Turkish Journal of Forestry

85-93

Authors: Ayşe Gül Sarıkayaa, Hüseyin Fakir

The field surveys conducted in the Lakes District of Turkey from 2012 to 2015 revealed that Phlomis armeniaca Willd., P. bourgaei Boiss., P. grandiflora H.S. Thompson var. grandiflora, P. leucophracta P.H.Davis & Hub.-Mor., P. lycia D. Don., P. nissolii L., P. pungens var. pungens Willd., P. samia L. taxa were distributed in the region. In this study, in order to measure the morphological features of Phlomis armeniaca, P. bourgaei, P. grandiflora var. grandiflora, P. leucophracta, P. lycia, P. nissolii, P. pungens var. pungens, P. samia taxa that are distributed in the Lakes District; measurements and observations were performed using digital caliper gauge for the width, height and petiole length of 50 leaf samples from each species; calyx width, height and calyx-teeth length of 50 calyx samples from each sampled species; and also types of inflorescence, number of flowers in state of flowering. Based on the observations and measurements made; the species identification key was prepared for Phlomis L. species that were distributed in the Lakes District. Furthermore, observations relating to the characteristics of the distribution areas of Phlomis armeniaca, P. bourgaei, P. grandiflora var. grandiflora, P. leucophracta, P. lycia, P. nissolii, P. pungens var. pungens, P. samia taxa in the Lakes District are presented.

99-106

Authors: Türkay Türkoğlu, Sultan Bekiroglu, Ahmet Tolunay

Goat production is a traditional occupation, which has been performed for many centuries especially in rural regions of Turkey. Although Turkey has suitable conditions both ecological and social for goat production, the number of goats dramatically decreased in the last two decades until 2010. It was aimed to investigate current goat production system and the reasons that caused dramatic decrease of goat stocks in Turkey. Materials of study were obtained from statistical data, forest legislations, land use observations and unstructured interviews. Diagnosis and Design Methodology developed by the International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) was used to reach the results. As a result, it was identified that there were problems regarding the use of land between villagers breeding goats and the forest administration and this problem affected goat production negatively. The forestry policies implemented in Turkey aimed to decrease and even eliminate goat production based on the view that it harms forests. For this reason, the number of goats dramatically decreased to 5 million in 2009. After Turkish government allowed goat grazing in state forests using grazing management plan with a decision adopted in 2011, the effect of this change gave positive results in a short time and this number increased to about 10 million in 2014.

118-124

Authors: Ulaş Yunus Özkan, İbrahim Özdemir

The acreage of secondary brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) stands established both naturally following clearcutting and reforestation planting increases over the forest landscapes in the Mediterranean Region. Considering natural mature stands, the structural characteristics of these secondary stands should be assessed for an efficient carbon and biodiversity management in the brutian pine ecosystems. The aim of this study is to i) compare some structural attributes of the reforestation plantings and naturally regenerated stands of brutian pine in similar age and ii) to determine the trends in features regarding stand structures of reforestation and naturally regenerating stands with regard to successional stages and their convergence towards natural stand conditions. We identified eight different aged stand groups that are similar with respect to altitude, aspect, slope, soil parent material. Five stands were selected from each group. Then, 5 sampling plot randomly located were measured for each stand. Within each sample plot, we measured and calculated the attributes fallowing; basal area (m2/ha), stem volume (m3/ha), canopy caver percentage (%), litter (ton/ha), humus (ton/ha), carbon (C) ratio in topsoil (%), coarse woody debris (m3/ha), fine woody debris (ton/ha), and woody species richness. In conclusion, we can say that regeneration and reforestation practices have both positive and negative impacts on brutian pine forest ecosystems. Although the young stands showed evidence for convergence towards the conditions found in the old mature stands, more time are necessary for some attributes such as litter amount, humus, and C ratio in topsoil. Reforestation planting has a positive effect on wood production and carbon accumulation in the brutian forest ecosystems. However, it causes a decrease in the shrub lands providing important habitats for wild animals. This study suggests that a sufficient amount of old mature stands and maquis-type shrublands should be preserved intact in the heavily managed brutian pine forests.

132-141

Authors: Hasan Alkana, Güler Erol Uğur

The subject of this study is the technical assistant staff problem in forestry. The main aims of the study are; (1) The education of forest protection officers, the problems about the education and the solution suggestions of these problems, (2) The determination of forest protection officers’ problems who work at the forestry organizations and to enhance the solution suggestions of these problems, (3) The determination of the forest operation chiefs’ viewpoint towards forest protection officers, (4) The problems of forestry organizations in terms of forest protection officers and to execute the solutions. The survey study had been conducted with students (808 questionnaires), technical assistant staff (146 questionnaires), and forest engineers (289 questionnaires). According to the findings of the study, there have been substantial problems in terms of forest protection officers’ education, employment and working conditions.

