European Journal of Physical Education and Sport

116-122

Authors: Rozi Georgiaa, Thanopoulos Vassiliosa, Dopsaj Milivoj

Blood lactate is an index of maximum anaerobic capacity (Troup et al., 1992). Furthermore, is a biomechanical parameter that presents the most impressive accumulation changes in muscles and blood during exercise, in a way that by measuring it we can obtain important information about maximum swimming efforts (Mougios, 2002). Lactate accumulation in blood has been observed in several swimming tests. One of those is swimming with apnea that aims at the increase of the athlete’s endurance allowing him to swim some meters underwater. However, one of the adaptations of apnea is for sure the improvement of keeping ones breath (Van-Ness, Town, 1989). Apnea remains a popular type of training for elite swimmers maybe because it also provokes other training effects that are not yet recognized (Maglischo, 2003). The aim of this study is to examine lactate accumulation in blood and heart rate in the test of 4x50m with two different tests: a) freestyle swimming and b) freestyle swimming with dynamic apnea, between male and female swimmers. 12 male and female sprint swimmers of freestyle participated in this research. Firstly, they swam 4x50m freestyle swimming with maximum intensity. Secondly, they swam the same distance with 14-15m underwater movement and for the rest 35m they swam freestyle with maximum intensity. After each effort, blood lactate, heart rate and performance time were recorded. For the analysis of the results, multivariate analysis of variance was applied (MANOVA). No statistical significant differences for the measured variables between the test of apnea and the test without apnea for the measured variables. Differences were only observed on performance time between male and female.

131-135

Authors: Martin Horička

Our research is focused on the influence of the snowboarder psychological preparation and on the level of changes in personal features and character with the aim of increasing her sport performance during the trials. With the questionnaire SPIDO and the test TCI-R we will find out the personal features and personal descriptions, especially the level of her extroversion or introversion, emotional stability or instability (neurocentrism). With aimed psychological preparation realized during her preparation time we will try to influence her personal features (shortterm psychological statuses) to create a better sport performance on the trials. Our partial task shows a minimal difference between the TCI-R test results and questionnaire SPIDO that happened between the entrance measurement (realized at 10.2.2015) and final measurement (realized at 27.5.2016). During the control period there was not a big difference between the results. The reason is that the pedagogical experiment was applied during very short time.

149-153

Authors: J.P. Verma, Prasenjeet Biswas, Anshuman Mishra, Narendra Gangwar

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different cardio machine exercise on the sweat loss. Twelve subjects (6 male and 6 female) in the age range 20 to 35 years were taken as subjects in the study. Subjects were asked to exercise for 30 minutes on each machine while maintaining the exercise intensity in between 65 % to 75 % of maximum heart rate. On each machine before and after exercise, weight of the subjects was measured in kg. During exercise the temperature and humidity of the room were maintained at 260 C and 54.3 % respectively. The data so obtained in the study was analyzed using the randomized block design where gender was the between factor and machine was the within factor. The analysis showed that the effect of exercise machine on sweat loss was significant whereas the effect of gender and interaction (gender × machine) was not significant. Significant sweat loss occurred on treadmill in comparison to bicycle ergometer and stepper. No difference was observed in the amount of sweat loss on bicycle ergometer and stepper. On the basis of the study it is concluded that the reduction of weight due to the sweat loss should not be seen as a reflection of amount of fat reduced from the body during exercise. The study suggested that the cycling and stepper should be preferred over treadmill running as the weight loss due to sweat production was significantly lower than the treadmill.

