International Dental Journal of Student Research

Page No. 184-186

Authors: Imon Pal, Bikramaditya Ghosh

Introduction: Botulinum toxin is the poisonous neurotoxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum. Scientists have developed methods to use it for the betterment of mankind, utilizing its neurotoxic effects for the treatment of various disorders. Many diseases do not have complete or permanent treatment, in such cases the toxin can be used through “chemo denervation” (10) method to give temporary relief to the patient. Objective: The aim of the study is to review the general information of the botulinum toxin- its mechanism of action, uses, contraindication, effects etc. Study design: An extensive literature search was carried on and the articles were thoroughly studied. Results: Research and previous studies have shown that the neurotoxin gives positive results for the treatment of various disorders in both medical and dental field. Conclusion: Botulinum toxin indeed provides a justifiable alternative to other more invasive procedures and thus clinicians including dentists should encourage its use for treatment of various disorders. Further research will also be necessary for gaining more knowledge about the neurotoxin and its effects

Page No. 191-194

Authors: Mohammed Hussain Al-Zainal, Shamim Faraghat, Hassan Abdulqader, Maryam Al-Emadi, Youssef Marquise, N

Aim: Mental foramen could be an area subjected to trauma due to surgery or implant placement in mental area. Our aim is to measure the different parameters of the mental foramina of males and females among UAE Nationals visiting the University Dental Hospital Sharjah to enhance our knowledge of the possible locations of the mental foramen in order to prevent iatrogenic injuries through periodontal and endodontic surgeries, local anesthesia and implant placement. Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective study and samples included in the study were UAE nationals who already underwent a CBCT examination in the University Dental Hospital Sharjah in the period of 2010 till 2015. All samples were for nationals of the United Arab Emirates between the age of 18 and 65 whose CBCT scans shows the mental foramen area and the adjacent teeth (lower canines and first molars). Parameters measured in the mental foramen included height of foramen, width of foramen, shortest distance from foramen to adjacent tooth. Results: There was a statistically significant gender difference between the mean value of mental foramen height(3.77 mm±0.86 mm for males) and 3.10 mm ± 0.8mm for females) (P = 0.002).The shortest distance of the foramen to the adjacent tooth also showed statistically significant gender differences(4.68mm ± 3.23mm for males) and (4.71 mm±1.94 mm for females), f (p= 0.012). Conclusion: The height of the foramen and the distance of MF to the most adjacent tooth were greater in UAE males than in females. Discrepancy in the height of the foramen when dealing with different ethnicities should betaken into consideration. Clinical Significance: MF is an important anatomical landmark for dental surgeons performing periapical surgery in the mental region such as endodontic and periodontal procedures. In order to avoid any nerve damage during oral surgery, MF location should be identified while keeping in mind the possibility of an anterior loop of the mental nerve being present mesial to the mental foramen. This should also be noted whilst performing surgery for implant placement.

Page No. 202-206

Authors: Aby Abraham, Elbe Peter, Koshi Philip, Mukundan V, Jinu George, R. Sreevatsan

A case report of a 10 year old pre-pubertal girl with skeletal class III malocclusion, anterior cross bite and concave profile. Patient was treated for a period of six months with rapid maxillary expansion and facemask. Significant improvements were obtained in facial profile and anterior cross bite correction was achieved.

105-107

Authors: Rajan Rajput, Zakariya Chouhan, Monica Sindhu, Sowmya Sundararajan, Ravi Raj Singh Chouhan

From ancient era to contemporary modern time’s replacements of missing teeth with artificial teeth has been an aspiration of humankind. The history of implants goes back to Egyptian civilization where first copper stud was used in the mouth. Human skulls dating from 600 A.D showed man attempted to implant carved shells into the anterior mandible. In the beginning of the 1800s, in Europe the teeth were bought off from the resurrectionists which were collected from the poor or the corpses for purposes of allotransplantation which was later discarded due to secondary infections. In 1900s a revolution was seen in dental implants and various materials were used such as porcelain, cobalt-chromium –molybdenum, titanium etc. Prof Branemark in 1960s with the discovery his concept of osseo integration brought the defining moment in history dental implants. This article provides a brief chorological overview of history of dental implants.

