Turkish Journal of Forestry

1-6

Authors: Serap Mutun

Distribution of genetic variation across a species range is shaped both by historical and contemporary factors such as topographical barriers, presence of diverse micro- and macrohabitats, complex geologic history and past climatic fluctuations. Signatures of the past events and the varied topography can be observed not only in plant taxa but also in the obligate parasites of plants such as oak gall wasps. The mountain barriers in Anatolia running from the southeastern towards the northern part of Turkey is accepted as a major faunistic and floristic belt, and is thought to underlie much of the genetic diversity in the region. Current findings show that complicated geologic history and a variety of mountainous areas have left imprints on the phylogenies and phylogeography of oak gall wasp taxa. Indeed, several oak gall wasp species studied across Turkey revealed the presence of this notorious pattern into west and east division of the genetic variation with respect to the location of the Turkish highlands. A number of published studies on the distribution and the allocation of the genetic diversity of several oak gall wasp species in Anatolia, which is located at the junction of several phytogeographic provinces, express the importance of an apparent genetic break in the examined oak gall wasp species.

11-17

Authors: Hiba Daas, Yasmine Adjami, Rym Ghanem, Amador Viñolas, Mohamed Laid Ouakid, Abdelkrim Tahraoui

Insect fauna is an essential element in the dynamics and functioning of forest ecosystems. The ecological role and bio-indicator status of certain species can indicate the sanitary status of forests and helps identifying factors related to their degradation. Many attacks of pest insects affecting primarily the leaves, the acorns and the trunk of the oak have been reported. Action of some phytophagous Coleoptera (Curculionidae …) is one of the main defoliation causes, the borers weakening the tree, while acorn’s pests have directly impact regeneration. These attacks can weaken cork oak populations and contribute to their decline. An inventory of Coleoptera was conducted to determine the richness, the diversity, and the ecological role of inventoried species. Sampling was conducted in two cork forests in North-Eastern Algeria (El Kala and Souk Ahras) with different techniques used in the field of entomology (visual collecting, pitfall trap, and aerial traps). We identified 100 species of Coleoptera belonging to 25 different families with diversified feeding types (coprophagous, saproxylic, predatory, herbivorous or decomposers). Calculation of ecological indexes allowed situating the different populations in their environment.

23-30

Authors: Sabrina Amraoui, Nadia Bouragba, Ahmed Brague, Jean-Pierre Lumaret

Steppe ecosystems are characterized by significant biological diversity, and this is the result of a long adaptation process to difficult agro-climatic conditions. Feces of large or small herbivorous animals must be destroyed to be recycled. This process is involving the activity of various soil organisms. Among the most active insects are Scarabaeoidea. Our study was conducted in two grazed ecosystems in djelfa pasture, situated in the semi-arid region; the first one is a pinewood forest, located in the Senalba. The second one is an Aleppo pine reforested stand, part of the Green Dam that was launched decades ago to stop desertification. Dung beetles were captured using baited pitfall traps during the period 2009-2010. 1435 beetles belonging to 42 species were trapped. The faunas of senalba and of Moudjbara were compared. The fauna in the reforested stand is poorer than the one of the natural forest. The natural forest might provide favorable microclimatic conditions for some species such as Chironitis furcifer, Aphodius fimetarius and A. felscheanus. Results showed a significant seasonal variation in the composition, and diversity. There were four periods of activity during the course of the year. Temporal turnover was highest in September and in February, Dungs beetle dominate during summer and autumn in Moudjbara while in the Sénalba they dominate during autumn and winter. This study reveals that natural forest is the most suitable habitat to the installation Scarabaeidae unlike reforestation, this could be the result of a limited grazing in the reforested steppe.

