Turkish Journal of Forestry

1-6

Authors: Süleyman Gülcü, Samet Dirlik

In this study, genetic variations in 6 populations from the naturel distribution of Taurus fir totally 150 families (25 of each population) in terms of some juvenile seedling and one-year-old seedlings were examined. The trial was established in Eğirdir Forest Nursery. In this context, genetic and phenotypic correlations, individual and family heritabilities for each character were estimated. The obtained data were evaluated in SAS statistics package programme. According to the results, significant differences were determined both between families within population and among the populations in terms of one year old seedling properties except for epicotyl length. In addition, high and medium level individual and family heritabilities for juvenile seedling and one year old seedling characteristics were estimated. As a result, family selection within the population is more important than selection of population for breeding strategies of the species. Besides, as it showed better performance in terms of all juvenile and one year old seedling properties, Bucak population might be used as a seed source in seedling production in Egirdir Forest Nursery until new and more reliable research results have been acquired.

12-19

Authors: Süleyman Gülcü, İsmail Çelik

In this study which analyzes the effect of different tillage methods on planting success in arid and semi-arid area forestations, 12 different processes were tested. Within this scope, deep subsurface tillage in full range with double and triple ripper, top soil tillage with light and heavy disk harrow and gradoni type terrace making with two furrow plough processes were applied either singly or combined. In plantings, containerized seedlings of Black Pine, Taurus Cedar and Crimean Juniper were used. The experiment was laid out as completely randomized plot design with 3 replications in Karaman/Ayrancı region. At the end of first and second vegetation periods after planting, survival percent, sapling height, elongation of the terminal shoot and basal diameter measurements were done. Data were evaluated in SPSS statistics package program. According to Variance Analysis and Duncan test results, among processes taken to experiment, processes no 2 (double riper+gradoni terrace) and no 8 (triple riper+gradoni terrace) were included in the most successful five or six process and suggested for all three species thinking that it would be economic and enable application easiness. According to survival percent results obtained at the end of first and two vegetation processes, first of all Crimean Juniper and Taurus Cedar can be preferred in forestation in and around the experiment area due to high survival percent. Although Black pine has given 43% of survival percent as of the second year, considering its natural propagation, biological and silvicultural characteristics, it should absolutely be planted in forestation of arid and semi-arid areas.

30-36

Authors: Zeynep Eda Akıncı, Mustafa Avcı

Neodiprion sertifer is a primary insect that causes significant damage to the pine forests in the Lakes District. All aspects of this insect should be understood well to control this species, its biology should be identified under natural conditions and its natural enemies should be identified to perform biological control. Therefore, the biology of this insect was studied under the field conditions in the forests of the Lakes Region, which was our study site, where the insect caused damage and frequent epidemics, its natural enemies that were effective on the population were identified. It was found that these insects passed the winter as eggs, while the larvae hatched in late March and early April. The young larvae were observed to feed first on the leaves up to the middle nervous parts. Starting from mid-May, pupae came out between the needles and in the soil, the adults started flying in late September and until early December. These insects were found to have a wide distribution in the brutian pine plantation site and have one generation each year. Throughout the study, it was observed that the predatory species which was Troilus luridus (Fabricius, 1775) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) fed with the larvae of N. sertifer. Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood 1833) (Hymenoptera; Eulophidae) and Dipriocampe diprioni (Ferriere 1935) (Hymenoptera; Tetracampidae), as egg parasitoids, and Lamachus eques (Hartig, 1838) Agrothereutes adustus (Gravenhorst, 1829), Exenterus amictorius (Panzer, 1801) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae), Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera, Chalcidiae), Apanteles sp. (Hymenoptera; Braconidae), Mesopolobus mediterraneus (Mayr, 1903) (Hymenoptera; Pteromalidae) Drino inconspicua (Meigen, 1830) (Diptera, Tachinidae) as larval and pupa parasitoids were observed. Parasitoid species N. formosa, D. diprioni, Brachymeria sp., Apanteles sp. and M. mediterraneus were recorded for the first time in our country as the natural enemies of the harmful insects.

43-51

Authors: H.Ahmet Yolasığmaz, Burak Çavdar, Ufuk Demirci, İnci Zeynep Aydın

Growing population, industrialization and destruction of natural sources have caused carbon emission to reach critical threshold, which accordingly resulted in global problems such as; global warming and climate change. Main sources of these problems are hazardous gases on the air, particularly; carbon dioxide. The main component of carbon dioxide, carbon is stored in the soil, water and forests. According to the agreement against global climate change, most of the countries that signed the agreement are expected to measure gas amounts that they save in their forest areas and the amount of contaminating gases that are exhausted to the atmosphere. Since the subject was under debate, carbon amounts kept in the forest areas are measured by biomass calculations. The first data measured all across the country were calculated by ASAN using indices that were developed for coniferous and broad-leaved forests separately; recently, these data are measured by including damaged areas as a separate item, similar to the approach in FRA-2010 guide. It can be seen that there is a significant increase in the carbon amounts kept in the forest areas in Turkey along with increasing number of forest areas and recovery in structure. This study, which aims to show the differences between the two methods, seeks to identify the effects of different formulas and indices on total amount of carbon stocks in Artvin Forest Sub-district Directorate. As a result, carbon amounts in the study area were calculated with each method and there were significant differences found between the two methods. When different indices are used for productive and damaged areas, the approximate increase in carbon amount is 54% with an approximate 65% decrease in carbon amount in forest soil.

