Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

6

Authors: Abdul Maalik1, Sidra Saleem2, Riffatullah3*, Urooj Afreen1

Hypertension and diabetes mellitus disorders are the leading cause of death and initiative of other diseases at the time of delivery or pregnancy. It can leads to maternal, neonatal or fetal morbidity or mortality in all over the world. Therefore, the study has been conducted to determine the effect of hypertension and diabetes mellitus on adverse perinatal outcomes and the study have been conducted in tertiary centers. The frequency of hypertension as well as diabetes mellitus has been explored in the study in pregnancy and its association was found with gestational age and stillbirth. Objective: The study was conducted to find frequency of hypertension and diabetes mellitus on pregnancy and its association with gestational age and stillbirth. Study Design: The population-based study was conducted for the analysis of effect of hypertension and diabetes mellitus on pregnancy and the duration of study was five months from August 2019 to December 2019. Methodology: A prospective population based observation study was conducted for 1st delivery. The data of almost 150 pregnant women was collected who were experiencing hypertension and diabetes mellitus at the time of pregnancy. It was also found in the study either the pregnancy and these conditions have any association or not. Results: It was determined in the study that pregnancy is associated with many complications from which most common are diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The result showed that the age of about 76 out of 150 pregnant women who were dealing with hypertension at the time of pregnancy and the age was range from 31-40. The study also showed that age is also linked with diabetes mellitus during pregnancy such as most of the women 76 out of 150 patients were dealing with diabetes mellitus during gestational period. Conclusion: It was concluded from the results that age is highly associated with various diseases especially hypertension and diabetes mellitus at the time of pregnancy. These diseases are the leading cause of other morbidities as well as mortalities for both mother and neonatal. It is important to handle the situation and take good care about these diseases especially during pregnancy.

7

Authors: Sarah Ashfaque, Ashfaq Ahmad, Mumtaz Hussain*, Rahat Ilyas

Background: Musculoskeletal pain is associated with the pain of muscles, tendons, ligaments and bones that can leads to pain of musculoskeletal. The pain is increasing in people of both developing and developed countries and its cause is not much clear and varies from person to person. Its prevalence depends on social and cultural difference but according to an estimate the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain is 30% ranges from 13.5% to 47%. When people do not take it serious and disease remain untreated leads to chronic musculoskeletal pain that is difficult to treat. The it’s prevalence is higher in the age of 30s to 50s. Objective: The study was conducted to find prevalence of musculoskeletal pain as well as its association with the nature of work. The severity of musculoskeletal pain and its relation with gender has also been studied in this article. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted on the people who suffering with musculoskeletal pain due to any reason. The data was gathered of about 150 patients from which 86 were male and 64 were female with different age groups. Along with prevalence of pain, the severity of pain was also studied and observed in the article for getting understanding of effective treatment of musculoskeletal pain. Results: The results determined that 78 out of 150 patients from which 1 was female and 7 were male were suffering with the moderate pain during the disease while 42 patients, only 2 male and 40 female explained about severe pain. The results showed that 125 out of 150 patients claimed that at the time of initial onset of the trouble was their age and their age play important role in worsening their pain. Furthermore, the study revealed that sometimes the situation become very problematic and they have to hospitalize for few days such as 86 patients agreed that they hospitalized during disease for management of pain. Conclusion: Musculoskeletal pain is increasing day by day due to diversity and complexity of work during daily life. Most of the people do work by sitting on chair and does not do any work in which they have to walk or do exercise due to which bones become weak and people experienced pain in bones, muscles, tendons and ligaments. The management of pain during its initial stage is very important because situation can become worse when remain untreated and patients also have to hospitalize due to severe pain.

8

Authors: Faizan Muhammad*, Saniya Mustafa, Muhammad Muzammal, Muhammad Ilyas

Hamstring muscle is posterior thigh muscle between the hip and the knee and chances of injuries in this muscle are very high. The hamstring strain are divided into three types depending upon the nature and severity of pain. These classes named as Grade I tear, Grade II tear, Grade III tear. The career of many athletes have been destroyed due to hamstring injuries. Objective: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of hamstring strains regarding to gender, age. Furthermore, the association of hamstring problems with pain in different postures was also found in this study. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted to find the prevalence of pain and its association with postures. The data was collected of almost 150 patients with hamstring injuries. The analysis was done to determine the effects of different variables in injuries of hamstring muscles. Results: The results showed that the prevalence of injures of hamstring muscles is higher in male as compare to female. 80 males out of 150 patients were dealing with this disease and rates of disease was much higher in urban areas as compared to rural areas. Mostly, patients feel pain all the time due to injuries as 61 out of 150 claimed that they feel pain due to injury. Conclusion: Hamstring injuries are most common cause of pain in young people and occur due to many reasons. People dealing with this disease feel pain all the time and the pain due to this injury is unbearable. The patients feel pain during all activities such walking, jumping and running.