72-78

Authors: Vladimir E. Afonshin, Valery V. Rozhentsov

When computer-assisted training is used the content is provided in a certain order with relatively small portions (steps). When developing training programmes of the basic elements of a hockey stick or ball handling, the number of steps depends on the complexity of the techniques to be trained. Each step of the programme includes introductory, informational, operational and control frames. The introductory frame is a pedagogical task of creating a motivation and an overview of the competitive activity. The informational frame is transfer of theoretical knowledge when studying a particular method of action (explanation, demonstration, repeated and contrast demonstration, demonstration accompanied by simultaneous explanation). The operational frame includes practical drills – the exercises aimed at mastering the action trained. The control frame serves to perform a test to check the quality of the techniques proficiency and the effectiveness of training. The test and drills are performed on the playing ground with computer-controlled light emitters, generating unallowed light dynamic areas to be evaded by an athlete and/or sports implement. These areas emulate counter-players’ actions and while moving, put obstacles on the athlete’s way. The zones are moving following the course of straight lines up to meeting with the boundaries of the training area or among themselves. After colliding, as absolutely elastic bodies, they are moving until colliding again according to the laws of mechanics. The technique training programme is selected, for example, consisting of two basic elements – groundmoves with the subsequent handling of the sports implement. When at the first step, the trainee evaluates the emulated game situation, adjusts his/her speed and technical capacities to the dynamics of unallowed zones movement and then, at the second step, he/she performs the groundmoves. If there are no errors, the diameter and/or the speed of the unallowed zones is increased until the trainee fails to accurately perform the action being trained. Then, having mastered the groundmoves, the trainee learns to perform the second element – passing the implement to one of the fellow trainees. When testing the skill of the action handling, the diameter, the movement speed and the number of the unallowed areas are assigned according to the athlete’s proficiency level.

89-96

Authors: Anup De, Samiran Mondala

Background: The practice of yoga includes static and dynamic postures (asanas), breathing manipulations (pranayama) and meditation (dhyana). Yoga is a tool which works in the gross body level to the shuttle mind level. Yoga is a simple and inexpensive health regimen that can be incorporated as an effective adjuvant therapy for the improvement of brain and mental activity. Aim: To review scientific literatures related to yoga practice and brain function. Method: Researchers collected scientific evidences through electronic databases; Pubmed, Embase, Medline, Google Scholar, Google Advance Search, PsycINFO, ROAJ, DOAJR, Web of Science and critically analyzed the entire relevant article according to the nature of this study. Findings:Combined yogic practices improve memory which can influence the academic performance of the students. Meditation practices improve higher level of concentration and consciousness which may reduce the psychic disorder. Pranayama practice may be applied as alternative therapy for reducing stress related diseases Conclusions: Regular yogic practices may improve brain and others neuro cognitive functions.

103-107

Authors: J.P. Verma, J.P. Bhukar, Prasenjeet Biswas

This study was undertaken to develop different predictive models for the active college males in the age range of 18–24 years. The reference variable was the fat percentage measured with bio-electrical impendence. Five sets of independent models were generated with girth alone, skinfold alone, girth with demographic, skinfold with demographic and all together. Step-wise multiple regression was carried out in each category of variables and the best model from each category was identifies and compared. The analysis revealed that the best model evolved when all the variables were used with a R2 value of 0.797. The model with girth and demographic variables resulted in R2 of 0.793. Since girth is easier to measure, the second model may be used for the estimation in field situation. However, the model demands validation in a larger population.

34-40

Authors: Vladimir E.Afonshin, Valery V.Rozhentsov

It is proposed that the training session be conducted on the ground with controlled light-dynamic illumination to be generated by small-size laser or other light emitters fastened on the athlete’s head. For safety the emitters are to be installed so as to prevent the trainee’s eyes from direct emanation. The emitters create mobile unallowed and allowed zones seen as the figures of various shape to be used for simulation of the training modes. The figures are controlled by software and hardware system including a gyroscopic orientation system of light emitters and a system of positioning of the athlete on the playing court. The system of gyroscopic orientation of light emitters is placed together with the emitters and depending on the head rotation, neck bends and vertical movements of the athlete's head and his/her movements on the playing court during the training session. The system of gyroscopic orientation automatically adjusts the position of the figures, while maintaining their target location and movement set by the selected training programme. The training can take place outside of specially equipped athletic field, on any smooth surface. The contours of the mobile unallowed and allowed zones are clearly visible and have no shadow formations. The method of motor skills development proposed incorporates the principles and techniques of sports coaching used for training both certain athletes and sports teams. The method facilitates in personalising the training tasks, acquiring playing skills by simulating different complex game situations, improving the efficiency of training, bringing it closer to the real play conditions, developing game thinking. The method can be used for training teams of different profile specialising in football, hockey, handball, rugby, basketball and other team sports.