40-43

Authors: Kahraman İpekdal, Zeycan Helvacı, Selim Süalp Çağlar

Larvae of the two pine processionary moth (PPM) sister species, Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni and T. pityocampa, causes severe allergies in mammals and are dangerous defoliators of Mediterranean pines. While T. pityocampa occurs mainly in Europe, T. wilkinsoni occurs in Turkey and the Middle East. Recent studies showed that ranges of the two species are in contact in Turkey. Female moths of the two species cover their eggs with scales on their abdomens. These scales are believed to protect eggs from parasitism. Although T. wilkinsoni and T. pityocampa exhibit highly similar morphologies, few studies have suggested that scale morphology could be used for species identification. However, our field observations in Turkey do not confirm this suggestion. Nevertheless, statistical approaches have never been used on this issue. In this study, we aimed at solving this contradiction by digitizing PPM scale shape photographs taken standardly from 60 individuals collected from different locations in Turkey and Cyprus and by subjecting them to geometric morphometry approaches. We conducted shape analysis by using TPS software and Elliptic Fourier Outline Analysis which is a sensitive method for morphometric computations. Results did not reveal any correlation between scale morphology and species taxonomy. This result could be interpreted as an insufficiency of scale morphology being able to be used as a taxonomic character to separate T. wilkinsoni and T. pityocampa in Turkey. However, it should be kept in mind that these two species have a contact zone in Turkey, which might cause hybridization. This phenomenon could completely change morphological patterns. In order to reach more accurate results, this study should be repeated with samples from the entire ranges of the two species.

48-50

Authors: Rym Mkaouar, Samir Dhahri, Mohamed Lahbib Ben Jamaa

The pomegranate butterfly Virachola livia constitutes a severe pest to the pomegranate in Tunisia, since its record in 2006. However, V. livia was found to breed not only in the pomegranate but also in the pods of Acacia farnesiana which is a very common plant in Gabes region (South-East of Tunisia). This study which was carried out in Metwia (the most infested area in Gabes) from April to July 2013, aims to clarify some biological aspects of V. livia on A. farnesiana such as: fly of adults, egg laying, larva development, pupae and number of generation. Randomized samples of green Acacia pods were collected weekly from different trees of A. farnesiana. In the lab, pods were examined under a binocular to detect eggs, after pods were desiccated to count larva stage and pupae. The monitoring of adults activity and emergence were made by experimental apparatus both in the field and the laboratory. The preliminary results show that A. farnesiana is the main and primary host plant of V. livia in South Tunisia. On A. farnesiana this pest develops three annual generations, each one lasts about four weeks. The first generation starts late in April and finished in the end of May. The second one is from the end of May to about the twenty five of the next month; the third is from the last one to the middle of July. Due to the absence of green pods on the tree from July, the butterfly migrates to its alternative host the pomegranate.

58-61

Authors: Sonia Hammami, Olfa Ezzine, Samir Dhahri, Mohamed Lahbib Ben Jamâa

Phytophagous insects may select plants or plant parts not only based upon nutritional content, but also on the intensity of predation and parasitism. This observation leads to the enemy free space hypothesis, which suggests that herbivores select host plants for which the mortality from natural enemies is minimized, by preferring host plants on which the herbivores would be less vulnerable to their natural enemies. In Tunisia, Orgyia trigotephras is a polyphagous moth, bivoltine with a spring (SG) and an autumnal (AG) generation. This work was carried out in two sites: Jebel Abderrahmane (Ftahiz, Delhiza and Guitoun) and Bizerte (Sejnane). The aim is to compare the importance of predation by moth larvae (Coccidiphila rungsella) and parasitism by egg parasitoids (Aprostocetus sp.) on O. trigotephras on two host species, Quercus coccifera and Pistacia lentiscus.

65-70

Authors: Manel Mejri, Edmundo De Sousa, Pedro Naves, Mohamed Lahbib Ben Jamaa

The pine wilt disease, caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was detected in Europe in 1999 in Portugal and the longhorn beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis reported as the only vector since 2001. Although not present in northern Africa, it is feared that the PWN may cause significant damage if introduced into the Maghreb region, where several susceptible pine species which can serve as hosts are found, along with insects of the Monochamus genus which can act as vectors. In order to assess the risk of propagation of the wilt disease, we surveyed for the presence of possible vectors of the Monochamus genus in Tunisia, characterizing the distribution and emergence pattern. Studies were carried in nine locations with Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) forests. Sampling for insects was based on the trap tree technique, allowing beetles to lay eggs in the field and subsequently emerging. We confirmed the presence of Monochamus beetles in Tunisia, with only one species detected, M. galloprovincialis, which was widespread in the Aleppo pine forests. Our results show that this specie can develop and emerge from the basal, median and the upper part of the Aleppo pines with similar success. The larval development took nearly one year and adult emergences occurred from May to August during 2012. Results are discussed in view of similar biological studies conducted in other Mediterranean countries and the implications for the risk assessment of pine wilt disease in Tunisia.