56-60

Authors: Sezgin Koray Gülsoy, Zehra Hürfikir, Betül Turgut

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of decreasing grammage on handsheet properties of unbeaten (15 °SR) and beaten (35 °SR) kraft pulps of European aspen (Populus tremula L.) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.). Six different basis weights from 100 g/m2 to 50 g/m2 (with 10 g/m2 intervals) were employed. Tensile index, TEA (tensile energy absorption), burst index, tear index, opacity, and apparent density of the handsheets gradually decreased with decreasing handsheet grammage. The decrease in strength properties that occurred with decreasing grammage was more evident in unbeaten pulps of both species than in beaten pulps. However, the effect of decreasing grammage on apparent density and opacity was more pronounced in beaten pulp handsheets of both species than in unbeaten pulp handsheets.

68-72

Authors: Ahmet Mert, Şengül Aksan, Ulaş Yunus Özkan, İbrahim Özdemir

Preparation of the base maps in conserving biodiversity gain importance gradually in forest inventory. Such maps are needed to either in arrangement of forest management maps, or in managing other semi-natural ecosystems. Biodiversity maps can be prepared particularly based on the variables to be easily measured such as forest structural diversity and bird species richness. Preparation of these maps for large geographic areas using field measurements and observations is difficult, costly, and time consuming. The potential of satellite data has been intensively investigated on this subject. The aim of this study is to determine the relations between bird species richness and the landscape diversity calculated based on Landsat-8 OLI data and image segmentation. The results showed that there is a statistically important relation between bird species richness and landscape diversity (r=0,58 and p<0,01). This study suggests that Landsat-8 OLI data has a great potential in modelling and mapping bird species richness. However, using satellite data alone for an accurate mapping may be insufficient. Estimation accuracy can be improved by integrating other environmental variables and features extracted from satellite data. For this purpose, to repeat this study is considered very important in larger geographic regions using more bird observation plots and sophisticated modelling methods.

83-92

Authors: Aslıhan Erdoğan, Ömer Atabeyoğlu

Today’s cities are the work of the long years of development, change and transformation. Each experienced process leaves permanent scars and heritage to the city. This heritage are elements that give historical and cultural meaning to the city. Some cities have very different historical and cultural heritage because of their strategic locations and political factors of during the period. In this context, Kayseri is a historic city which contains a rich historical texture. This diversity has an important role in shaping the today’s city. The purpose of this study is to emphasize the importance of effective use of open-green space for conservation and development of the historical and cultural heritages located in the historic city centre in the city of Kayseri as the one of the historic cities in the Turkey. Cumhuriyet Square and surrounding 6 quarters are selected as a study area and the area is restricted according to the density of hictorical structures. In the study 43 monument evaluated which are from various periods, qualities and use. The contribution of historical environment to urban identity, open green space and urban structure are evaluated by determined parameters. There are differences between 6 quarters of the area concerning the open green space presence. This shows that existing open green spaces are not distributed in a homogeneous setting in the historical city centre. As an outcome of this paper, it is stated that the uses of existing open-green space in the hictorical city centre of city Kayseri are being satisfactory as partly effectively for conservation and development of cultural heritages.

99-107

Authors: H. Oğuz Çoban

The start of space age was a milestone in the development of remote sensing. Sputnik 1, Russian satellite and Explorer 1, USA satellite which were considered as the ancestors of earth observation satellites used today were launched into space in 1957 and 1958, respectively. The space race that starter in those years led to the rapid development of remote sensing science and technology. ERTS-1 (Landsat-1) which was referred to as the first civilian earth observation satellite was launched into space in 1972. These developments including communication and global positioning systems have resulted in the launch of more than 1000 experimental or commercial satellites into space by over 50 countries. Turkey took a successful step in the earth observation satellite technology through Bilsat project in 2003. Based on the experience gained from the Bilsat project, Rasat that was the first earth observation satellite designed and manufactured in Turkey was launched in 2011. About a year later, Göktürk-2 satellite with high spatial resolution was launched into orbit by the end of 2012. Rasat has one panchromatic band with a spatial resolution of 7.5 m and three multispectral bands (blue, green and red bands) with a spatial resolution of 15 m. Göktürk-2 has a spatial resolution of 2.5 m and 5 m in panchromatic band and multispectral bands (blue, green, red and near-infrared band) respectively. In this paper, the characteristics of the earth observation systems of Turkey are presented. Moreover, the availability of the satellite images acquired from these systems for the studies related to forest ecosystem are evaluated. The success of new satellite systems that Turkey plans to launch into space in the future depends on the contributions of the universities, public and private sector organizations and the innovative impacts of the resulting experience and the observations.