Turkish Journal of Forestry

284 - 289

Authors: Deniz GÜNEY, Erhan SEYİS, Fahrettin ATAR, Ali BAYRAKTAR, İbrahim TURNA

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for plants, and some plants are involved in the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to organic form. These plants are capable of nitrogen fixing by bacteria in their roots and are important in alleviating nitrogen deficiency and improving soil. The objective of this research is to determine the growth differences in Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings grown together with some nitrogen-fixing species. The study was conducted in The Research and Application Greenhouse at Faculty of Forestry, Karadeniz Technical University. Alnus glutinosa, Robinia pseudoacacia and Vicia sativa were selected as nitrogen-fixing species. Seeds were sown, by different sowing combinations, in special sowing crates in November. For 1-year-old scotch pine seedlings after the first growing period, seedling length, root collar diameter and sturdiness quotient were determined. The results indicated that while the average length of Pinus sylvestris seedlings sown alone was 3.36 cm, the average length of the seedlings belonging to Pinus sylvestris+Vicia sativa combination reached 6.84 cm. Similarly, mean root collar diameter was 0.47 mm greater in the Pinus sylvestris+Vicia sativa sowing combination. The use of higher quality seedlings obtained through sowing combination of Pinus sylvestris+Vicia sativa can be advantageous in areas where there is a ground cover problem or the use of quality seedlings is required because of extreme conditions in terms of altitude, climate and soil.

297 - 304

Authors: Serap Bilgin

This study were determined seedling quality characteristics of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.), valonia oak (Quercus ithaburensis Decne. subsp. macrolepis (Kotschy.) Hedge & Yalt.) and Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) seedlings grown at Torbalı Forest Nursery in İzmir province. For that reason, 2+0 aged randomly selected stone pine, valonia oak and Turkey oak seedlings gown in polythene bags which are 12x22.5 cm in dimension have been provided. In each seedlings shoot height (cm), root collar diameter (mm), shoot and root fresh weight (g), shoot and root dry weight (g) were measured. In addition, shoot height/diameter, shoot/root ratio (dry weight basis) and Dickson quality index were calculated. Some mean values of stone pine seedlings were found as 21.02 cm for shoot height, 5.4 mm for root collar diameter, 39.11 for height/diameter ratio, 1.05 for shoot/root ratio, 0.15 for Dickson quality index. Some mean values of valonia oak seedlings were found as 20.6 cm for shoot height, 5.8 mm for root collar diameter, 36.84 for height/diameter ratio, 0.41 for shoot/root ratio, 0.15 for Dickson quality index. Some mean values of Turkey oak seedlings were found as 9.85 cm for shoot height, 4.3 mm for root collar diameter, 23.79 for height/diameter ratio, 0.19 for shoot/root ratio, 0.2 for Dickson quality index. The quality classes of seedlings were evaluated according to the Turkish Standard İnstitute (TSI) called “the standard on coniferous tree seedling (TS 2265, 1988) and “the standard on broad leaved forest tree seedling (TS 5624, 1988). When seedlings shoot height, root collar diameter and shoot/root ratio (dry weight basis) were evaluated together, 97.06 % of the stone pine seedlings were found to be in the Ist quality class, 2.94 % of the stone pine seedlings were found to be in the IInd quality class according to the standard on coniferous tree seedling (TS 2265/February 1988). When the minimum of seedlings shoot height and root collar diameter were evaluated together, 97.06 % of the valonia oak seedlings were found substandard, 2.94 % of the valonia oak seedlings were found in the IInd quality class according to the standard on broad leaved forest tree seedling (TS 5624/ March 1988). When the minimum of seedling shoot height and root collar diameter characteristics were evaluated together, the Turkey oak seedlings were found substandard because the heights of Turkey oak seedlings were lower than the standard. In addition, drought resistance of tree species and visual detection of damage conditions was made. According to this classification, Turkey oak was in the good class, stone pine and valonia oak were in the poor class.

