Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies

13-20

Authors: Syayyidah Maftuhatul Jannah, Claudius Budi Santoso

This study is aimed at the examination of the relationship of workplace spirituality and organizational citizenship behavior with the roles of organizational identification and perceived organizational supports as moderating variables. This study uses affective events theory to explain that workplace sprituality produces positive affective and then encourages organizational citizenship behavior. Meanwhile, the roles of organizational identification and perceived organizational supports that relationship based on social identity theory and social exchange theory subsequently. This study conducts survey methods and purposive sampling methods in collecting primary data from respondents working in local government institusions, then the primary data is processed with moderated regression model. The result reveals that workplace spirituality positively affected organizational citizenship behavior. But, organizational identification and perceived organizational support are significant, but have not moderated the relationship of workplace spirituality and organizational citizenship behavior. This study suggests that the measurement of organizational identification also has to consist of pride or emotional attatchment to organizations. Meanwhile, the measurement of perceived organizational supports has to insert dimensions of procedural justice and supervisor support, not only dimensions of rewards and employee’s well-being. In addition, dispositional factors could be more influential to be a moderating variable on that relationship. In conclusion, creating the climate of workplace spirituality and having employees’ trust to their organization are more critical to increase organizational citizenship behavior, especially in local, public organizations.

34-43

Authors: Dr. Yoser Gadhoum, Abeer Aldawsari , Halah Almusbeh

This world is exposed to evil and damage. Terror attacks, for instance, are a way for terrorists to relatively express their anger or revenge, whether for political or religious motives. However, in this report, we are analyzing the stock market’s reaction in order to show the impact of terror attacks on market integration and determine the level of sensitivity of the international stock market towards these attacks on the day of the attacks. We have chosen five different terror attacks\events in the year 2016 from different areas around the world and they are as follows: • Turkey Airport Bombing. • Yemen Civil War. • Al Masjed Al Nabawy Holy Mosque Bombing. • Manhattan Street Bombing. • Egyptian Airplane Kidnaping. The subject markets for analysis in this report are New York Stocks Exchange Market, Tokyo Stock Exchange, Germany Stock Market, Saudi Stock Market, United Arab Emirates Stock Exchange and Qatar Stock Exchange. After deep analysis, we found the followings: • USA stock market shows positive autocorrelation in the times Saudi Arabia was hit by the Yemen Civil War and Al Masjed Al Nabawy Holy Mosque Bombing. • All markets show positive autocorrelation due to the event of Al Masjed Al Nabawy Bombing. • Saudi Arabia Stock Market shows positive autocorrelation on only Saudi terror events or\and USA terror events. • Saudi Arabia and USA stock markets are the most integrated markets. • Tokyo and Germany stock markets show positive autocorrelation due to events in the Middle East. • UAE and Qatar stock markets are the least sensitive toward terror attacks. • USA, Saudi Arabia and Tokyo are the most sensitive markets towards terror attacks. • International stock markets can be affected by terror attacks immediately and for the shortterm only.

54-65

Authors: Fachry Hasan, Prof. Dermawan Wibisono

This paper focuses on how the contractor and integrator companies of railway systems could measure their corporate performance and, in the future, the contractor and integrator companies of railway systems could develop their own integrated performance measurement system to improve their company performance and their project service. The best practice from the performance measurement literature is to be compared with practices in the railway industry. Most of the indicators used to control and improve company internal process management today are lagging indicators that measure results. It is, therefore, a need to develop more leading indicators that measure the processes that influence company performance. The measurement system should be extended to measure effects of company’s performance and to measure management processes that increase the focus on quality of service and product reliability.