5

Authors: Nahla Labyad 1 , Safa Aljele 1 , Yousef A. Taher 2 *

Background: Henna adulteration is getting rise, over the world, as the cosmetic desire increased. Hence, health problems are induced due to its adulteration with synthetic substances. This study aimed to perform pharmacognostic and phytochemicals analysis of Royal henna to determine its anatomical features. Method: For this purpose, Royal (different colors) and Lawsonia inermis leaves, a natural henna herb, were purchased from local market, identified and extraction was performed by maceration of dried materials in methanol. Phytochemical screening, microscopic, thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) and florescence analyses were executed. Results: Microscopic studies showed presence of small parts related to senna plant within the Royal red henna extract. The Royal brown revealed presence of natural henna plant coupled with a strange plant carrying dyes unrelated to the flora of henna. While, unknown black particles and fibrous were seen in Royal black henna extract. TLC analysis revealed presence of synthetic materials. All Royal dye showed presence of foreign substances. Phytochemical screening showed presence of different primary and secondary metabolites. Whereas, the florescence evaluation revealed different colors both in visible and ultra violet (254nm and 366nm). So identification and quantification studies for foreign substances are important and needed to avoid consumer health risks.

7

Authors: Saman Shahab Farooqui*, Safila Naveed, Fatima Qamar

Naproxen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which affect the activity of cyclooxygenase enzyme. It worked by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins by decreasing the activity of the enzyme, cyclooxygenase, resulted in decrease formation of prostaglandin precursors. It had been indicated in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute gout and acute mucoskeletal disorders. The main objective of this study was to identify the best bioequivalent brands available in Karachi, by observing their results in order to make the treatment cost-effective. Three different brands of Naproxen (500mg) were taken in the study that were observed under six quality control parameters i.e. weight variation test, hardness test, thickness test, friability test, disintegration test, and dissolution test as per specified by British and US Pharmacopeia BP/USP. All the test requirements were compiled by all three brands of naproxen. Disintegration time for all three brands was within 15 minutes that follows BP/USP standards. All the brands showed more than 80% drug release within 30 minutes. The study showed that almost all the brands of Naproxen available in Karachi had met the specification for quality control analysis.

12

Authors: Hajra Qayyum*, Marriam Bakhtiar

Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a type of endovascular infection caused by bacteria in the bloodstream which get adhered to the damaged heart valve. IE has extensively been associated with oral hygiene, as onset of bacteremia has been observed more often in dental patients. Furthermore, few members of oral microbiota including certain strains of Streptococcus sanguinis have also been isolated from IE colonies. Streptococcus sanguinis is a large group of infectious bacteria including human pathogenic strains. S. sanguinis SK36 is a member of microflora of human mouth and is an opportunistic pathogen of dental plaques. Various other strains of S. sanguinis also constitute human mouth microflora, and have the potential to cause dental plaques, therefore, a possibility is there that they too might have a role in the onset of IE. Objective: In this study, we aim to investigate the possible role of all known strains of S. sanguinis in the onset of IE and cluster them accordingly. Method: To achieve this, 31 strains of S. sanguinis were investigated and clustered into two groups i.e. Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic. We further divided the pathogenic cluster into two sub-clusters; moderate and severe pathogens, based on their distance from the reference strain and degree of significance of the virulence determinants they possess. 22 virulence determinants were enlisted by literature survey and revealed association with IE. Results: Based on our investigations, we clustered 16 out of 31 strains as pathogenic (4 severe and 12 moderate) and rest of 15 as non-pathogenic of IE. Conclusion: It is concluded that not only SK36 and VMC66 but 14 other strains of S. sanguinis also have the potential to cause IE and there is dire need to conduct a comprehensive study to find out their relationship with IE.