Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

5

Authors: Tariq Javed, Sana Riaz, Muhammad Uzair, Gulam Mustafa, Ayesha Mohyuddin, Bashir Ahmad Ch.

World’s population relies chiefly on traditional medicinal plants, using their extracts or active constituents. Terminalia arjuna of family Combretaceae reported to be effective as aphrodisiac, expectorant, tonic, styptic, anti-dysenteric, sweet, acrid, purgative, laxative, diuretic, astringent, cirrhosis, cardio protective and cancer treatment. In present study, antibacterial, antifungal, brine shrimp lethality and phytotoxic effect of Terminalia arjuna was performed. Our results showed that methanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna leaves has moderate antifungal effect against Microsporm canis and fruit extract possess good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, Dichloromethane extract of Terminalia arjuna bark and fruit possess moderate phytotoxic activity.

5

Authors: Ahmad Yahya, Ata ul Razzaq Khan, Wahab Usaid Naeem, Sajid Bashir, Babar Murtaza, Aqeel Aslam

Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death throughout the world. Various therapies are available but the increased cost of treatment is of great concern especially in developing countries. Clopidogrel is used extensively for various cardiac conditions but has a high price. Cost-minimization analysis (CMA) differentiates alternative therapies based on price, given that all of the interventions have exactly the same health effects and must be bioequivalent when it comes to health benefits and adverse effects. Dissolution studies, using four marketed products, were conducted using a six stage, type II dissolution apparatus. Samples were analyzed at 240nm using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Concentration values of each sample, taken after 30 minutes were calculated from the calibration curve constructed with Clopidogrel Bisulfate. ANOVA was used to analyze any significant differences between the means of active dissolved. Plavix was found to have the highest percentage release of 97% but Ogrel had the least SEM of 3.9 with a percentage release of 95%. Lowplat and Pidogrel, although showed average percent releases of greater than 85%, their SEM and standard deviations were large showing widespread variations in unit contents. ANOVA gave a p>0.05, indicating a non-statistically significant difference between the means of active dissolved hence proving bioequivalence. CMA (cost minimization analysis) concluded that Ogrel may be used instead of the more expensive Plavix.

7

Authors: Muhammad Tayyab Ansari,Tariq Mehmood Ansari,Mubasher Ahmad

In this study four inorganic elements i.e. sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium were estimated in eleven locally available herbal preparations used as sex stimulants using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Flame Emission Spectroscopy. Samples names were Ginseng, Nan-bao, Choe, Safoof-e- Mughallis (Powder), Imsaki (Jawahar) capsules, Zarjam (capsules), Shahi (capsules), Mumsik sultani (Jawahar) capsules, Laboob-e-Kabeer, Laboob Bard (Jawahar wala), Laboob Khas (Jawahar wala). Results indicate the presence of variable amounts of metals in these samples. Order of concentration of metals in different samples has been found to be Ca> Mg > K > Na. Shahi capsules exhibited highest amount of sodium (3100±1825 μg/g) and other three minerals were in higher quantities. Choe contained highest amount of calcium (54175±4898 μg/g) and magnesium (53223±3205 μg/g) while Mumsik showed highest quantity of potassium (12070±882 μg/g). Ginseng, Nan-bao and Zarjam contained moderate amounts of all minerals and Laboob Khas exhibited lowest amounts of calcium (922±338μg/g), magnesium (463±106 μg/g), potassium (2968±735 μg/g) and small quantity of sodium (476±246 μg/g). It is evident that these herbal preparations can replenish the deficiency of minerals but excessive use of such herbal preparations may cause health hazards.

7

Authors: Muhammad Hanif, Hina Javed, Umair Jallani, Nazar Muhammad Ranjha

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is cause of irreversible deterioration in renal function which leads to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Incidence of end-stage renal disease has increased dramatically during the last 30 years and screening for early stages of chronic kidney disease is often suggested as a preventive measure. The main causes of end stage renal disease are diabetes, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia and obesity. Obesity and increased BMI are the cause of kidney stone and chronic kidney disease. This report aims to determine the prevalence of end stage renal disease in diabetic obese individuals and other problems that are more likely to be encountered in end stage renal disease are cardiovascular risks in dialysis patients. GFR and Creatinine clearance are used as major diagnostic tool to determine kidney function. Calcium level is also used as the predictive factor to determine the vascular calcification.

10

Authors: Muhammad Zaman, Junaid Qureshi, Hira Ijaz, Rai Muhammad Sarfraz

Oral route of drug administration is considered as the safest and easiest route of drug administration. Control release drug delivery system is used as emerging tool in the development of pharmaceuticals. The oral route is most suitable for such kind of drug delivery system due to its convenience for all age groups including both pediatric and geriatrics. There are various systems which are adopted to deliver drug in a controlled manner to different target sites through oral route. It includes diffusion controlled drug delivery systems; dissolution controlled drug delivery systems, osmotically controlled drug delivery systems, ion-exchange controlled drug delivery systems, hydrodynamically balanced systems, multi- Particulate drug delivery systems and microencapsulated drug delivery system. The systems are formulated using different natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic polymers. The purpose of the review is to provide information about the orally controlled drug delivery system, polymers which are used to formulate these systems and characterizations of one of the most convenient tablet dosage form.