Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

1-11

Authors: Priya Bansal

Stem Cells are precursor cells that can give rise to multiple tissue types. The benefits to individuals and to society gained by the introduction of new drugs or medical technologies are difficult to estimate. The introduction of antibiotics and immunizations (vaccines), for instance, have significantly expanded life compasses and enhanced the wellbeing of individuals everywhere throughout the world. In spite of these different advances in the counteractive action and treatment of human diseases, devasting illnesses, for example, coronary disease, diabetes, tumor, and different neural diseases, for example, Alzheimer's disease present proceeding with difficulties to the wellbeing and prosperity of individuals all around. The science prompting the advancement of system and techniques for culturing human stem cells could prompt exceptional medicines and even cures for these and different diseases.

1-10

Authors: Praveen B

The usage of citric acid and vinegar from the past histories is used in food, pharma industry, and research and in different areas. Production of citric acid and vinegar using yeast is a very simple technique, but the production into large amounts of product with less expensive can be possible with the microorganism yeast. The initial process was carried out at the laboratory scale, to test whether the normal yeast or irradiated yeast can produce the high yield of citric acid and vinegar. Firstly, the baker’s yeast normal yeast- not irradiated was taken and used as an inoculum in the sources grapes and barley seeds into 3 different flasks simultaneously for both grapes and barley. The flasks with grapes and barley separately were fermented for 3, 6 and 9 days. After the fermentation for 3 days the fermented source of grapes and barley were distilled using the distillation unit. The same technique was carried out for 6 and 9 days fermented in the source grapes and barley, and distilled using the distillation unit. The obtained distilled product was taken and stored at cool temperatures around 10 to 11 degrees Celsius. Now the same process was carried out by the irradiated yeast, here before adding the yeast into the source the yeast saccharomyces cervasie was been irradiated using UV light. The yeast has been transferred into the distilled water into 3 different petriplates, and irradiated under UV light with different length and time 3cm, 6cm, 9cm and time 2min, 4 min, 6 min. Using the irradiated yeast the fermentation process was carried out as with normal yeast at different days. The production was so high for certain range of time but getting degraded due to the degradation of source as it is batch fermentation. After the complete fermentation process, the amount of yield was tested using the biochemical test. But surprisingly the amount of yield was high with the process carried out by the irradiated yeast rather with normal yeast.

1-11

Authors: G Ashok kumar

The human intestinal tract has been colonized by a large number of types of microorganisms amid the coevolution of man and organisms. Gut-borne organisms dwarf the aggregate number of body tissue cells by an element of ten. Late metagenomic examination of the human gut microbiota has uncovered the vicinity of almost 3.3 million qualities, when contrasted with the simple 23 thousand qualities show in the cells of the tissues in the whole human body. Proof for different gainful parts of the intestinal microbiota in human wellbeing and malady is extending quickly. Irritation of the intestinal microbiota may prompt endless ailments, for example, immune system sicknesses, colon diseases, gastric ulcers, cardiovascular illness, useful entrail maladies, and heftiness. Reclamation of the gut microbiota may be hard to achieve, however the utilization of probiotics has prompted promising results in an expansive number of very much composed (clinical) studies. Microbiomics has impelled a sensational increment in logical, modern, and open enthusiasm for probiotics and prebiotics as could reasonably be expected operators for gut microbiota administration and control. Genomics and bioinformatics devices may permit us to build up robotic connections among gut microbiota, wellbeing status, and the impacts of medications in the person. This will ideally give points of view to customized gut microbiota administration.

1-17

Authors: Shanker DM

Cell signaling and signal transduction are very important for a cell so that it can govern basic and advanced cellular activities in a well-coordinated manner. The activities of cells include anabolic and catabolic activities, response to their microenvironment and external environment, response to various ligands either beneficial for cell or harmful for cell and other physiological activities (sight, touch, taste, pain, anxiety, anger etc). Transduction involves the binding of extracellular signaling molecules and ligands to cell-surface receptors that trigger events inside the cell. Among the various types of receptors studied GPCRs are considered to be of utmost importance. The members of this large family of proteins are activated by a spectrum of structurally diverse ligands, and have been shown to modulate the activity of different signaling pathways in a ligand specific manner. They play a key role in regulating cell activity and physiological function. GPCR malfunction is responsible for a wide range of diseases including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and hyperthyroidism and a large proportion of drugs on the market target these receptors. The knowledge of GPCRs structure and function is very important for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying effective signal transduction and diseases and for performing structure-based drug design. Since structural data are restricted to only a handful of GPCRs, a major population of researchers is engaged in deducing the structures of various GPCRs. The main aim of this text is to introduce the fundamentals of GPCRs with emphasis on structure and function of rhodopsin, a well studied GPCR belonging to the rhodopsin family of GPCR and responsible for vision in vertebrates.

1-4

Authors: Taagore Anandakumar B

Earlier the transformation used to take place for only unicellular organisms but nowadays the transformation takes place to multicellular organisms too. Many multicellular organisms have undergone transformation successfully such as drosophila, mice etc. The most common methods of genetic transformation are the plasmid method [1], the vector method and the gene gun method. The vector method and the plasmid method have a lot in similarity the vector method is used extensively like the plasmid method.