312 - 316

Authors: Sezgin AYAN, Cihan ERKAN, Orhan GÜLSEVEN, Şeyma Selin AKIN, Ergin YILMAZ, Esra Nurten YER ÇELİK

The aim of this study was determine the germination ability and viability of Turkish red pine seeds representing different populations at different altitudes and that are exposure to different heat shock applications with different duration. For this purpose, Turkish red pine seeds which obtained from 14 different populations was exposed to 4 different heat shocks (70, 90, 110 and 130 ºC) during 1 and 5 minutes. It was once again proven with this study that seeds of Turkish red pine are resistant to heat shock. As a result of the study, it was determined that the seeds of four different breeding zones and 14 populations between 60 and 925 meters altitude were able to maintain their viability in high theat shocks up to 130 °C. Also, Turkish red pine seeds that were applied high heat shock at 130 ºC during 1 minute had showed maximum germination ability.

324 - 332

Authors: Ayşe ADAY KAYA, Hazin Cemal GÜLTEKİN, Ayhan KARAKAYA

This study was conducted to determine the presence of fungi and water molds in 13 state and 3 private nurseries in Sakarya, Kocaeli, Yalova, Bursa, Istanbul, Kırklareli and Edirne provinces where woody plants were produced. For this purpose, the coniferous and deciduous seedlings showing various disease symptoms, especially death and drying, were sampled together with their soil. Laboratory studies included microscopic investigations and isolation of fungi from diseased tissues and isolation of Pythiaceous species from soil samples of sampled seedlings. Two hundred twenty-seven deciduous and coniferous seedlings and 79 soil samples were taken from the nurseries. Totally 145 fungal and 57 Pythiaceous isolates were obtained. The isolates were grouped into morphotypes based on their morphological characteristics, and representative isolates were identified by ITS-based DNA analysis. Marssonina brunnea, Melampsora allii-populina on poplar and Dothistroma septosporum on pine were the fungal disease agents detected based on their morphological and microscopical properties. In addition to these species, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium irregulare, Pythium ultimum, Phytopythium vexans and Phytophthora syringae were among other important and common species identified. The surveys and laboratory studies conducted within the scope of this research showed that state nurseries host more fungal and Pythiaceous species than private nurseries. The amount and diversity of the obtained fungal and oomycete species draws attention to the risk that these microorganisms can be transported from one nursery to another and even to afforestation areas.

341 - 351

Authors: Nuri Kaan ÖZKAZANÇ, Emir ÖZAY, Ali ÖZCAN

This study was carried to determine the species of birds in wetland of Balıkdamı Wildlife Development Area which is important biodiversity area, and the most important wetland of the Eskişehir Province. The observation was made in between 2017-2019. A total of 210 bird species have been identified from 47 families belonging to 18 orders. Point counting and line counting bird observation methods were used for the detection of birds in the area. According to the IUCN red list, one species was classified the endangered (EN), 2 species were the vulnerable (VU) and 7 species were the near threatened (NT). Passeriformes have been the most dominant team in the field with 96 species. This was followed by Charadriiformes with 31 species, Falconiformes with 27 species, Ciconiiformes with 13 species and Anseriformes with 10 species. In addition, it was determined to 103 species resident, 78 species summer migrant, 24 species winter migrant, and 5 species transit species. The factors that threaten the study area were determined and solutions were given in this study. While Todorna todorna and Sitta krueperi species are new species in Eskişehir, Phalacorax carbo, Anas clypeata, Anytha nyroca, Buteo lagopus, Aquila helica, Aquila chrysaetos, Tyto alba, Jynx toırquilla, Dendrocapus syriacus and Troglodytes troglodytes species are new species for the study area. The work area is in great danger due to intensive use and human activities, environmental pollution, habitat degradation and forbidden hunting. Prevention of pollution in the area, regulation of agricultural activities and taking control of illegal hunting are of great importance for the protection of birds.