77-89

Authors: Ima Fatima, Dermawan Wibisono

The era of free market and world economy globalization further encourages the opening of cooperation in various fields, as well as an opportunity for foreign investors to develop its business in Indonesia, not least in the sector of construction industry. This condition has certainly improved the climate of increasingly fierce competition in this sector. To face this global competition, it is necessary to take some anticipatory steps to perform various improvements to the construction company to improve the quality of the company's performance. Efforts to improve the company's construction services can be done through a system of control over the factors that affect the company's performance that ultimately determine the success of company in achieving its goals. This paper aims to identify and define main indicators that determine the performance of construction companies in Indonesia, as a first step in an effort to design a suitable Performance Management System (PMS) for construction industry. With specific reference to Knowledgebased Performance Management System (KBPMS), appropriate performance variables were chosen from various literatures. Questionnaires were addressed to the Executives of selected construction SOEs (state-owned enterprises). The Delphi method was conducted to analyze variables interrelation. Findings of this case study research provide a set of main indicators that are useful as an initial step to design a PMS at corporate level for measuring performance of construction services companies in Indonesia.

108-120

Authors: Andre R de Oliveira, Paulo Coutinho, Alexandre Carvalho

This paper identifies an underappreciated source of risk for capital invested in regulated markets and proposes a new methodology to calculate the associated premium. The risk stems from the impact on the revenues and costs of regulated companies of fully depreciated assets that are still in service, but are no longer included in their rate base. The future of many regulated sectors depends on their ability to attract private investment, which will not materialize if investors are not adequately compensated for bearing that type of risk. We develop three models, one based on financial analysis and two on economic analysis, to calculate the proper rate of return on a fully depreciated plant still in service. T he financial model builds upon the intuition that this problem is similar to that of determining the appropriate return on risky ventures that do not require capital expenditure. The economic model is based on the idea of opportunity cost. Shareholders of a regulated company have two options: They can either keep the fully depreciated plant in service or replace it with new plant. The regulatory revenue the company is allowed to earn should make shareholders indifferent between the options of replacing or not replacing the fully depreciated assets. The three models generate the same return on capital for investors.

131-147

Authors: Hammed, Agboola Yusuf, Irwan Shah Zainal Abidin,Joel Ede Owuru, Saad Babatunde Akanbi, Hammed Oluwaseyi Musibau

This study examines the impacts of interest rates on private consumption behaviour in Nigeria between the period of 1981 and 2013 using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegrations framework. The data were sourced from the World Bank development indicators and the interest rate was augmented with other macroeconomic variables like per capita income, money supply, and banking sector credit to the private sector as regressors in determining the behaviour of private consumption in Nigeria. The results confirm the existence of a relationship between private consumption and its determinants, except real interest rate and the dummy for the impact of interest rate deregulation. The study, therefore, recommends an increase in government capital expenditures that will create an enabling environment for the private sector to thrive so that the welfare of the citizenry could be enhanced.

158-167

Authors: Loren M. Stangl, Justin Brewer

The old adage, “Who you know, is more important that what you know” rings true for internationally focused entrepreneurs. The network approach to internationalisation argues international business opportunities start from social interactions and evolve into strategically important relationships. In other words, interpersonal and inter-firm network relationships affect internationalisation strategies of entrepreneurial organisations. The aim of this conceptual paper is to explore the concept of social globalisation in the framework of international entrepreneurship. The authors argue that cultural-cognitive institutions define international opportunity awareness within a country and highlight the role that networks play in the process. Furthermore, cosmopolitan-oriented countries that support global interconnectedness may provide greater opportunities for favourable international cognitions. Using examples of social globalisation research on both domestic and international entrepreneurship, the argument is put forth that the greater the level of social globalisation in a country, the greater the opportunity for domestic firms to develop diverse network relationships facilitating internationalisation. Through exposure to and involvement in international networks, entrepreneurial firms gain international knowledge and develop awareness of international opportunities to commercialise innovations. The findings provide insight into external environmental conditions influencing the relationship between interpersonal networks, interfirm networks and internationalisation. Cultural proximity and international personal contacts represent social globalisation and serve as a useful measure of networks at a country level of analysis.