153-157

Authors: Şengül Aksan, Ahmet Mert

The aim of this study was to provide information about the bird species of Isparta Atabey Plain and reveal the species diversity and their abundance. The 32.994 ha study area was divided in total of 3666 grid squares scaled with 300 m x 300 m. Observations were executed in 60 of these sample grid squares. Point counting method was conducted in these sample plots in from April to August 2015. As a result of the studies 99 species from 33 families of 16 orders were recorded. The regional status of 99 bird species are 19 resident, 1 resident and passage migrant, 27 resident and winter visitor, 2 winter visitor, 2 winter visitor and passage migrant, 8 passage migrant, 32 passage migrant and summer migrant, 5 summer migrant and 3 vagrant. Mounts were compared taking into account abundance of bird species and consequently it was found that April had the highest of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index value (H = 4.511).

166-173

Authors: Yılmaz Çatal, Siraç Güneş

Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) is the most widely distributed main tree species of Turkey and it covers approximately 5.9 million ha, accounting for 27% of the Turkey’s forests. The stand parameters must be accurately estimated for an appropriate forest management. Besides, it is important to know the stand diameter distribution for the determination of the technique, time and economic feasibility of a stand maintenance treatment. The shape of the diameter distribution is one of the important elements characterising forest stand structure. In recent years, many researches have used the statistical frequency distributions in the field of forestry. Aim of this study, alteration of the diameter distribution by site quality and age, presented by the actual structure of even aged brutian pine stands in the Isparta Forest region, has been related to the models constructed by basing on the distributions of Gamma, Beta, Normal and Weibull. The data used in the computations of models has been obtained different size 88 temporary plots contain from 6 to 21 trees. . A linear model has been constructed for each distribution, and the coefficients in the model have been computed with the help of regression analysis. Besides, standard error and multiple correlation coefficients have also been determined. Later, the estimated values that the determined models gave have been graphically compared with the actual measurements. Gamma Distribution model seems to be more suitable than other distribution models (F=55.587; p<0.001; R2=0.519). Gamma distrubution model is usable in the region for diameter distribution model.

178-186

Authors: İbrahim Bektaş, Suphi Oruç, Ayşenur Kılıç Ak

The main aim of this article is to determine some mechanical properties of pedunculate oak that is naturally grown in Dörtyol (Hatay) region and to research the relationship between these properties and the regional soil characteristics. As a result of the mechanical tests results made on the material obtained from the sample areas in the specific region, it was confirmed that compressive strength parallel to grain was 60.2 N/mm2, static bending strength was 100.7 N/mm2, modulus of elasticity was 9939.8 N/mm2, dynamic bending strength was 1.4 kgm/cm2, shear strength was 16.6 N/mm2, tensile strength parallel to grain 97.7 N/mm2, tensile strength perpendicular to the fibers was 6.6 N/mm2, janka hardness (parallel to fibers) was 98.9 N/mm2 and janka hardness (perpendicular to fibers) was 79.7 N/mm2. Regression analysis showed that density and strenghts have a positive and strongly increasing relationship, while soil analysis showed that the habitat is quiet appropriate for pedunculate oak. With the contribution of the statical and dynamic quality values calculated together with the obtained outputs within the study, it was confirmed that pedunculate oak wood can be utilized as lumber, carpentry, flooring, paneling and furniture industry together with the other areas of usage in forest product industry.

194-200

Authors: Elif Kutay Karaçor, Ezgi Akçam

Great transformations which are seen especially in urban areas lead to character and identity erosion in places, therefore collective memory disappears, as well. The relationships between people that are part of social structure are broken since losing of place identity and collective memory and accordingly sense of community disappears. Spatial awareness and environmental consciousness that increased after the industrial revolution have been discussed since from 1970’s in the sustainability framework. The concept of environmental attitude which is used to explain of environmental behavior is resulted from a particular consciousness and awareness. Aim of this study is put forward that the experimental relationship between identity perception, sense of community and environmental attitude. Interviews were conducted with 121 inhabitants of Duzce – Kultur Neighborhood that the study area. As a research method, it was applied to structural equation modelling which is used to test relationship between latent variables in social sciences. Consequently, it was determined that the concepts of place identity, sense of community and environmental attitude influence on each other.

208-214

Authors: Mehmet S. Özçelik, Kamil Şengönül, Ferhat Gökbulak

One of the primary goal of the watershed management is to maximize water yield with maximum quality in the fresh water producing. In order to fulfill this objective, some watershed management practices have been conducted. Amount of water consumption by trees and its precisely determination is important in terms of water balance equation in the watersheds. Measurement of tree transpiration by sap flow method has not been carried out so far in Turkey. Therefore, objectives of this study are to provide detailed information about measurement of transpiration by sap flow method, explain its superiorities compared to other methods and discuss its importance in watershed management concept.