111-115

Authors: Aparna Ramakant Betharia, RS Dolas

Aim: The present study was scrutinized to evaluate efficiency of lag screw fixation in the treatment of anterior mandibular fractures. Patients and Methods: The study was conducted on 30 patients with mandible fracture at the anterior site, treated with lag screws and was evaluated cause, the type, and the site of fracture as well as the surgical complications. Results: In this study the major reason for the cause of mandibular fracture is due vehicle collision. The predominant type of fracture was found to be oblique type (18 patients) and saggital type (12 patients). After the lag screw fixation, the there was a significant (p<0.0001) mouth opening in 4th week and 3rd in oblique and saggital fracture respectively. Further there was a significant improvement in the mobility of fracture fragments after lag screw fixation in both the oblique and saggital fracture. Meanwhile, out of 18 patients in oblique fracture 11 patients resumed their normal activities in one week. Whilst, in the case of saggital fracture (n=12), 11 patients resumed their normal activities in one week. The occlusion was more seen in oblique type and after lag screw fixation, significant (p<0.0001) reduction was observed in both the oblique and saggital fracture. Furthermore, no infections were detected at the fractured site, hospital stay was minimal in both the fracture types and effective bony reunion was visualized based on the radiographic findings. Conclusion: Titanium lag screw fixation was found to have good rigidity, stability, economic and less time consuming in anterior mandibular fractures.

123-127

Authors: Mariem Meddeb, Abdellatif Chokri, Faten Hammedi, Karim Masmoudi, Hajer Hentati, Jamil Selmi

Leukoplakia is the most frequent potentially malignant lesion of the oral mucosa. Its diagnostic and therapeutic present a challenge for dentist. Two clinical cases of oral leukoplakia were reported. The first was a patient using chewed tobacco consulted for a verrucous oral lesion that was surgically completely removed. Histopathological examination of the specimen revealed verrucous carcinoma. The second was a smoker man presenting an oral leukoplakia with fungal infection. After antimycotic treatment and periodic follow up, the clinical signs of candidiasis regressed but the mucosal white patch persisted. A large part of the lesion was removed. Histopathological examination indicated a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.

136-140

Authors: M. Bashar Muselmani, Mohammad Maatouk

Background and Aim: Canine retraction is an important stage in many orthodontic cases involving extraction. The aim of this study was to develop a new technique for canine retraction and to evaluate it clinically with the use of miniscrew anchorage. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised of fifteen patients (eight females and seven males)who had maxillary first premolars extracted and maximum anchorage was indicated in all subjects to solve crowding or protrusion. Canine retraction was done using new Curved Sliding Technique and miniscrew anchorage. Miniscrews were inserted between the maxillary second premolar and the first molar in the attached gingiva near the mucogingival junction. 150 g of force was applied with nickel-titanium coil springs. The evaluation was done on lateral cephalometric radiographs and dental casts. Paired-samples t test was used to evaluate the changes within group. Results: The study showed excellent control of canine axis with intrusion (1.5 mm) and perfect rotational control during retraction. The rate of canine retraction was 1.32 mm/month. Conclusion: The new technique demonstrated excellent efficiency in canine retraction and good rate of space closing due to the reduction of friction

144-147

Authors: Muneer Harfoush, Elias Boutros, Ahmad Al-Nashar

Purpose: Evaluation of topical application of platelet rich fibrin (PRF) in homeostasis of the bleeding after simple tooth extraction in patients taking warfarin. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients, 34 males and16 females with mean age of 63 years were included in this study. Inclusion criteria was patients on warfarin with an INR ≤3.5 who were referred to the Department of Oral and maxillofacial Surgery, faculty of Dentistry, Al Andalus University for Medical Science for simple single dental extraction. After tooth extraction the sockets in 25 patients were filled with a platelet rich fibrin (PRF) (group A) while the other were covered with dry gauze and served as control (group B). Bleeding from the extraction site was evaluated and it considered mild if it lasts less than ten minutes, moderate if it lasts between ten and twenty minutes and severe if it lasts more than twenty minutes. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: 80% of patients in group A have moderate bleeding and 20% have mild bleeding, while 28% of patients in group B have moderate bleeding and 72% have severe bleeding. Conclusion: According to the protocol of this study, the topical application of platelet rich fibrin (PRF) after teeth extraction in patients taking warfarin is effective in homeostasis of the bleeding.

156-162

Authors: Nemat Hmesh, Samira Zraiki

Objectives: To evaluate the correlation between radiographic signs of structural bone changes in digital panoramic image and the bone mineral density (BMD) assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and to assess the utility of panoramic radiographs in early detection of post-menopausal osteoporosis. Methods: Fifty post-menopausal women between the ages of 43 years and 68 years were evaluated. Cortical width, cortical index, panoramic mandibular index, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condylar morphology changes and the number of missing teeth were measured and evaluated from digital panoramic radiographs(DPR). Weight, height, menopausal status, age and temporomandibular disorders of the patients were recorded by questionnaire. BMD of the patients were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry of Lumbar spine vertebrae (L1-L4) and left femoral neck for each participant. Results: Pearson correlation coefficient test revealed that CW, PMI and NMT correlated with vertebral BMD and there were significant differences between groups with a statistically significant p-value < 0.05.Pearson Chi-Square test showed that CI correlated with BMD but TMJ condylar morphology changes didn't. Conclusion: TMJ condylar morphology changes and TMD weren't correlated and couldn't predict low BMD, whereas CW, PMI and NMT were indicators for osteoporosis but not osteopenia in post-menopausal women and dental panoramic radiographs serve as a useful screening tool for early diagnosis of osteoporotic fractures.