46-57

Authors: Serena W.J. Khong, Pui W. Kong

The traditional approach to evaluate gymnastics by subjective rating requires an experienced eye, posing challenges to teachers and coaches who may not have the necessarypersonal experience. This study presented a simple and objective method for analyzing a dynamic, asymmetrical and multi-planar gymnastics skill (cartwheel). Two studies were conducted to analyze videos of cartwheel performances by quantifying ankle, knee, hip, shoulder, and torso angles using an open source freeware. Study 1 tested whether the method could differentiate between highly trained gymnasts and novices, and assessed the reliability of the method. Study 2 evaluated whether the method could track the progression of novice learners: Performances of an experimental and a control groups were compared before and after a 20-minute intervention. Results showed excellent intra- and inter-rater reliability (intra-class correlation > 0.90, standard error of measurement < 5°). Highly trained gymnasts displayed better forms than novices at the ankle, knee, shoulder and torso (all p < 0.05).After brief practice, novel learners showed improvements at the knees (p = 0.007) and ankles (group × time p = 0.05) when performing a cartwheel. In conclusion, the proposed video analysis method demonstrated good potential for assessing the cartwheel in a simple and objective way.

63-68

Authors: Zerf Mohammed

Seen the Soccer Accuracy kicking is formulated based on the esteem of the player. Our interest in this study came from the reality of the means of assessment available to Algerian coaches. Where the Limitations of existing methods for evaluation of kicking success in soccer, do not allow them to judge the progress of them players. The objectives of this study are to determine the impact of vessel information on Accuracy kicking success among 20 soccer players under18 years, representing the team Sidibel abbes for year 2014-2015 in Algerian championship according to them results in the proposed situations case the Eye dominance and Binocular vision in accuracy test. Based on statistical analysis applied, we confirm: • There is a strong positive correlation relationship between the proposed visual situations (Eye dominance- Binocular). • The weakness of the research sample in binocular vison situation return to the ability of brain to judge the received images from the both eyes. • Developing estimations accuracy kicking success required that the dominant eye must provide the most of the visual input to the brain. Where the most important factors influence the Accuracy kicking success among our soccer in the frequent situation consisted in the conflict between dominant eye and weak.

4-9

Authors: Vladimir E. Afonshin a , Valery V. Rozhentsov

The training session of technical techniques is proposed to conduct on the playing ground where computer-controlled light emitters create allowed and unallowed light dynamic zones. Each athlete is to be placed in one of the allowed zones and to execute with an implement some techniques directed with his breast on the light guide mark created outside the allowed zone. The athlete holding an implement is not allowed to go out of the permitted area. In the course of the training session unpredictably for an athlete the position, the shape and the area of the permitted and unallowed zones is changed. The athlete’s going into the unallowed zone or performing techniques in the position not-oriented on the guide mark is considered to be an error. If the errors are none, the allowed zone area is reduced and the intensity of the session is increased until the athlete commits an error. By the minimum square of the allowed zone, the maximum speed of its movement that the athlete performing the exercise does not commit any errors, they evaluate the athlete’s technical skill. The proposed technology facilitates in faster mastering the play technique, unlocking the individual technical features and enhancing them at any stage of the professional career. The technology can be used for the technical training of athletes of different professional profiles specializing in football, hockey, handball, basketball and other sports that require implement handling.

17-23

Authors: Maria Mitsiou, Paraskevi Giagazoglou, Maria Sidiropoulou, Georgios Kotsikas, Vasileios Tsimaras, Eleni Fotiadou

The aim of the current study was the examination of disorders in motor coordination of 8/9-year-old school aged children and the detection of possible differences in balance performance between those children assessed with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and matched peers. It was found that 20 children out of the total number of 200 participating in this study, exhibited definite motor difficulties indicating a DCD disorder.The 20 students diagnosed with DCD were matched one by one with typically developing children participated in a detailed study of balance control. The main finding of the present study was the ability to control balance in both Anterior Posterior (A/P) and Medio Lateral (M/L) directions was inferior in students with DCD than in typically developing children. The findings reinforce the need for the evaluation of balance performance in school-aged children, in order specific individual motor profiles to be established for optimizing and adapting appropriate intervention programs.