360 - 365

Authors: Ahmet Alper BABALIK

This study was conducted of Ilıcapınar highland pasture in Taşkent district of Konya in 2017-2018. The aim of this study was to determine the plant covered area, botanical composition, grazing capacity, aboveground biomass, belowground biomass and pasture condition in a pasture. Vegetation measurements were conducted in spring and autumn periods. Quadrat and line intercept methods were used in order to determine the characteristics of pasture vegetation in the research area. The plant-covered area was determined as nearly 33.5%. The botanical composition of the study area consists of 56.2% Poaceae, 12.0% Fabaceae and 31.8% other families. The aboveground and belowground biomass productions were calculated as 474.8 kg/da and 820.5 kg/da respectively. As a result, the grazing capacity of the pasture area was determined as 36.9 animal units. The pasture condition was found to be moderate. According to these results, conservation of natural vegetation and complying with grazing capacity is very important for sustainable pasture management.

373 - 380

Authors: Kenan OK, Mehtap KOÇ

The values that society attributes to nature and forests are constantly diversified. These values can be in the form of products and services, sometimes only in the form of thought or change. Today, humanity has scientifically discovered the importance of non-use values such as bequest, option and existence values, but has not socialized these values and made them a part of contemporary life. All protected areas, Arboretums, herbariums and botanical gardens especially are the most suitable places to improve social awareness about natural values. Physical arrangements are not enough to create the expected awareness, special programs should be prepared to provide targeted social change. In many areas and especially by non-profit organizations, social marketing approach is used as a useful approach to prepare social changing programs. The purpose of this study is to examine Ataturk Arboretum that Turkey’s first under the social marketing concept and to develop recommendations on the basis of social marketing mix components. In the traditional marketing activities, the target markets can be addressed with a marketing mix consisting of Product, Price, Promotion and Place components (4P), in the social marketing approach, the Public, Policy, Partnership and Fund Raising components (8P) should be designed in addition to these components. In this study, the existence of social marketing mix in Atatürk Arboretum was investigated. It was found out that such an understanding was not implemented, but it was found that social marketing could be done within the scope of all components of 8P, and suggestions were developed to help design new programs.

391 - 400

Authors: Hasan ALKAN, Alime DİVRİK

State forest nursery enterprises, which have strategic importance for forestry of our country, are public sector enterprises which have managed to survive since 1925. These enterprises are responsible for producing seedlings which are used both in artificial regeneration and afforestation activities carried out by the related units of the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and in planting activities to be carried out by all segments of the society. In this research, the current status of forest nursery enterprises in terms of supply, production, marketing and public relations, etc. functions are examined with the help of the nursery mangers opinions. Literature and document analysis, questionnaire and interview were used as methods in the research. And, all of the nursery managers were interviewed face to face. According to result of the research, the main problems of forest nursery enterprises are concentrated in the business economy rather than technique issues. Increasing marketing problems, low capacity utilization, quality and cost management problems, nursey establishment site problems, lack of a standard structure in terms of personnel, machinery and facilities, etc. factors have a negative impact on the success of these enterprises.

411 - 420

Authors: Mehmet EKER, Metin Şefik

Wood raw material harvesting is a field of occupation involving long processes and often requiring labor intensive works. In the cutting sub-process, especially the debarking of coniferous tree logs inside the harvesting blocks causes both the increasing of production time to be prolonged and the costs. Therefore, manual or motor-manual technology-based harvesting works are mainly performed by physical workforce. Consequently, there are negative effects on occupational health and safety of the workers. With the idea of facilitating debarking and increasing work comfort; in this study, a tool called motosoyar (moto-debarker) was developed by assembling the log debarking apparatus, which is already mounted on a chainsaw, to a motorized scythe (brushcutter). The aim of the study was to develop a more ergonomic peeling tool with the transfer of existing technology and to check whether it is feasible or not. In local industrial conditions, Orac BG520 brand and model motor scythe and Baseh brand debarking equipment was used to develop the motosoyar. It has been determined that the work efficiency of the debarking of the brutian pine logs with the motosoyar, which was produced with a total investment cost of 1600 TL, were 2.83 m3/hour. It has been shown that this vehicle has advantages in terms of gas, dust, noise, body posture in favor of occupational health and safety, but it requires improvement studies in terms of efficiency.