76-79

Authors: Mohamed Zamoum, Jean-Claude Martin, Atia Bensidi, Rachid Bahmane

In the reforestations of Pinus halepensis, situated in the Algerian sub-Saharian region, 1 500 hectares were treated by an aerial application against the third and fourth larval stage of the pine processionary moth. The microbiological insecticide used contained Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 3a 3b. The immediate mortality was evaluated by sampling colonies of caterpillars 7 and 14 days after the application of the treatment, and the delayed mortality was determined firstly for caterpillars after 80 and 100 days in the field and secondly for pupae by collecting and rearing surviving caterpillars to Btk at the end of the larval cycle during the nomadic period. The mortality rate of the caterpillars increased between 7 and 100 days and averaged 93 % in the treated zone. The caterpillars exposed to the treatment were more contaminated by Beauveria bassiana and infested by the larval-pupal parasitoïds Erigorgus femorator Aub. (Hym, Ichneumonidae) and Phryxe caudata Rond. (Dip., Tachninidae). The sex ratio of surviving moths was 1.7 in favour of males which suggests that female caterpillars are more vulnerable to Btk.

85-93

Authors: Ayşe Gül Sarıkayaa, Hüseyin Fakir

The field surveys conducted in the Lakes District of Turkey from 2012 to 2015 revealed that Phlomis armeniaca Willd., P. bourgaei Boiss., P. grandiflora H.S. Thompson var. grandiflora, P. leucophracta P.H.Davis & Hub.-Mor., P. lycia D. Don., P. nissolii L., P. pungens var. pungens Willd., P. samia L. taxa were distributed in the region. In this study, in order to measure the morphological features of Phlomis armeniaca, P. bourgaei, P. grandiflora var. grandiflora, P. leucophracta, P. lycia, P. nissolii, P. pungens var. pungens, P. samia taxa that are distributed in the Lakes District; measurements and observations were performed using digital caliper gauge for the width, height and petiole length of 50 leaf samples from each species; calyx width, height and calyx-teeth length of 50 calyx samples from each sampled species; and also types of inflorescence, number of flowers in state of flowering. Based on the observations and measurements made; the species identification key was prepared for Phlomis L. species that were distributed in the Lakes District. Furthermore, observations relating to the characteristics of the distribution areas of Phlomis armeniaca, P. bourgaei, P. grandiflora var. grandiflora, P. leucophracta, P. lycia, P. nissolii, P. pungens var. pungens, P. samia taxa in the Lakes District are presented.

99-106

Authors: Türkay Türkoğlu, Sultan Bekiroglu, Ahmet Tolunay

Goat production is a traditional occupation, which has been performed for many centuries especially in rural regions of Turkey. Although Turkey has suitable conditions both ecological and social for goat production, the number of goats dramatically decreased in the last two decades until 2010. It was aimed to investigate current goat production system and the reasons that caused dramatic decrease of goat stocks in Turkey. Materials of study were obtained from statistical data, forest legislations, land use observations and unstructured interviews. Diagnosis and Design Methodology developed by the International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) was used to reach the results. As a result, it was identified that there were problems regarding the use of land between villagers breeding goats and the forest administration and this problem affected goat production negatively. The forestry policies implemented in Turkey aimed to decrease and even eliminate goat production based on the view that it harms forests. For this reason, the number of goats dramatically decreased to 5 million in 2009. After Turkish government allowed goat grazing in state forests using grazing management plan with a decision adopted in 2011, the effect of this change gave positive results in a short time and this number increased to about 10 million in 2014.