167-170

Authors: Mythili Katragadda A, Sandeep Chiramana H, Gopinadh Anne, Suresh Muvva, G. Phani Krishna, Vijay Kuma

Maxillofacial prostheses which restore and replace stomatognathic and associated facial structures with artificial substitutes aim to improve the patient aesthetics, restore and maintain health of the remaining structures and consequently provide physical and mental wellbeing. The objective of this article is to reveal the rehabilitation of uniocular phthisis bulbi, a clinical case treated with a scleral cover shell in a male patient whose cause of defect was trauma. Also digital reproduction of the iris is made, instead of painting the iris using acrylic or oil painting

176-178

Authors: Anita S. Raikar, Sanjeevini A. Hattarki

Exophytic gingival lesions represent some of the more frequently encountered lesions in the oral cavity. Some of the most commonly encountered exophytic gingival lesions are the irritation fibroma, peripheral ossifying fibroma, pyogenic granuloma, and peripheral giant cell granuloma.[1] Data from several biopsy services have indicated that 77% of lesions are reactive in nature.[2] These lesions are a result of trauma or chronic irritation, or they can arise from cells of the periodontium, periodontal ligament, or periosteum. The case demonstrates the need for awareness, and the role of biopsy and histologic evaluation in the management of these lesions.

66-70

Authors: Affaf Fatima, Anum Hira, Kulsoom Fatima

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in practicing dentists and dental students in Karachi and to analyze what percentage of dental practitioners make use of ergonomics in their practices. Methods: The study was cross-sectional observational study conducted over a period of one month (February to March, 2015) by self-administered questionnaires. The sample size was set at 250 individuals by using convenience sampling technique from different universities, hospitals and private clinics in Karachi. Results: Of total 250 questionnaires distributed, 211 responses were registered. The percentage of response rate was 84.4%. The study population of respondents had females outnumbering males (Females=143, males=68). It comprised of 42.2% undergraduate students, 47.4% graduates and 10.4% post graduates on different designations as students, teachers, house officers, clinicians and PG trainees. Almost every dental college in Karachi was included in study sample. Amongst the dentists, 68% of them used both hand and vibratory instruments. 57.3% of the dental students used hand instruments. 60.7% of the dentists and dental students experienced backache due to faulty seating positions. Different therapeutic modalities such as muscle relaxants, physiotherapy, deep heat, oil massage and analgesics were used both orally and topically to deal with musculoskeletal problems. 64.8% dentists practise principles of ergonomics in dental practice. Amongst them, 7.4% strictly follow it and 57.4% follow it to some extent. 75.3% of undergraduate respondents were of the view that principles of ergonomics are not taught in their institutions. Conclusion: The conclusion drawn was that half of the population was unaware of the principles of ergonomics in dentistry and more than half practised it to some extent but experienced backaches. These aches can be explained by inadequate body support, inappropriate posture and excessive dynamic motion caused by vibratory instruments as was evident through questionnaires. The general attitude was found to be pro health hazards and not towards following ergonomics principles strictly.

75-78

Authors: Ahmad Al Nashar, Hekmat Yakoob, Elias Boutres

Although many different materials, techniques and methods have been used to repair various bone defects in the in craniomaxillofacial region, Reconstructive management of the atrophic, edentulous mandible and maxilla continues to pose a clinical challenge for the oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Recently, the idea of osteogenesis by periosteal distraction without a corticotomy for the treatment of bone deficiencies in the atrophic and edentulous area has been suggested. The purpose of this article to review the literature on the role of periosteal distraction in osteogenesisin cranio-maxillofacial region.

83-86

Authors: Gopinadh Anne, Sandeep Chiramana, Suresh Muvva, Mythili Katragadda

Maxillofacial prostheses which restore and replace stomatognathic and associated facial structures with artificial substitutes aim to improve the patient aesthetics, restore and maintain health of the remaining structures and consequently provide physical and mental wellbeing. The objective of this article is to reveal the rehabilitation of uniocular phthisis bulbi, a clinical case treated with a scleral cover shell in a male patient whose cause of defect was trauma. Also digital reproduction of the iris is made, instead of painting the iris using acrylic or oil painting.

