The Indonesian Biomedical Journal

85-101

Authors: Anna Meiliana, Nurrani Mustika Dewi, Andi Wijaya

BACKGROUND: Obesity has been decades become a highly interest study, accompanied by the realization that adipose tissue (AT) plays a major role in the regulation of metabolic function. CONTENT: In past few years, adipocytes classification, development, and differentiation has been significant changes. The white adipose tissue (WAT) can transform to a phenotype like brown adipose (BAT) type and function. Exercise and cold induction were the most common factor for fat browning; however batokines such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, interleukin (IL)-6, Slit homolog 2 protein (SLIT2)-C, and Meteorin-like protein (METRNL) perform a beneficial browning action by increasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α protein levels, a key factor to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) transcription, thus change the WAT phenotype into beige. SUMMARY: AT recently known as a complex organ, not only bearing a storage function but as well as the master regulator of energy balance and nutritional homeostasis; brown and beige fat express constitutively high levels of thermogenic genes and raise our expectation on new strategies for fighting obesity and metabolic disorders.

109-14

Authors: Yanuarita Tursinawati, Rifqi Fauzan Hakim, Afiana Rohmani, Arum Kartikadewi, Ferry Sandra

BACKGROUND: The health data of Central Java, Indonesia showed that diabetes mellitus (DM) was the second most increasing non-communicable disease in the province. More than 20 genes have been reported to be associated with DM. Calpain-10 (CAPN10) polymorphism has been reported to be associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). However, the association between CAPN10 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-19 and T2DM among Javanese ethnics has never been reported. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the association. METHODS: After fasting for 8 hours, blood samples were drawn from veins of 107 T2DM and 107 non diabetic subjects. A half of the drawn blood was collected for identification of CAPN10 SNP-19, and another half for measuring triglycerides and fasting blood glucose (FBG). Identification of CAPN10 SNP-19 was performed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, while measurement of triglycerides and FBG with colorimetric enzymatic method. RESULTS: The number of T2DM Javanese subjects with 2R/3R and 3R/3R CAPN10 SNP-19 genotypes was significantly higher than the number of T2DM Javanese subjects with 2R/2R genotype (p=0.002). When each number of 2R/3R and 3R/3R T2DM subjects was compared with the number of 2R/2R T2DM subjects, the number of 2R/3R T2DM subjects was significantly higher than the number of 2R/2R T2DM subjects (p=0.000). CONCLUSION: Javanese subjects with 2R/3R and 3R/3R CAPN10 SNP19 genotypes might have susceptibility of T2DM.

124-9

Authors: Juminten Saimin, Hartati Hartati, Yenti Purnamasari, Sufiah Asri Mulyawati, Tien Tien, Pranita Ayitrina

BACKGROUND: The access to safe drinkingwater is increasingly difficult, especially in water catchment or coastal areas. Due to the difficulty, people in coastal areas tend to consume ready-to-use refilled drinking-water. However, the sanitation facilities on most drinking-water refill depots do not meet the requirements, hence really prone to microbial contamination. We conducted this study to determine the types of bacteria causing the contamination of refilled drinking-water from refill depots in Abeli, a coastal area in Kendari. METHODS: Samples were collected from all 6 drinkingwater refill depots in Abeli. Three-series fermentation tubes were used for the microbiological test, including the presumptive, confirmative and completed tests. The biochemical test was performed with indole test, methyl red test, Voges-Proskauer test, and citrate utilization test (IMViC) methods and the triple sugar iron agar (TSIA) test. RESULTS: Among 6 refilled drinking-water samples, we found the growth of coliform bacterial colonies in 3 samples, exhibiting various characteristics. Based on the characteristics, both microbiological and biochemical, the identified bacteria were Proteus sp., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella oxytoca. CONCLUSION: Bacteria that contaminated refilled drinking-water in Abeli were Proteus sp., E. coli and K. oxytoca. Continuous supervision is required to ensure the quality of water from drinking-water refill depots.

136-42

Authors: Astuti Giantini, Dewi Wulandari, Siskawati Suparmin

BACKGROUND: Syphilis and yaws are the treponemal infections which have become serious public health problems, and both are serologically indistinguishable. Developed serological tests for syphilis may also be used to diagnose yaws. In remote area, test modality with minimal requirements were needed. This study investigated the diagnostic value of syphilis rapid diagnostic test (RDT) in diagnosing syphilis and yaws. METHODS: For syphilis diagnostic test, serum samples were obtained from patients of outpatient clinic in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital who were sent for rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) to clinical laboratory of the hospital. The serum samples were collected and stored at -80°C until the day of testing for syphilis RDT and fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-Abs). For yaws diagnostic test, serum samples were obtained as a part of surveillance study of yaws among children 1-15 years old in West Halmahera. Venous blood samples were used for syphilis RDT and the sera were separated and were sent to Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital for RPR, TPHA, and FTA-Abs tests. RESULTS: For syphilis diagnostic test, among 156 samples, 39 samples were positive with syphilis RDT. The sensitivity of syphilis RDT was similar to RPR and TPHA (100.0%), the specificity was same as TPHA (77.5%), but lower than RPR (84.8%) when compared to FTA-Abs IgM. The sensitivity of syphilis RDT was 62.5% and the specificity was 96.0% when compare to FTA-Abs IgG. For yaws diagnostic test, among 176 samples, 13 samples were positive with syphilis RDT. By using FTA-Abs IgM as gold standard for diagnosing yaws, the RDT have similar sensitivity (50.0%) with RPR and TPHA and syphilis RDT have similar specificity to TPHA (93.1%). If compared to FTA-Abs IgG, the sensitivity of syphilis RDT was 40.0% and the specificity was 98.0%. CONCLUSION: Syphilis RDT gives similar results with TPHA in syphilis and yaws cases. It may be used as a first line screening test latent or untreated syphilis and yaws because of good sensitivity. For yaws diagnosis Syphilis RDT, RPR, and TPHA have low sensitivity, however all those tests have an excellent agreement.