118-124

Authors: Ulaş Yunus Özkan, İbrahim Özdemir

The acreage of secondary brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) stands established both naturally following clearcutting and reforestation planting increases over the forest landscapes in the Mediterranean Region. Considering natural mature stands, the structural characteristics of these secondary stands should be assessed for an efficient carbon and biodiversity management in the brutian pine ecosystems. The aim of this study is to i) compare some structural attributes of the reforestation plantings and naturally regenerated stands of brutian pine in similar age and ii) to determine the trends in features regarding stand structures of reforestation and naturally regenerating stands with regard to successional stages and their convergence towards natural stand conditions. We identified eight different aged stand groups that are similar with respect to altitude, aspect, slope, soil parent material. Five stands were selected from each group. Then, 5 sampling plot randomly located were measured for each stand. Within each sample plot, we measured and calculated the attributes fallowing; basal area (m2/ha), stem volume (m3/ha), canopy caver percentage (%), litter (ton/ha), humus (ton/ha), carbon (C) ratio in topsoil (%), coarse woody debris (m3/ha), fine woody debris (ton/ha), and woody species richness. In conclusion, we can say that regeneration and reforestation practices have both positive and negative impacts on brutian pine forest ecosystems. Although the young stands showed evidence for convergence towards the conditions found in the old mature stands, more time are necessary for some attributes such as litter amount, humus, and C ratio in topsoil. Reforestation planting has a positive effect on wood production and carbon accumulation in the brutian forest ecosystems. However, it causes a decrease in the shrub lands providing important habitats for wild animals. This study suggests that a sufficient amount of old mature stands and maquis-type shrublands should be preserved intact in the heavily managed brutian pine forests.

132-141

Authors: Hasan Alkana, Güler Erol Uğur

The subject of this study is the technical assistant staff problem in forestry. The main aims of the study are; (1) The education of forest protection officers, the problems about the education and the solution suggestions of these problems, (2) The determination of forest protection officers’ problems who work at the forestry organizations and to enhance the solution suggestions of these problems, (3) The determination of the forest operation chiefs’ viewpoint towards forest protection officers, (4) The problems of forestry organizations in terms of forest protection officers and to execute the solutions. The survey study had been conducted with students (808 questionnaires), technical assistant staff (146 questionnaires), and forest engineers (289 questionnaires). According to the findings of the study, there have been substantial problems in terms of forest protection officers’ education, employment and working conditions.

153-157

Authors: Şengül Aksan, Ahmet Mert

The aim of this study was to provide information about the bird species of Isparta Atabey Plain and reveal the species diversity and their abundance. The 32.994 ha study area was divided in total of 3666 grid squares scaled with 300 m x 300 m. Observations were executed in 60 of these sample grid squares. Point counting method was conducted in these sample plots in from April to August 2015. As a result of the studies 99 species from 33 families of 16 orders were recorded. The regional status of 99 bird species are 19 resident, 1 resident and passage migrant, 27 resident and winter visitor, 2 winter visitor, 2 winter visitor and passage migrant, 8 passage migrant, 32 passage migrant and summer migrant, 5 summer migrant and 3 vagrant. Mounts were compared taking into account abundance of bird species and consequently it was found that April had the highest of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index value (H = 4.511).

166-173

Authors: Yılmaz Çatal, Siraç Güneş

Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) is the most widely distributed main tree species of Turkey and it covers approximately 5.9 million ha, accounting for 27% of the Turkey’s forests. The stand parameters must be accurately estimated for an appropriate forest management. Besides, it is important to know the stand diameter distribution for the determination of the technique, time and economic feasibility of a stand maintenance treatment. The shape of the diameter distribution is one of the important elements characterising forest stand structure. In recent years, many researches have used the statistical frequency distributions in the field of forestry. Aim of this study, alteration of the diameter distribution by site quality and age, presented by the actual structure of even aged brutian pine stands in the Isparta Forest region, has been related to the models constructed by basing on the distributions of Gamma, Beta, Normal and Weibull. The data used in the computations of models has been obtained different size 88 temporary plots contain from 6 to 21 trees. . A linear model has been constructed for each distribution, and the coefficients in the model have been computed with the help of regression analysis. Besides, standard error and multiple correlation coefficients have also been determined. Later, the estimated values that the determined models gave have been graphically compared with the actual measurements. Gamma Distribution model seems to be more suitable than other distribution models (F=55.587; p<0.001; R2=0.519). Gamma distrubution model is usable in the region for diameter distribution model.