176-186

Authors: Dr. Loulou Malaeb

In this research paper, we will try to prove that because Marx failed to give a significant regard to the human desire not only to live, but also to live well (our new notion of commodious desire) his use value came as lacking this aspect of human nature. We will show how this same lack that has eventually lead Marx to see money hoarding and eventually the capital as of unnatural origins. So, we find it our task, as believers in human’s natural desire not only to survive, but also to survive well, to delve a little into the Marxist aspect of use value and try to extract the main misfortunes that the great socialist philosopher could have avoided had he built his theory on a human being who is in constant search for the most commodious in life.

196-206

Authors: Azila Ahmad Sarkawi, Alias Abdullah, Norimah Md. Dali

Amongst the 57 members of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference’s (OIC) countries, Malaysia is at number one rating in the Islamicity Index, Islamic Index of Wellbeing and Global Muslim Travel Index studies. The rating gave the impression of the liveability or wellbeing in Malaysia within the Islamic sphere. This recognition prompts the study on the indicators of wellbeing that Malaysia has focused on Islamic dimensions. Consequently, content analysis was done on six selected government documents namely the Malaysian Wellbeing Index, the Malaysian Family Wellbeing Index, the Malaysian Urban-Rural National Indicators Network for Sustainable Development, the Malaysian Shariah Index, the Malaysian Ummah Development Index and the Muslim Religiosity and Personality Indexing. The study found that the first three documents embodied indirect religious dimensions in their wellbeing indexing while the latter three have direct religious dimensions. The incorporation of the religious dimensions into the Malaysia’s wellbeing indexing either directly or indirectly shows the relevancy of the religious factor to human wellbeing. Noticeably, the indicators promulgated under each study are organizationally-driven aiming at attaining their specific objectives that invariably led to variations amongst the agencies. Nonetheless, religion has been found to command a significant factor in the wellbeing of Malaysian though different indicators have been used by the six organizations to arrive at this fact.