149-56

Authors: Desy Wulandari, Wisnu Barlianto, Tita Luthfia Sari

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D plays essential role in the regulation of inflammation, such as in pathogenesis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). Vitamin D deficiency has been reported among JIA patients, but there were conflicting results regarding the correlation with disease activity. This study aimed to assess vitamin D serum level and its correlation with C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and disease activity in JIA patients. METHODS: Children who were diagnosed with JIA according to International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) criterias were enrolled as JIA group subjects, while age and sex-matched healthy children were enrolled as the control group subjects. Vitamin D and CRP serum level were measured. Disease activity of JIA patients was calculated by Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score-27 (JADAS-27). RESULTS: Vitamin D serum level was lower in the JIA group compared to the healthy control group (p=0.000). Among 26 JIA patients, 61.5% were deficient, 30.8% were insufficient, and 7.7% had normal vitamin D. No significant different in CRP level between vitamin D group (p=0.441), but there was significant different in JADAS-27 (p=0.001). The mean of CRP and JADAS-27 were found highest in vitamin D deficiency group. Vitamin D serum level was negatively correlate with CRP (p=0.021, r=-0.452) and JADAS-27 (p=0.001 r=-0.595). CONCLUSION: Low level of vitamin D in JIA patients was inversely related to higher CRP and disease activity, suggesting that vitamin D supplementation could be have potential role in JIA treatment.

165-76

Authors: Sahar Youssef

BACKGROUND: Diclofenac sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory prescription, widely used in the management of many inflammatory diseases but the side effects limiting its clinical use. The present work was carried out to detect the ameliorative effect of vitamin D against diclofenac sodium induced gastric injury in adult male albino rats. METHODS: Forty adult male Wistar albino rats were classified into four groups: G-I received no treatment (control group), G-II orally received 500 IU/kg of vitamin D daily, G-III intraperitoneally received 3 mg/kg of diclofenac sodium daily, and G-IV received both 500 IU/kg of vitamin D and 3 mg/kg of diclofenac sodium daily for 14 days. Specimens from rats' stomach were processed for light microscopy. Immunohistochemical examination was carried out to detect inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). The morphometric results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: Gastric sections of G-III displayed inflammatory cellular infiltrations and dilated congested blood vessels. Some of the gastric gland cells showed cytoplasmic vacuolation, dilated gastric pits, and cystic dilatation. There was a significant increased Masson's trichrome stain and a significant decrease in PAS. The mean area percentage of iNOS and α-SMA expression showed a statistically significant increase. The PCNA positive cells were significantly decreased in the isthmus and neck region compared with the control. While in contrast, G-IV prevented the gastric injury by increasing PAS and PCNA but decreasing Masson's trichrome stain, iNOS and α-SMA expression. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D administration prevented the structural alterations of the gastric rat induced by diclofenac sodium.

183-8

Authors: Sela Septima Mariya, Fitriya Nur Annisa Dewi, Eric Hayes, Villiandra Villiandra, Yasmina Arditi Pramastri, Diah Iskandriati, Uus Saepuloh, Joko Pamungkas, I Nengah Budiarsa, Dondin Sajuthi

BACKGROUND: C-C motif Ligand 7 (CCL7) has been reported to be associated with asthma severity in humans. Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis; Mf) are often used as animal model of asthma but little is known about Mf genetic profile such as polymorphism. Our aim was to identify CCL7 polymorphism in Mf as a potential surrogate marker for identification of allergen responsiveness in the Mf model of asthma. METHODS: Real-time PCR was performed on archive of bronchoalveolar fluid samples previously collected from Mf that were exposed to allergen. Expression of CCL7 mRNA was evaluated, and sequencing technique was used to identify polymorphism in this gene. RESULTS: The results showed that CCL7 expression did not differ between Mf, despite a trend of lower expression in Mf that exhibited high response to allergen. By direct DNA sequencing of CCL7, 10 sequence variants were identified; three in promoter region (-460 G/A, -459 A/G, -456 -/A ), two in exon 1 (9 A/G, 65 G/C), four in intron 1 (135 T/C, 254 T/C, 420 T/C, 453 A/G), and one in intron 2 (1205 T/A). CONCLUSION: There was an association between Mf sensitivity to allergen with CCL7 promoter polymorphism at (-456 -/A). These results suggest that CCL7 may be a potential genetic marker to identify Mf sensitivity to allergen, which could be a useful tool to efficiently select for Mf model of asthma.