178-186

Authors: İbrahim Bektaş, Suphi Oruç, Ayşenur Kılıç Ak

The main aim of this article is to determine some mechanical properties of pedunculate oak that is naturally grown in Dörtyol (Hatay) region and to research the relationship between these properties and the regional soil characteristics. As a result of the mechanical tests results made on the material obtained from the sample areas in the specific region, it was confirmed that compressive strength parallel to grain was 60.2 N/mm2, static bending strength was 100.7 N/mm2, modulus of elasticity was 9939.8 N/mm2, dynamic bending strength was 1.4 kgm/cm2, shear strength was 16.6 N/mm2, tensile strength parallel to grain 97.7 N/mm2, tensile strength perpendicular to the fibers was 6.6 N/mm2, janka hardness (parallel to fibers) was 98.9 N/mm2 and janka hardness (perpendicular to fibers) was 79.7 N/mm2. Regression analysis showed that density and strenghts have a positive and strongly increasing relationship, while soil analysis showed that the habitat is quiet appropriate for pedunculate oak. With the contribution of the statical and dynamic quality values calculated together with the obtained outputs within the study, it was confirmed that pedunculate oak wood can be utilized as lumber, carpentry, flooring, paneling and furniture industry together with the other areas of usage in forest product industry.

194-200

Authors: Elif Kutay Karaçor, Ezgi Akçam

Great transformations which are seen especially in urban areas lead to character and identity erosion in places, therefore collective memory disappears, as well. The relationships between people that are part of social structure are broken since losing of place identity and collective memory and accordingly sense of community disappears. Spatial awareness and environmental consciousness that increased after the industrial revolution have been discussed since from 1970’s in the sustainability framework. The concept of environmental attitude which is used to explain of environmental behavior is resulted from a particular consciousness and awareness. Aim of this study is put forward that the experimental relationship between identity perception, sense of community and environmental attitude. Interviews were conducted with 121 inhabitants of Duzce – Kultur Neighborhood that the study area. As a research method, it was applied to structural equation modelling which is used to test relationship between latent variables in social sciences. Consequently, it was determined that the concepts of place identity, sense of community and environmental attitude influence on each other.

208-214

Authors: Mehmet S. Özçelik, Kamil Şengönül, Ferhat Gökbulak

One of the primary goal of the watershed management is to maximize water yield with maximum quality in the fresh water producing. In order to fulfill this objective, some watershed management practices have been conducted. Amount of water consumption by trees and its precisely determination is important in terms of water balance equation in the watersheds. Measurement of tree transpiration by sap flow method has not been carried out so far in Turkey. Therefore, objectives of this study are to provide detailed information about measurement of transpiration by sap flow method, explain its superiorities compared to other methods and discuss its importance in watershed management concept.

1-6

Authors: Süleyman Gülcü, Samet Dirlik

In this study, genetic variations in 6 populations from the naturel distribution of Taurus fir totally 150 families (25 of each population) in terms of some juvenile seedling and one-year-old seedlings were examined. The trial was established in Eğirdir Forest Nursery. In this context, genetic and phenotypic correlations, individual and family heritabilities for each character were estimated. The obtained data were evaluated in SAS statistics package programme. According to the results, significant differences were determined both between families within population and among the populations in terms of one year old seedling properties except for epicotyl length. In addition, high and medium level individual and family heritabilities for juvenile seedling and one year old seedling characteristics were estimated. As a result, family selection within the population is more important than selection of population for breeding strategies of the species. Besides, as it showed better performance in terms of all juvenile and one year old seedling properties, Bucak population might be used as a seed source in seedling production in Egirdir Forest Nursery until new and more reliable research results have been acquired.

12-19

Authors: Süleyman Gülcü, İsmail Çelik

In this study which analyzes the effect of different tillage methods on planting success in arid and semi-arid area forestations, 12 different processes were tested. Within this scope, deep subsurface tillage in full range with double and triple ripper, top soil tillage with light and heavy disk harrow and gradoni type terrace making with two furrow plough processes were applied either singly or combined. In plantings, containerized seedlings of Black Pine, Taurus Cedar and Crimean Juniper were used. The experiment was laid out as completely randomized plot design with 3 replications in Karaman/Ayrancı region. At the end of first and second vegetation periods after planting, survival percent, sapling height, elongation of the terminal shoot and basal diameter measurements were done. Data were evaluated in SPSS statistics package program. According to Variance Analysis and Duncan test results, among processes taken to experiment, processes no 2 (double riper+gradoni terrace) and no 8 (triple riper+gradoni terrace) were included in the most successful five or six process and suggested for all three species thinking that it would be economic and enable application easiness. According to survival percent results obtained at the end of first and two vegetation processes, first of all Crimean Juniper and Taurus Cedar can be preferred in forestation in and around the experiment area due to high survival percent. Although Black pine has given 43% of survival percent as of the second year, considering its natural propagation, biological and silvicultural characteristics, it should absolutely be planted in forestation of arid and semi-arid areas.

