Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

6

Authors: Adeel Usman1, Muhammad Uzair2, Muhammad Asif Wazir1 and Asad Saleem Sial*1

Since the creation of the planet earth, human beings are curious about the nature and obtain benefits from nature including the treatment of many diseases. Asparagus setaceus Kunth is commonly available plant belongs to family Asparagaceae, commonly used as diuretic, antiepileptic, applied topically in skin diseases, treat urination, gynaecology and andrology problems, orally for dysentery and diarrhea treatment and treat pulmonary infections. The aim of present study is to standardize the plant material. For this purpose, leaves and roots of the Asparagus setaceus Kunth were collected, identified, dried and extraction was performed. Macroscopic, microscopic analysis, phytochemical screening and florescence analysis were also performed. The macroscopic studies revealed different plant structures. The microscopic studies showed different cells and their arrangement within the plant. The phyto-chemical screening reveals presence of different primary and secondary metabolites. Whereas the florescence analysis revealed different colors both in visible and ultra violet (254nm and 366nm). Biological and toxicological studies are needed to be performed to establish the plant monograph for safety profile.

10

Authors: Syed Nisar Hussain Shah and Misbah Rafique*

This paper aims at studying and analyzing polyphenolic content found in grape seed extract (GSE) through different conventional & modern extraction techniques. It also evaluates antioxidant and anti-aging properties of polyphenols extracted from grape seed. Owing to its anti-oxidant properties, polyphenols may help in slowing down skin aging process and may also be used in cosmetic formulations that can retard or slow down the process of aging by scavenging free radicals produced in the skin due to environmental degradation. Antioxidant potential/capacity of GSE has also been evaluated through in vitro and in vivo evaluation techniques.

14

Authors: Syed Nisar Hussain Shah1, Rabia Sumreen2, Hina Javed*2, Bushra Nasir1, Rao Khurram Ayoub2 and Atif Akber 3

In present study, Propylene glycol (PG) and Polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used as permeation enhancers to increase percutaneous absorption and release of CCT gel through silicone membrane. Gel formulations containing Clarithromycin (Macrolide antibiotic) and Cetirizine HCl (a non-sedative, anti-histaminic H-1 receptor) were formulated and optimized by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) containing different ratios of PG and PEG. PG(X1) and PEG(X2) were taken as two independent variables whereas cumulative amount of Clarithromycin was used to calculate dependent (response) variables (Y1…Y7). From all formulated gels, Clarithromycin was released and permeated through silicon membrane using Franz diffusion cell at 37±1ºC. Fick’s laws of diffusion were used to calculate permeation kinetic parameters like lag time (tlag), diffusion co-efficient (D), K, permeation co-efficient (Kp), Flux (J), enhancement ratios (ER) and input rate (IR). The physical properties of all gel formulations like clarity, pH, viscosity, solubility, partition co-efficient (Ko/w), homogeneity, spreadability and Ex-vivo Panel test, Draize’s irritation test were performed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluate the results which showed that the independent variables have remarkable effects (p < 0.05) on dependent variables. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to compare the results among control and different formulations of CCT gels. Contour plots were also constructed to show the response between dependent and independent variables. Two gels G4 and G5 were optimized. In optimized gels maximum cumulative amounts permeated through silicon membrane were high as compared to Gc. It was found that permeation was increased with the increase in concentration of both permeation enhancers in combination i.e. PG and PEG. Thus it was concluded that PG and PEG can be successfully used in combination as permeation enhancers for transdermal delivery of CCT gel.