427 - 432

Authors: Abdurrahman KARAMAN, Mehmet Nuri YILDIRIM, Esra USLU

In this study, dowel tensile strength values of wooden length joints prepared using dowels obtained from ash (Fraxinus excelsior Lipsky), chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and oak (Quercus petraea Lieble) were investigated. Experimental samples were prepared from Eastern beech wood. Polyurethane (PU-D4) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc-D4) glues were used as adhesives. In the experiments, 2 types of glue, 3 species of dowel wood and a total of 60 test samples were prepared from 10 pieces of each sample. The tests were carried out under static load according to BSI 6948 standards. According to the test results, the highest dowel tensile strength value was obtained in the test specimens prepared with ash dowel and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc-D4) glue, the lowest dowel tensile strength value was obtained in the test specimens prepared using polyurethane (PU-D4) glue with chestnut dowel.

440 - 446

Authors: Vedat ÇAVUŞ

In this study, it was aimed to determine some mechanical, physical and surface properties of wood in the wood species of Albizia julibrissin grown in İzmir region. For this purpose, static hardness, elasticity modulus and bending resistance, air dry density, air dry moisture value, color and brightness measurement of fertilizer wood were determined. According to the results of the tests; the brightness (L*) value is 73.80, the red color (a*) tone value is 5,65, the yellow color (b*) tone value is 20,93 and perpendicular (⊥) and parallel (//) to the fibers made at 60o. brightness values are 2,69 and 3,50, air dry density value is 570,60 kg/m3and air dry moisture value is 10,20, dynamic bending (shock) resistance is 0,451 kgm/cm2, static hardness value is 52,55 N/mm2 bending resistance is 63,70 N and the modulus of elasticity in bending was determined as 5029 N/mm2. It was concluded that this wood species has industrially important properties.

458 - 465

Authors: Oktay GÖNÜLTAŞ, Mualla UÇAR

In this research, bio-based tannin adhesives were developed by using tannins from spruce (Picea orientalis) and oak (Quercus spp.). The barks were obtained from wood-based panel industry and forest residues. The tannin powders were produced with a spray dryer based on the observations during the extraction process. Chemical analyzes were performed to determine the phenolic content of the spruce and oak tannins. After that bioadhesive synthesis experimentals were carried out using the spruce and oak tannins. In the experimentals, the bioadhesive synthesis parameters such as pH, formaldehyde:tannin molar ratio, viscosity, and free formaldehyde content were optimized. Finally, the adhesion performances of the bioadhesives were determined with the lap shear test. The results obtained in this work clearly showed that the shelf life and free formaldehyde content values of the adhesives were affected by the formaldehyde:tannin molar ratios. As for the maximum shelf life values of the bioadhesives, the spruce tannin adhesive had 72 days shelf life, whereas the oak tannin adhesive had 38 days. The gelation time values related with pH were also examined. The findings demonstrated that the spruce and oak sulfited tannins had 12% higher gelation time values than those of the water tannins. According to the results of the lap shear test, the spruce tannin based bioadhesives had similar adhesion performance as compared with a commercial phenol formaldehyde adhesive.

474 - 481

Authors: Yasin ÜNAL, Ahmet KOCA , Yunus KISAARSLAN, Mehmet ŞİRİN YELSİZ, Halil SÜEL, İdris OĞURLU

This study was carried out at Düzlerçamı Wildlife Development Area in Antalya between 2016-2017 to determine population status, daily activity pattern and habitat preference of caracal (Caracal caracal). Camera traps established at 444 points by the Opportunity point method, and 19 of them recorded 35 caracal images. By evaluating the images, the captured ratio of caracal to camera-traps was found to be 0.08-0.83. As a result of the research, it was determined that pine forests up to 450 m altitude were more preferred by the caracal , habitat types on sandstone and volcanic sediment areas have were occupied more in habitat preference and bedrock types consisting of limestone which cannot be used by caracal. It has been observed that fallow deer (Dama dama), wild goat (Capra aegagrus), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and European hare (Lepus europaeus), naturally distributed species in the research area, among the important food sources of the caracal. In general, it has been observed that caracal is active all day long, while its most intense activity occured from dusk to dawn between hours 24.00-06.00.