30-36

Authors: Zeynep Eda Akıncı, Mustafa Avcı

Neodiprion sertifer is a primary insect that causes significant damage to the pine forests in the Lakes District. All aspects of this insect should be understood well to control this species, its biology should be identified under natural conditions and its natural enemies should be identified to perform biological control. Therefore, the biology of this insect was studied under the field conditions in the forests of the Lakes Region, which was our study site, where the insect caused damage and frequent epidemics, its natural enemies that were effective on the population were identified. It was found that these insects passed the winter as eggs, while the larvae hatched in late March and early April. The young larvae were observed to feed first on the leaves up to the middle nervous parts. Starting from mid-May, pupae came out between the needles and in the soil, the adults started flying in late September and until early December. These insects were found to have a wide distribution in the brutian pine plantation site and have one generation each year. Throughout the study, it was observed that the predatory species which was Troilus luridus (Fabricius, 1775) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) fed with the larvae of N. sertifer. Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood 1833) (Hymenoptera; Eulophidae) and Dipriocampe diprioni (Ferriere 1935) (Hymenoptera; Tetracampidae), as egg parasitoids, and Lamachus eques (Hartig, 1838) Agrothereutes adustus (Gravenhorst, 1829), Exenterus amictorius (Panzer, 1801) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae), Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera, Chalcidiae), Apanteles sp. (Hymenoptera; Braconidae), Mesopolobus mediterraneus (Mayr, 1903) (Hymenoptera; Pteromalidae) Drino inconspicua (Meigen, 1830) (Diptera, Tachinidae) as larval and pupa parasitoids were observed. Parasitoid species N. formosa, D. diprioni, Brachymeria sp., Apanteles sp. and M. mediterraneus were recorded for the first time in our country as the natural enemies of the harmful insects.

43-51

Authors: H.Ahmet Yolasığmaz, Burak Çavdar, Ufuk Demirci, İnci Zeynep Aydın

Growing population, industrialization and destruction of natural sources have caused carbon emission to reach critical threshold, which accordingly resulted in global problems such as; global warming and climate change. Main sources of these problems are hazardous gases on the air, particularly; carbon dioxide. The main component of carbon dioxide, carbon is stored in the soil, water and forests. According to the agreement against global climate change, most of the countries that signed the agreement are expected to measure gas amounts that they save in their forest areas and the amount of contaminating gases that are exhausted to the atmosphere. Since the subject was under debate, carbon amounts kept in the forest areas are measured by biomass calculations. The first data measured all across the country were calculated by ASAN using indices that were developed for coniferous and broad-leaved forests separately; recently, these data are measured by including damaged areas as a separate item, similar to the approach in FRA-2010 guide. It can be seen that there is a significant increase in the carbon amounts kept in the forest areas in Turkey along with increasing number of forest areas and recovery in structure. This study, which aims to show the differences between the two methods, seeks to identify the effects of different formulas and indices on total amount of carbon stocks in Artvin Forest Sub-district Directorate. As a result, carbon amounts in the study area were calculated with each method and there were significant differences found between the two methods. When different indices are used for productive and damaged areas, the approximate increase in carbon amount is 54% with an approximate 65% decrease in carbon amount in forest soil.

56-60

Authors: Sezgin Koray Gülsoy, Zehra Hürfikir, Betül Turgut

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of decreasing grammage on handsheet properties of unbeaten (15 °SR) and beaten (35 °SR) kraft pulps of European aspen (Populus tremula L.) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.). Six different basis weights from 100 g/m2 to 50 g/m2 (with 10 g/m2 intervals) were employed. Tensile index, TEA (tensile energy absorption), burst index, tear index, opacity, and apparent density of the handsheets gradually decreased with decreasing handsheet grammage. The decrease in strength properties that occurred with decreasing grammage was more evident in unbeaten pulps of both species than in beaten pulps. However, the effect of decreasing grammage on apparent density and opacity was more pronounced in beaten pulp handsheets of both species than in unbeaten pulp handsheets.

