Central European Journal of Botany

3-8

Authors: Huda Dhaher Al-Marsomy, Qudus Wamidh Jamal, Zainab Abed Muhsin AL-Haboobi

Parasitology is a branch of biology that studies the interaction of two microorganisms, one of whom benefits and the other threatens. Previously include Bacteria, Fungi and viruses, now are limited to parasitic protozoa, helminthis, arthropods and species of arthropods serve as a vector for parasite. Six important human tropical illnesses are known and five are parasitic diseases. Parasitic diseases are high prevalence in developing countries where poverty and poor hygiene are predominant. As a result, using chemical drugs is costlier. For thousands of years humans used herbal plants for treatment as a science named herbal medicine (botanical medicines or phytomedicine). Because of their efficacy, safety, low cost, and lesser side effects, traditional herbal medicine is often used as the first line of protection in disease treatment by 80 percent of the world's population. Nigella sativa has been used for medicinal purposes and food from ancients , both as a herb and oil. N. sativa belong to the genus Nigella. This review aims to investigate the possibility of using black seeds as a therapeutic agent in protozoal and helminthic disease based on published data.

13-25

Authors: Ömer Kiliç, Meryem Kök, Şinasi Yildirimli

Diabetes is one of the most common diseases globally, it leads to hyperglycemia and prolonged hyperglycemia can cause severe immortalities every system of the human body; change in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and in the long term, with eye, kidney, cardiovascular, and neurological complications. In spite of the developments in medicinal chemistry, traditional medicine is still a common practice for the treatment of diabetes. The number of studies on plants used by the public in diabetes is few. Conventionally there are some medicines to treat diabetes mellitus but desired effective treatment is still not to be achieved. Thus, it is essential to look for more effective antidiabetic agents with fewer side effects like natural medicinal and aromatic plants. However some medicinal and aromatic plant derived products have proven to be effective and safe in the treatment of various types of diabetes mellitus. So researches are going on for the development of alternative effective therapy against this common disease. In Turkey ethnobotany, some medicinal and aromatic plants have been used as blood sugar lowering agents. Turkish flora with more than 13.000 plant taxa and medicinal plants are widely used traditionally for the prevention and cure of diabetes and many of them are used for different purposes. This article consists of 147 plant taxa which are reported to have good antidiabetic property and 39 plant taxa from Çelikhan (Adıyaman-Turkey) provinces which have potential antidiabetic property. In addition this study focuses on diabetes mellitus and the role of plants in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Turkey, in order to provide additional information for healthcare professionals.

3-6

Authors: Iliyasu A.A. Ibrahim, Muhammad Chindo

The research was piloted to establish the hepatotoxic potentials of the leaf extract of Vitex dodiana on liver enzymes of apparently healthy albino rats. A total of sixteen (16) albino rats were clustered into four (4) groups of four (4) rats each designated as group A – D, Group A served as control while groups B, C and D were treated with 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg aqueous leaves of extract of Vitex dodiana respectively for a period of two weeks. The liver enzymes were determined using spectrophotometric methods. The activity of AST was slightly decreased to 6.5±0.20 in the rats treated with 200 mg/kg body weight of the extract and slightly decreased to 5.2±0.12 and 5.0±0.33 in the rats treated with 300 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the extracts respectively when compared with untreated group (5.6±0.15) with no significant (P > 0.05) differences. The activity of ALT was slightly decreased to 2.5±0.11 in the rats treated with 300mg/kg body weight of the extracts and slightly increased to 2.64±0.17 and decreased to 2.4±0.04 in the rats treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the extracts respectively when compared with untreated group (2.8±0.31) with no significant (P > 0.05) difference. The result of ALP also showed no significant (P < 0.05) difference of serum ALP activity, though it was observed in the rats treated with 400 mg/kg body weight of the extracts the serum concentration decreased to 100.06±0.66, and 102.44±2.34 at 300 mg/kg body weight and 104.56±1.20 at 200 mg/kg body weight of the extracts, but no significant (P > 0.05) difference was observed when compared with untreated group (106.26±8.51). The results revealed no significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the activity of serum liver enzymes of the rats treated with the three different doses of Vitex dodiana extract when compared with control rats. In conclusion, acute oral administration of aqeous extract of Vitex dodiana was found to be relatively safe.

