Turkish Journal of Forestry

109-112

Authors: Salih Terzioğlu, Kamil Coşkunçelebi

Senecio trapezuntinus Boiss. has hitherto been known from type locality (A7: Trabzon – Ortahisar). It was assessed under the VU and CR because of location number and habitat quality. With the two newly recorded populations (A8 Trabzon – Çaykara and A7: Gümüşhane – Kürtün) apart from type locality, the total known population number reaches to four for this local endemic. According to increasing location number, extent of occurrence calculated to be 1671 km2 (less than 5000 km2), an area of occupancy calculated to be 16 km2 (less than 500 km2) we updated the threat category as EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(ii,iii,iv) in the present study.

120-129

Authors: Mustafa KARAKÖSE [1] , Sefa AKBULUT [2] , Mahmut M. BAYRAMOĞLU [3]

Turkey is an important country in terms of plant species diversity due to its geographical location, geomorphological structure, micro-climate diversity, plant geography and its combination with three different flora regions. Habitat fragmentation and loss of habitat are the leading factors that threaten biological diversity. Habitat fragmentation may occur naturally or anthropogenic origin (wrong land use, road construction, forestry activities, etc.). This factor, which threatens biodiversity, causes alien species to settle in natural habitats. With 11,707 taxa in Turkey, there are also alien plant species that enter Turkey's flora in different ways such as introducing or naturalizing. It has been determined that there are 340 of alien plant species which are not included in the natural flora of our country. The Eastern Black Sea Region is a place where alien plant species can easily settle because of reasons such as climate characteristics and misuse of lands. In this study, field observations were made between 2015-2016 years in Espiye Forest Planning Unit. 19 invasive alien plant species were identified in the Espiye Forest Planning Unit. In addition to these invasive plants species, we have determined new spreading areas for the species; Tradescantia fluminensis and Oenothera glazioviana. Of the 19 invasive alien species identified, 6 are woody, 13 are herbaceous species. One of the invasive alien plants belongs to Pinidae sub-class and the other 18 belongs to the Magnoliidae sub-class. 12 of the plant species identified were recorded for the first time in Giresun province.

138-148

Authors: Ramazan Özçelik, Emine Yiğit

The Max and Burkhart segmented taper equation was fitted using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling techniques to account for within- and between-individual variation in Taurus fir (Abies cilicica Carr.) stem profiles. Totally 327 sample trees measured and about 60% (203 trees) of the trees were randomly selected for model development and the reminder 40% (124 trees) of the trees used for model validation. Based on goodness-of-fit criteria, the model including three random-effects parameters β1, β3, and β4 was the best. An error variance function and a continuous auto correlation structure incorporated in model to within and between-tree residual variances and spatial autocorrelation between residuals. However, most of the residual autocorrelation was accounted for by including random effects. Upper stem diameter measurements were used to estimate random effects parameters using an approximate Bayesian estimator, which localized stem profile curves for individual trees. The procedure was tested with a validation data set. The goodness-of-fit statistics (Bias, precision, and RMSE) showed that upper stem diameter measurements and subsequent estimates of random effects improved the predictive capability of the taper equation mainly in the lower portion of the bole. Accordingly results of this research, there is no big differences between one and two additional upper stem diameter measurements for predictive capability of model. The method can localize stem curves for trees growing under different site and management conditions in natural Taurus fir stands. The results of this study support previous findings that mixed-effect modeling approach increases flexibility and efficiency of taper equations for upper stem diameter prediction.

156-162

Authors: Kader Hale GÜLER, Mehmet KORKMAZ

Increasing the income level of forest villagers has an important role in reducing social pressure on forests. The aims of this study were to do an economic analysis of lavender production and to determine the importance of lavender production at the household level and in the local economy in the forest villages of Isparta province. The research was conducted in Aydoğmuş, Kılıç, Çukurören and Kuyucak villages. It was determined internal rate of return (IRR) is 22.59%for wet lavender and 29.24%for dry lavender as a result of economic analyses. Lavender production was found economically for both investments (wet and dry) because the current interest rate of the Central Bank is 13.37% for the year 2017. Income from lavender cultivation at the household level constitutes approximately half (48.8%) of crop production income and 37% of total income. The capital employment rate for dry lavender was found to be 36506.95 TRY/person and for wet lavender it was found to be 83235.84 TRY/person.