218-235

Authors: Ven. Mediyawe Piyarathana Thero

The objective of this research paper is to share the vision on Buddhist Philosophy of Education. At the time of the Buddha, the education system was considered mainly as a religious one, although the education concept was a pre-Buddhist one. The main objective of the Buddha was not to introduce an education system to the world; however, The Buddha was really a religious teacher who introduced a practical and living philosophy to the entire human community. Since Buddha was a person who understood reality fully as an Enlightened One, he introduced a living philosophy targeting the entire human beings through various teaching methods. It is possible to explore the Buddhist Philosophy of Education by exploring the teachings of the Buddha. Educability is accepted in Buddhism at a great level as a principle. The Buddhism emphasizes in the Eight-Fold Path that volition and try, enthusiasm and courage are necessary factors. The way a person should act to end demerit and for the improvement of merit is given under Four Great Efforts. Educability is not a possibility to receive from a religion, not accepting the potentiality of person. The Buddhism has emphasised through many discourses that a person has to achieve objectives without resorting to any external elements. From the teachings of the Buddha, educability and potential energy of a person have been included as essential components in Buddhist Philosophy on Education. According to Buddhism, personality can be presented as the only strength that a person possesses to act with volition and self-confidence. Buddhism first teaches person to create good conduct by disciplining the organs like body, speech etc. then advises for his spiritual development. The personality of the one who has become an Arahant is more than all those persons. The whole purpose of the Buddhist education is to develop the personality of person. When it is compared with the objectives of modern education, Buddhist education objective seems to be a wide and deep one. If the features of personality are seen with students, it can be considered great. The society with them is peaceful. Buddhism has presented the facts like liquor, gambling and misconduct that cause personality into decay and destroy. It is clear that all the necessary advice for a student to develop personality is given by Buddhism. Buddhist education is a way to end all the mental ills like lust, faults and ignorance through the entire physical and mental discipline and can be a way of gaining spiritual purity. Discipline, an important education objective, is the controlling body and speech. The knowledge that a person gains on crafts without any discipline is not for the good of society, but the Buddhist view is that it should be with ethics. The intelligence of the person, who is without virtue and discipline, is fruitless. It is clear from one of the main activities of an education process is training members to live honouring the other members of the society. The object of Buddhist education is to teach person keeping him as the centre and subordinates in various social status by keeping close relationship with them from childhood and how to live a fruitful life One important thing that Buddhism expects is to create a person with high self-confidence. According to Buddhism, the greatest self-confident person is not to worry even facing with Eight Worldly Conditions. Teaching how to face eight worldly conditions is trained with the objectives of Buddhist education. Asia Pacific Institute of Advanced Research (APIAR) DOI:10.25275/apjabssv3i2ss6 Page219 Discourse on Loving-kindness states which presents person to live a wealthy life, education, family life condition, living environment, the position of his parents and by thinking about them to live with what is available. Confirming a lifestyle of good conduct is the objective of Buddhist education. Another objective of Buddhist education is to train person to look at oneself and others with love and respect. Without being selfish and leading to act selflessly is done with this objective. The main code of ethics of Buddhism, Pancasīla (Five Precepts), is the principle of protecting human right. The objective of Buddhist education is to create the well-being or benefit of person and society. It is very clear now that five precepts are necessary to create world peace and to end the worldwide spread environment of unrest or intolerance and for the human right protection Where Buddhist education aims and objectives are concerned, there are few important facts in the Discourse on Blessing ‘Vast learning, perfect handicraft, a high trained discipline, and pleasant speech. This is the Highest Blessing. Vast learning means gaining a vast knowledge. In a religious sense, it is learning about nine-fold Dispensation and the ability to describe them in various ways. The objective of Buddhist education is not only to give this energy, but it is necessary to put those theories into practice. Buddhist education philosophy is with the objective of creating complete lifestyles of the masses. It is very clear that the initial and final objective of Buddhist education is purifying mind. The Buddhist education system has been formed in a way that it shows life objectives and education objectives. By cultivating all the things of the character of the student who gets education, the objective of education is to create a good person to the society. So, there should be a service to the society and it is the main concept of the Buddhist education. If the society is formed with the above mentioned education objectives, there won’t be any social problem, complexity or any corruption. In this manner, for the benefit of social expertise, it is possible to understand how people get help and support from Buddhist doctrine. The researcher expects to share the vision on Buddhist Philosophy of Education for the benefit of society through this research.

242-256

Authors: Yuanchun Xia, Boonsub Panichakarn, Sahas Bunditkul

This paper aims to make a prediction of freight volume along NSEC (North South Economic Corridor) in a quantitative approach. To start, a brief introduction to NSEC is presented, in which the reason why the prediction is critical important in this field of research is explained and the basic three notions for this research are indicated. Afterwards, parameters of the freight volume is analyzed through GRA (Grey Analysis ), then the model is to be set up for forecasting based on data in the past ten years (2005 to 2015). The following sections are the testing of the model for adjustment of the data and the mode as well. Thereafter, the forecasting of freight volume is concluded after the predication of parameters. Some limitations and recommendations are also presented for further study at the ending section.

267-277

Authors: Razana Juhaida Johari, Jamaliah Said, Anis Halina Anuar

Integrity is considered a vital matter since it may cause governance failures, fraud, inefficiency, corruption and poor financial management, especially in the public sector agency. Currently, the public sector agency has become a global issue as a result of the continuous stream of governance failure, fraud, inefficiency and corruption. Due to that, the agency is under pressure to justify the sources and utilizations of public resources as well as improving the performance in their services since the publics have right to monitor the transparency and efficiency of the public sector’s management. This study attempts to investigate the factors that could contribute to the integrity systems in Malaysian public sector. Both printed and online questionnaires were distributed to 210 Heads of Department under selected Malaysian federal ministry. Findings from this study showed a significant positive effect of risk management and accountability practices, as well as the management commitment. This study is expected to contribute to the policy makers by providing them with awareness on the factors that could influence the integrity practices among the department in Malaysian public sector. Research limitation and recommendations for future studies are discussed.