12-17

Authors: Muhammad Zafar, Omer Kılıç, Mushtaq Ahmad, Lubna

The present study is insight into foliar epidermal anatomy for characterizing species and their utility in the taxonomic separation of certain taxa of family of Vitaceae from Pakistan. The studied foliar micromorphology of 5 species; Parthenocissus semicordata (Wall.) Planch, Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch, Ampelopsis vitifolia (Boiss.) Planch. subsp. hazaraganjiensis Nazim & Qaiser, Cissus trifoliata (L.) L., and Cissus quadrangularis L. was analysed and documented using Light microscopy (LM) for both qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Epidermal cells observed were either polygonal or irregular shaped, with straight or undulate anticlinal walls. Two types of stomata observed were paracytic and anomocytic with elliptical shaped guard cell all the studied species except adaxial surface of Parthenocissus semicordata, Parthenocissus tricuspidata and Ampelopsis vitifolia subsp. hazaraganjiensis. Trichomes were conical shaped, non-glandular either unicellular or multicellular. The quantitative parameters studied were size (length and width) of stomata, subsidiary cell, guard cells, stomatal pore, stomatal complex, trichomes. There was much variation in the size of all the parameters investigated. These anatomical features may help in the discrimination of studied taxa and are of much significance for the plant taxonomist in the correct identification of taxa.

3-21

Authors: Fazal Hadi, Muhammad Ibrar a, Ömer Kiliç

Kalash valley is famous all over the world for its inhabitants having indigenous culture, religion, language and considered to be the descendants of Alexander the Great living in this rigged mountainous series of Hindukush range. Frequent field visits were carried out during 2013−2016 years for the collection of plant samples and documentation of related data. Then the collected plants samples were properly pressed and identified with the help of different volumes of Flora of Pakistan and other available literature. The study showed 389 species belong to 237 genera and 88 families including 62 dicots, 11 monocots, 7 pteridophytes, 4 bryophytes, 3 gymnosperms and 1 fungi family. Species distribution indicated 307 dicots, 55 monocots, 12 pteridophytes, 10 gymnosperms, 4 bryophytes and 1 fungi species. Asteraceae was detected dominant (49 taxa) family followed by Poaceae (36 spp.), Brassicaceae (25 taxa), Lamiaceae (22 spp.), Rosaceae (22 spp.), Fabaceae (16 spp.) and Apiaceae (13 spp.). The remaining families had 12 or less species. The life form classes indicated 205 therophytes, 56 geophytes and 46 hemicryptophytes species while nanophylls (178 spp.) mesophylls (72 spp.) and leptophylls (53 spp.) were dominant leaf spectra classes. The present study is first ever record of floristic diversity of Kalash valley and includes some new reports. The findings will be helpful in future detail studies on plant resources of the area.

3-6

Authors: Magda D. Davitashvili, Lamara D. Zuroshvili, Gela S. Azikuri

The physiological features of nutrition of some phytopathogenic bacteria were studied. Attention was focused on the selection of nutrient media, for virulence is in correlation with the nutrition of bacteria. Natural and synthetic media were selected to obtain a large quantity of biomass, accelerate growth, activate some enzymic systems and pigmentation, as well as to ensure long-term preservation of cultures in the condition of intensive vital activity. In connection with the dynamics of the development of the bacterial infection in plants the duration of phase development in different media was studied.

12-20

Authors: Avni Öztürk, Ömer Kılıç

The science searching the developmental process like the budding, leafing and flowering timing and period of plant is called phenology. In other terms, phenology is broadly defined as the study of recurring plant and animal life cycle stages, especially their timing and relationships with weather and climate. Phenology (from the Greek phainein, to show or appear) is the study of the timing of these life-history events. In plants, bud-burst, leaf-expansion, abscission, flowering, fertilisation, seedset, fruiting, seed dispersal and germination all take place in due season. In the present study is aimed to investigate the flowering phenology of some plants grown in Van located in the surrounding of the world’s biggest soda lake where terrestrial climate, sunny days of the year and steppe vegetation are dominant. Investigation of flowering phenology is important in terms of developing strategies against freezing especially for cultivated plants. The factors effecting flowering phenology are; temperature, photoperiod, altitude, location and fertilizing of plants. In this study, flowering time of some plants were determined in 2013, 2014 from Zeve Campus area of Yüzüncü Yıl University located in B9 square where the altitude is between 1650-1680 m. In this study flowering period of 132 plant species belong to 33 families were determined.

