Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

2

Authors: Muhammad Imran Qadir, Mamoona Yasmeen

For the betterment of mankind, scientists are trying to overcome all factors that hinder our economy and health. For this purpose they form genetically modified animals or organisms that have required characteristics, improved productivity, better health of animals and production of human required products. In genetic engineering, transgenesis is a process by which we improve genome of an organism. In whole world, people have different views about genetically modified animals. To know these views in our society, a research was conducted. For this purpose, 100 people of Multan, Pakistan were selected. Results showed that our society agrees with this fact that GM farm animals serve our economy but at the same time they don’t want to ignore their harmful effects.

5

Authors: Yousef A. Taher, Amel M. Hamza, Awatef M. Samud, Jamal S. Elmezogi

Matricaria chamomilla L. (Asteraceae) is a well-known plant in most ancient traditional medicine and highly used for the cure of numerous medical disorders, insomnia included. Using a sleep disturbed model, pentobarbital sodium and ether induce loss of righting reflex were applied for the evaluation of hypnotic and narcosis effects respectively. In the present study, the methanol extract of Matricaria chamomilla flower, at the intraperitoneal (IP) dose 300 mg/kg, showed considerable restful effect and significantly potentiate the hypnotic effect of pentobarbital sodium, both the latency to sleep and duration time, with a decrease value of 31.9% (P<0.001) and increase values of 53.3% (P<0.01) respectively. On the contrary, the Matricaria chamomilla flower methanol extract did not prolong the narcosis effect induced by ether. These findings indicate that Matricaria chamomilla methanol extract, at the dose used has a potential sedative-hypnotic effect as well as providing a scientific evidence for its traditional use as a sleep inducer.

6

Authors: Ambreen Aleem, Muqeet Wahid

Stoppage of bleeding from damaged blood vessels is hemostasis, an essential factor to be checked before any surgical process. Hence blood test is a routine test for hospital prior to surgeries. The study was aimed to assess the distribution of blood groups and to check gender-based relationship among the blood groups, bleeding and clotting time. The study was conducted in the department of pharmacy, BZU. The available data of 122 students of 1st year of Pharm. D was analysed in every required aspects i.e. sex, age, ABO and Rh blood groups, bleeding and clotting times. The standard antisera (A, B, & D) were used to determine the blood group, Duke Method and Capillary tube method were used to find out bleeding and clotting time respectively. Finally, all the parameters were compared and analysed statistically. In the present study, it is found that B blood group is more prevalent in both the sexes than O, A and AB. Clotting time is found to be significantly higher in O and B blood groups in females and males respectively, whereas Bleeding time was found to be greater than others in AB blood group in females and ‘O’ blood group in males but the values are not significantly different from each other. In females, the values of bleeding and clotting time are slightly greater than in males, may be because of hormonal differences. Various cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases are associated with the blood groups, so people can take preventive measures according to their blood groups.

7

Authors: Amna Jaffar, Muhammad Imran Qadir

World Health Organization (WHO) reported that developed and developing, both countries are suffering from childhood obesity. Childhood obesity has increased nationally and internationally. This can be reduced by focusing on prevalence, cancer association with obesity, risk factors and preventive measures of worldwide childhood obesity. Vitamin D and calcium both are inversely associated with obesity in children. So, supplementation of both micro-nutrients is warranted in childhood obesity. Some natural products in the form of diet are also helpful in reduction of obesity namely; prebiotics, probiotics and fatty acids.

9

Authors: S Ashutosh Kumar, Manidipa Debnath, D. Vimala

The present study aimed to develop and validate the simultaneous estimation of phenylephrine HCl, chlorpheniramine maleate and dextromethorphan HBrintablet dosage forms. A gradient reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method with ultraviolet detection at 220 nm has been developed for the simulataneous determination of phenylephrine HCl, chlorpheniramine maleate and dextromethorphan HBrin pharmaceutical dosage forms (Syrup). Good chromatographic separation was achieved by using a stainless steel analytical column, the Hypersil BDS C8column(4.6 X 250 mm; 5 μm). The system was operated at 25 ± 2°C using a mobile phase consisted of HPLC grade water (composed of TEA and 1-octane sulfonic acid sodium salt) (pH adjusted to 3.2 using orthophosphoric acid) and acetonitrile, mixed at gradient mode, manitained flow rate at 1.0 mL/minute. The slope, intercept, and correlation coefficient were found to be y = 34306x -11042 (r2= 0.999) for phenylephrine HCl, y = 35874x -13101 (r2= 0.999) for chlorpheniramine maleate anddextromethorphan HBry = 25516x -26579 (r2 = 0.999),respectively. The proposed method was validated for its specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. The method was found to be suitable for the quality control of phenylephrine HCl, chlorpheniramine maleate and dextromethorphan HBr simultaneously in a bulk drug samples as well as in a formulations.

12

Authors: Ogunwa T.H., Adeyelu T.T., Fasimoye R.Y., Oyewale M.B., Ademoye T.A., Ilesanmi O.C.,Awe O.B., Ajiboye S.A., Oloye O.B.1, Sholanke D.R.

Clerodenrum volubile is an important locally used medicinal plant. It is one of the essential herbs,nature has provided for mankind to be consumed as spices, vegetable and is also used in the treatment of diseases. Qualitative phytoconstituent screening of the plant revealed the presence of steroids, flavonoids, tannins, saponinsand phenolic compound while chalcones, alkaloid and anthraquinone were absent. Quantitative phytochemical evaluation showed values of 8.29±1.26mg/g rutin equivalent for flavonoids, 3.53±0.05mg/g gallic acid equivalent for phenol, 3.97±0.03mg/g tannic acid equivalent for tannins and 13.67±1.27% for saponin per dry weight. As it is imperative to extend research work on therapeutic effects of the arsenal of plants,nature has given to us in Africa,so as to obtain a cure for various diseases attacking human’s health, antioxidant properties of the plant was evaluated. Antioxidant models used include iron chelating, DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical, superoxide ion, hydrogen peroxide, ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical, hydroxyl radical scavenging activities and ferric ion reducing properties. The obtained IC50(concentration of an inhibitor where the response (or binding) is reduced by half) values against DPPHradical were 141.342 and 120.349µg/mL for Clerodendrum volubile and trolox respectively. The chelating effect of the plant extract at 50% inhibition was close to that of ascorbic acid (standard) with 134.34 and 131.19µg/mL concentration respectively. Overall, the aqueous extract of the plant showed antioxidant potential which was close to the effects exerted by known standard antioxidants (ascorbic acid, trolox and EDTA). The plant could hence provide natural antioxidants which are needed to combat numerous free radical-mediated diseases and complications such asaging, cancer and atherosclerosiswhich are linked with oxidative stress.