94-96

Authors: Saad Shahnawaz Ahmed, Hira Zaman, Anser Maxood

The clinician must have to be familiar with the morphology of the roots of all teeth, and the associated intricate root canal anatomy, to achieve proper access to the canals, effective debridement and obturation for successful endodontic treatment. This case report intensifies the complexity of maxillary molar morphologic variation and represents successful endodontic treatment of maxillary first molar with 3 roots and 6 canals having 2 separate palatal canals which is rarely discussed in literature

16-24

Authors: Trupti Sarda, Surekha Rathod

As soon as oxygen was used as the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration, then came the curse in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS). So as to overcome this problem the evolving organism had developed elaborate defence machinery to escape from these reactive by-products of its own metabolism, and also developed a mechanism by which there is utilization of these species in physiological processes to gain a survival advantage. Thus it can be said that reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert a multitude of biological effects that ranges from physiological regulatory functions to damaging alterations participating in the pathogenesis of number of diseases. Periodontitis, an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth, is initiated and perpetuated by a small group of predominantly gram-negative, anaerobic or microaerophilic bacteria that colonize the subgingival area. These bacterial species result in the production of various cytokines including interleukin‑8 and TNF‑α, further causing an increase in number and activity of polymorphonucleocytes (PMN) along with these cytokines, PMNs also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide via the respiratory burst mechanism as the part of the defence response to infection. ROS, when produced in excess, have deleterious effects on tissue cells. Human body has its own defence mechanisms to eliminate them as soon as they are formed so as to counter the harmful effects.

32-34

Authors: Mohammed Nasser Alhajj

IDJSR is one of the unique and advanced international journals solely made by and for dental students whose role in the dental profession is now being brought to greater heights. Please note that IDJSR is ONLY for dental students (undergraduate/postgraduate) and it provides a platform for the dental students to publish their scientific articles as well as read specialized articles written by their counterparts from other parts of the globe. The International Dental Journal of Students' Research (IDJSR) is an online interactive open-access journal for the communication of all peer-reviewed scientific and dental research. It Provides Open-access—freely accessible online, authors retain copyright Fast publication times Peer review by expert, practicing researchers. We have an acclaimed REVIEWER'S PANEL for reviewing all the articles and suggesting the necessary corrections before any article is up for publishing. The International Dental Journal of Students’ Research (IDJSR) applies the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCAL) to all works we publish. Under the CCAL, authors retain ownership of the copyright for their article, but they allow anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy articles from the IDJSR journal, as long as the original authors and sources are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers. Articles based on dental science and technology, dental education and ethics, are considered for publication in IDJSR, however the acceptance and rejection criteria are subject to modification. To submit an article or to discuss an article that you are working on, feel free to contact the members of the editorial board at editor.idjsr@gmail.com. Before submission of an article, please go through the GUIDELINES FOR THE AUTHOR. The frequency of the journal is quarterly per annum which is sufficient for an author to get his work published even after the delay at the editor’s desk and in the reviewing processes along with interaction with the Reviewer's Panel. The International Dental Journal of Students’ Research (IDJSR) is a non-profit organization of young scientists and budding dentists committed to making the world's scientific and medical literature a freely available public resource.

40-44

Authors: Rahul N Dahake, S.R. Shenoi, Pranav Ingole, Nilima Budhraja

In the modern day’s Oral and Maxillofacial surgical practice different esthetic and surgical procedures are carried out, with increased risk of infective complications. Hence, infection control practices need to be established to minimize the risk of exogenous infections and for the successful outcome of the procedures. These practices include hand washing, cleaning, sterilization, disinfection, operation theater sterilization and specifications. Proper hand washing after examination of each patient and prior to any surgery with a formulation containing alcohol alone or as a combination with other agents reduces the chances of transferring infections to and from patients. Sterilization and disinfection constitute the most important aspect of infection control. Proper knowledge of the operation theater decorum and disinfection of Operation theater is essential. The waste generated during practice is a potential source of nosocomial infections and should be treated as per the proper protocol and guidelines. This article reviews the minimum standards and practices that need to be established and followed during surgical procedures and to understand the basic protocols in Operation theater and learn the clinical application of these protocols for reduction of the postoperative complications. Surgeries conducted with adequate protocols and checklists have resulted in reduction of postoperative events and complications.

49-52

Authors: Ahmad Al Nashar, Hekmat Yakoob, Yazen T Dhafer, Bashar Ahmad

Orthodontic autotransplantion can be defined as the placement of a tooth or tooth germ, with or without vitality, in a natural alveolus corresponding to another tooth, or in an artificially created alveolus for this end. Careful patient selection coupled with the selection of appropriate techniques are prerequisite for a good functional treatment and proper esthetic outcome. The purpose of this article was to report a case of a seventeen years old female patient who has undergone tooth autotransplantation, in which the patient was operated by replacing a non-restorable left mandibular first molar on the same side with that of lower third molar germ without its follicle from.