170-175

Authors: Halil Süel, Berna Yalçınkaya, Ahmet Mert

The coexistence of mammalian species in the ecosystem is an important indicator that the ecosystem is in balance. This study was carried out to determine the conditions related to each other of some wild mammals distributed in Burdur-Ağlasun district. As a result of the presence-absence survey conducted on 70 sample plots, five species were sampled at an adequate level, statistically. Cluster analysis was performed to presence-absence data of wild mammals by PC-ORD program and sample plots were divided into three groups (A, B, C).To see the relationships between groups and mammals, Chi-square test was performed with SPSS. Indicator species and relationship orientation of these species were determined by using interspecific correlation analysis for important ones. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) were applied with the Past program to examine the situation of groups and wild mammals with sample plots. As a result of study, Negative and positive indicator speices of groups A, B and C were determined. According to DCA results, Wild hare and Wild boar were almost equally distant from the three groups. As a result of this study, it seems that own habitats of species (except for Wild hare and Wild boar) sharply separated. Finally, this study is also important in that it shows the mentioned analysis methods can be used to reveal the relationships of the species with each other.

185-191

Authors: Tuğba Yılmaz Aydın [1] , Murat Aydın [2]

Mechanic properties of wood material change depending on lots of natural and environmental factors. Temperature is one of these factors and in this study, effect of temperature on Young’s modulus of Oriental beech wood was investigated. Longitudinal direction (L) compression test samples exposed to 120, 150, 180 and 210°C temperature for 2, 5 and 8 hours. A drying oven that operates in an atmospheric environment was used for temperature treatment. Static and dynamic Young’s modulus values were determined or predicted by compression test and ultrasonic wave propagation method, respectively. Results compared with each other by regression analysis to determine how successful the ultrasonic measurement is. All test samples, 20x20x60 mm, acclimatized at 20 ±2°C and 65% RH conditions. Deformation values of the tested samples were obtained by using bi-axial extensometer and then stress-strain curves were created. Static Young’s modulus was calculated by using stress-strain values from the linear elastic region of these curves. Edyn was predicted by using ultrasonic wave velocity and sample density values. Velocities were calculated by using time of flight values obtained by ultrasonic measurements. Reasonable and good relations between dynamic and static modulus of elasticity were determined by the coefficient of determination results that ranged from 0.78 to 0.94 in terms of temperature and exposure duration. Consequently, L direction Young’s modulus of Oriental beech wood that exposed to temperature can be well predicted by using ultrasonic measurement.

200-204

Authors: Ferhat ÖZDEMİR, Doğu RAMAZANOĞLU, Hamit ÖZYURT, Eda DALGIÇ, Ahmet TUTUŞ

This study aimed to examine the walnut coating which has a wide range of applications in the living spaces may be exposed to acidic and basic cleaning products that may occur the color and morphological changes. The effects of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions prepared at different pH values on the surface roughness and color properties of walnut wood veneer sheets were investigated. The walnut veneer boards were exposed to acidic pH (1.5, 3.0, 5.0) and basic pH (8.0, 11.0 and 13.5) solutions for 10 min. Surface roughness measurements of boards were performed according to ISO 4287, color measurement analyzes according to ISO 2469 standard. According to the obtained results, the values of surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rz and Rmax) of the walnut veneer boards decreased as the pH value was decreased in both acidic and basic media. In color measurements, it was determined that the degree of yellowness increases as the pH value decreases in acidic and basic medium. While the whiteness and brightness levels were not affected in the acidic medium, it was found that the whiteness and brightness were increased in the basic medium as the pH value increased.

210-218

Authors: Emre GÖKSU, Hakan ADANACIOĞLU

Over the last decade, direct marketing practices have been widely used in the marketing of agricultural products in the world. The non-wood forest products (NWFP) have been affected by this development and direct marketing efforts of these products have made significant progress in the world. Direct marketing of NWFP in the world is organized with civil organizations, producers and consumers. On the other hand, it has been determined that no significant improvement has been achieved in NWFP, although partial improvement was observed in the direct marketing initiatives for agricultural products in Turkey. In this study, direct marketing options that were widely used in NWFP were discussed with examples. The benefits and risks of each direct marketing option for NWFP were demonstrated. In addition, some suggestions have been made in terms of giving direction to direct marketing initiatives in Turkey. The difficulty of inventory of these products due to the large size of the forests collected from large forest areas, the lack of communication with collectors, intermediaries and other marketing channel members, irregular use of products, lack of inspection and inadequacy of education were some of the important constraints for the direct marketing of NWFP.