68-72

Authors: Ahmet Mert, Şengül Aksan, Ulaş Yunus Özkan, İbrahim Özdemir

Preparation of the base maps in conserving biodiversity gain importance gradually in forest inventory. Such maps are needed to either in arrangement of forest management maps, or in managing other semi-natural ecosystems. Biodiversity maps can be prepared particularly based on the variables to be easily measured such as forest structural diversity and bird species richness. Preparation of these maps for large geographic areas using field measurements and observations is difficult, costly, and time consuming. The potential of satellite data has been intensively investigated on this subject. The aim of this study is to determine the relations between bird species richness and the landscape diversity calculated based on Landsat-8 OLI data and image segmentation. The results showed that there is a statistically important relation between bird species richness and landscape diversity (r=0,58 and p<0,01). This study suggests that Landsat-8 OLI data has a great potential in modelling and mapping bird species richness. However, using satellite data alone for an accurate mapping may be insufficient. Estimation accuracy can be improved by integrating other environmental variables and features extracted from satellite data. For this purpose, to repeat this study is considered very important in larger geographic regions using more bird observation plots and sophisticated modelling methods.

83-92

Authors: Aslıhan Erdoğan, Ömer Atabeyoğlu

Today’s cities are the work of the long years of development, change and transformation. Each experienced process leaves permanent scars and heritage to the city. This heritage are elements that give historical and cultural meaning to the city. Some cities have very different historical and cultural heritage because of their strategic locations and political factors of during the period. In this context, Kayseri is a historic city which contains a rich historical texture. This diversity has an important role in shaping the today’s city. The purpose of this study is to emphasize the importance of effective use of open-green space for conservation and development of the historical and cultural heritages located in the historic city centre in the city of Kayseri as the one of the historic cities in the Turkey. Cumhuriyet Square and surrounding 6 quarters are selected as a study area and the area is restricted according to the density of hictorical structures. In the study 43 monument evaluated which are from various periods, qualities and use. The contribution of historical environment to urban identity, open green space and urban structure are evaluated by determined parameters. There are differences between 6 quarters of the area concerning the open green space presence. This shows that existing open green spaces are not distributed in a homogeneous setting in the historical city centre. As an outcome of this paper, it is stated that the uses of existing open-green space in the hictorical city centre of city Kayseri are being satisfactory as partly effectively for conservation and development of cultural heritages.

99-107

Authors: H. Oğuz Çoban

The start of space age was a milestone in the development of remote sensing. Sputnik 1, Russian satellite and Explorer 1, USA satellite which were considered as the ancestors of earth observation satellites used today were launched into space in 1957 and 1958, respectively. The space race that starter in those years led to the rapid development of remote sensing science and technology. ERTS-1 (Landsat-1) which was referred to as the first civilian earth observation satellite was launched into space in 1972. These developments including communication and global positioning systems have resulted in the launch of more than 1000 experimental or commercial satellites into space by over 50 countries. Turkey took a successful step in the earth observation satellite technology through Bilsat project in 2003. Based on the experience gained from the Bilsat project, Rasat that was the first earth observation satellite designed and manufactured in Turkey was launched in 2011. About a year later, Göktürk-2 satellite with high spatial resolution was launched into orbit by the end of 2012. Rasat has one panchromatic band with a spatial resolution of 7.5 m and three multispectral bands (blue, green and red bands) with a spatial resolution of 15 m. Göktürk-2 has a spatial resolution of 2.5 m and 5 m in panchromatic band and multispectral bands (blue, green, red and near-infrared band) respectively. In this paper, the characteristics of the earth observation systems of Turkey are presented. Moreover, the availability of the satellite images acquired from these systems for the studies related to forest ecosystem are evaluated. The success of new satellite systems that Turkey plans to launch into space in the future depends on the contributions of the universities, public and private sector organizations and the innovative impacts of the resulting experience and the observations.