicting stem diameter of Brutian pine. The suitability of Jiang et al. (2005) of the equation was tested by using an independent data group with paired sample t test and it was concluded that the equation can be applied to the study area at p <0.05 significance level. In this regard, it can be concluded that it is possible to obtain more accurate and consistent estimations of stem diameters for Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) stands by using this equation.

55 - 59

Authors: Levent ISPARTA, Bülent YAŞAR

In the study carried out in Dalaman, Köyceğiz and Marmaris districts of Muğla province in 2018-2019; harmful the armored scale insects have been identified in park and ornamental plants. As a result of the study, 9 species belonging to the Diaspididae family were determined. These species are; Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell, 1879), A. citrina (Coquillett, 1891), Aspidiotus nerii (Bouche, 1833), Carulaspis minima (Signoret, 1869), Lepidosaphes malicola (Borchsenius, 1947), L. ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758), Melanaspis inapinota (Leonardi, 1913), Parlatoria oleae (Colvée, 1880), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886). P. pentagona, L. malicola and C. minima species are the first record for Muğla province. For the first time in the world were found L. ulmi on Liquidambar orientalis Mill. and A. citrina on Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl.

70 - 76

Authors: Ayşenur GÜRGEN, Sibel YILDIZ, Ümit Cafer YILDIZ, Sabrina PALANTI

In this study, the essential properties of the impregnating agents for preserving wood were evaluated using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method in fuzzy environment. Firstly, an AHP has been established and a questionnaire has been prepared of all criteria mentioned in the process. The questionnaire questions were answered by experts in the field. The answers were transformed into fuzzy numbers and all responses were evaluated in accordance with Buckley method. Fuzzy and normalized weights of all major and sub-criteria were calculated. According to the calculations made using this method, the first expected property impregnating agents for preserving wood was found to be the effectiveness parameter. It was followed by the eco-friendly, economic, permanent and reliable main criteria. The expected properties from an impregnation agent may vary according to the classes use and used wood commodity. This study showed that the fuzzy AHP method can be used in the impregnation industry as well as many engineering disciplines.

84 - 93

Authors: Derya GÜLÇİN, Tuluhan YILMAZ

Landscapes are composed of diverse units that associate with each other, and these units have different functions both in ecology and physiognomy. Thus, evaluating landscape character plays an important role for conserving bio-diversity, as well as spatial planning and management of habitats and landscapes. Determining and analyzing environmental factors is an important part of assessing the conservation value of landscape types. For its ecological value, stone pine, botanical name Pinus pinea L. was chosen to be evaluated according to the environmental parameters in this research, because of its scattered distribution around the Mediterranean basin. Although P. pinea L. does not have a widespread distribution, it is naturally found in five regions of Turkey. This research was conducted in three provinces (Muğla, Denizli, and Aydın), located in western Anatolia. Maps representing different classes of soil, geology, aspect, and slope were overlaid in ArcMap 10.5, and characterized by Landscape Character Assessment (LCA). A total of 309 character types were determined, according to tree species composition, represented by 4 variants of the P. pinea L. community. To assess fragmentation among 34 different stands, landscape metrics were calculated using Fragstats v4.2 software. Potential range for regenerating stone pine stands was suggested in this paper, which can be considered as habitat corridors providing connectivity between mature stands. Spatial variation in bird species composition, reflecting wildlife richness, was evaluated as evidence for forest fragmentation.