294-307

Authors: TANO Kouassi Joseph, SUN Qiu Yun

This thesis aims to study African students’ integration and the adaptation in Chinese universities by joining associative groupings. The thesis uses qualitative research and interviewing target focus groups. It is about a cross-sectional study of descriptive and analytical aiming based on the qualitative under tended by the dialectical approach. The characteristic of this method has made it possible to collect the qualitative data. Within the framework of this study, the information is collected through documentations, recordings of accounts and speeches of surveyed. They are transcribed and the gross profits were the subject of an analysis of contents of the speeches on the Africans students, of the accounts of life stories or experiments lived in the relationship. The results demonstrate that student associations provide students a social identity, a cultural organization, leadership and thus make them feel accepted and socialized in China. Associative space makes it possible for students to acquire communicating and eloquent competence and emotive intelligence. Students who have participated in associative groups support, give them knowledge of organization and human stock management. In this dynamic community, we can also make a report that the composition of these students groupings are minorities sometimes, but those groupings gather together with those who have common interests. As is known to all, there is no difference between the way they associate and forms, except structural and functional perspective.

319-327

Authors: Aditi Korgaonkar, Manisha Ghatage

“Many women did not fight against oppression because they did not realize they were oppressed in the first place” – Nora Ruck (2015) Urban spaces in India are filled with slogans and shouts for sexual freedom, bodies and choices. Many celebrities are endorsing the concept of feminism through various social media. Is this medium inclusive of all of India’s gender issues and gender realities? Is economic, political, religious and caste system which encompasses the social structure of India, taken into consideration while studying feminist issues? The unfortunate answer is not in affirmation. The lower caste women strongly believe that the feminist ideas are of, by and for the upper caste individuals. These ideas largely ignores the lower strata of the women’s society, who are oppressed twice compared to the upper castes, first by the caste system and secondly by Patriarchy. Therefore, the lower caste women termed this activism as ‘metropolitan feminism’ and they believe that feminist movement which strongly speaks about sisterhood is yet to treat a lower caste woman as an equal sister. The research aims to study the field of feminism in the context of caste system in Indian society. The two main fields neglected by the field of psychology in India are caste systems and feminist psychology. Hierarchy of castes has always been an inevitable part of the social structure in India. While throwing light on these issues, the research also tries to focus on how feminism in India is circled around the upper caste women and hardly considers lower caste women. The study is in the lines of global feminism and emergence of black feminism. The paper calls to research this exclusion in the light of field of psychology.

345-353

Authors: Naniek Setijadi, Roy Pratikno

Organizations are culture-bound (Hofstede, 2001). A proponent of the organizational culture would argue that organizational culture has profound impact on the performance and sustainability to the organization; yet, the supporters of national culture believe that national cultures can play a role in distracting or strengthening the organizational culture to shape the organization and boost the performance of the organization. Some scholars pose questions whether national cultures constrain organizational culture (Gerhart, 2008). However, Hofstede (2001) argued that to achieve great performance an organization should pay attention to national culture. Each proponent has compelling arguments as to why their side has much profound impact compare to the other side. Organizational learning is primarily about individuals learning within their organization. Human learning in an organizational context is strongly influenced by the organization, having consequences to the organization, which results at the organizational level can only be inferred by observing the learning process of everyone within it. This study aimed to investigate the organizational learning capability among employee, as organizational culture intertwined with different national cultures. Data are collected by in-depth interviewing Expatriates and local workforce in a multinational company and in one higher education institution in Jakarta; exploring individual perceived organizational learning capability: experimentation, risk taking, interaction with the external environment, dialog, and participative decision making.