28-30

Authors: Tamar Nadiradze

The article discusses the introduction results of two genera species of Pinaceae family, genus pinus and genus picea, introduced in Eastern Georgia. We have studied the periods of bud opening, vegetation ending, starting and finishing of cambium action, sprout woodening process, time and rate of growing in height, and regularities of accumulation-transformation of storage carbohydrates. The studies revealed that the annual development cycle of all these species includes all morphological-physiological periods: sprout growth, latent growth, organic and forced rest. They are characterized by the good growth-development; almost all of them are perspective for eastern Georgia, particularly, for all regions of inner Kakheti. However, in recent years, massive drying up of pine forests groves takes place in eastern Georgia. That is why it is necessary to conduct the fitopatologic research, identify the pest causing the damage and plan the measures against it.

4-54

Authors: Alevtina N. Danilova, Aydar A. Sumbembaev

The article provides a phitocenotic characteristic of the two rare species of Poaceae family in the flora of Narymskiy ridge: Hordeum bogdanii Wilensky и Elytrigia elongatiformis (Drob.) Nevski. Are given geobotanical description and condition of species in this moment. The study established that Hordeum bogdanii forms a micro-population in the south-western foothills of Narymskiy ridge and forms phytocenosis (Hordeum bogdanii Wilensky, Agrostis stolonifera L., Festuca pratensis Huds.). The species occupies a restricted site area of 1600 m². During initial field surveys, the species was recognized as unpromising introduction to testing as a forage plant in the region. Elytrigia elongatiformis (Drob.) Nevski was forming phytocenosis (Urtica cannabina L., Elytrigia elogatiformis (Drob.) Nevski). The species occupies only 1.5 hectares. Recommended for involvement in culture as a hay-pasture.

16-25

Authors: Serik A. Kubentaev

This article presents the results of the research resources of volodushki mnogogolosnoy on the ridges Sarymsakty southern Altai and Tarbagatai. Provides information on reserves and ecological and biological characteristics of Bupleurum multinerve DC. Based on the analysis of the obtained results found that the surveyed territories the population of volodushki mnogogolosnoy form of industrial stocks of raw materials and can be used for industrial logging pharmaceutical companies.

33-37

Authors: Avni Öztürk, Ömer Kılıç

In this study, distribution of Veronica taxa throughout the world that distrubuted from Turkey were explained. This subject has been considered in this article firstly as original and scientific. More than 80 species of Veronica genus are found in Turkey which is small region comparing to world land and the endemism rate of Veronica taxa is very high in Turkey. This suggest that Veronica taxa on the world may originate from Turkey. The richness and distibution of Veronica taxa may be affected by different factors; geomorphologic structure, climate changes in the region, specific sediments belong to geologic period, positioned in the moderate zone as a geographic situation and even paleomorphologic, paleogeographic and paleoclimatologic changes. Also, historical, ethnographical and some other natural factors have affected this distribution. In the earth, although Turkey is a small region but contains high number of Veronica taxa. Turkey is situated in the geometrical center of the disribution of Veronica in the earth. It can be concluded that Turkey is the original centre of Veronica genus and gene center according to scientific and theoritic data.

44-54

Authors: Abdrahman N. Suleimenov, Nugman K. Aralbai, Altay N. Aralbaev

The plant genetic resources are the biological basis of food security and livelihoods of a country. The Republic of Kazakhstan has signed and ratified the Convention on biodiversity conservation. It involves a number of international obligations, including the responsibility for the conservation and development of genetic resources on a national scale. The need to protect and rationally use of the gene pool of plants is determined by the fact that many wild relatives of cultivated plants are under the immediate threat of genetic erosion. The paper provides a list of alternative vitamin-sugar of plants of the natural ecosystems of Eastern Kazakhstan with indication of the used parts of plants, ecological-coenotic and geographic characteristics. Also developed a classification of food plant species and indicated 5 groups of alternative food plants. According to research from 110 species 32 species, i.e. about 30 % are obligate vitamin – sugar.